История англии на английском языке. England - Англия, устная тема по английскому языку с переводом. Топик. Английская история: от римской колонии до Британской Империи
About three thousand years B efore C hrist (BC ) people came from the north of Spain (the Iberian Peninsula) to many parts of Europe including the British Isles.
So, those people who lived on the territory of Great Britain in the earliest times were of the Iberian origin. The Iberians used stone weapons and tools.
One of the mysterious monuments of prehistoric Britain is . It was constructed before 2000 BC and is a trace of the ancestors of the British people. Stonehenge is a circle of huge stone slabs. It is situated in the southern part of England.
Why exactly it was built is unknown, but it may have religious and political significance. No one can tell for sure how these large stones were moved or from what places they were brought. Stonehenge is still a mystery to scholars and to all the descendants.
The Tribes of Celts
In the 7th century BC the Iberians faced a great problem because the British Isles were invaded by the Celts. The Celts may originally have come from eastern and central Europe.
Celtic people lived in tribes. Each tribe was ruled by its own queen or king who represented a warrior class. The priests, called druids , were important members of Celtic tribes. These druids could not read or write but they memorized all the religious teaching, the tribal laws, history, medicine and natural philosophy.
According to the Romans, the Celtic men wore shirts and bridges and striped or checked cloak fastened by a pin. It is possible that the Scottish tartan and dress developed from this type of cloak.
Celtic tribes were represented by the Picts, the Scots and the Britons .
The Picts settled in the mountains in the North. Some Picts and several tribes of the Scots settled in Ireland. But later the Scots decided to return from Ireland to the larger island of present-day Great Britain. They chose its northern part. Now this part is called Scotland.
The Britons were the most powerful of all the Celtic tribes and they occupied most of the country including islandТs southern half. It was named Britain after them. The Britons chose land for living along the rivers or near the coasts of the sea. What they did was fishing, growing wheat and breeding sheep in the meadows.
The Iberians were weak compared to the Celts. They could not fight back because the Celts were well-armed with metal spears, swords and axes.
Hardly anything is left of the Celtic languages except for the names of some rivers — the Thames, the Mersey, the Severn and the Avon and two large cities — London and Leeds.
Читайте также другие темы раздела "Some historical facts about Great Britain / Некоторые исторические факты о Великобритании" :
- The Tribes of Celts / Некоторые исторические факты о Великобритании. Племена кельтов
Standardization
The late medieval and early modern periods saw a fairly steady process of standardization in English south of the Scottish border. The written and spoken language of London continued to evolve and gradually began to have a greater influence in the country at large. For most of the Middle English period a dialect was simply what was spoken in a particular area, which would normally be more or less represented in writing - although where and from whom the writer had learnt how to write were also important. It was only when the broadly London standard began to dominate, especially through the new technology of printing, that the other regional varieties of the language began to be seen as different in kind. As the London standard became used more widely, especially in more formal contexts and particularly amongst the more elevated members of society, the other regional varieties came to be stigmatized , as lacking social prestige and indicating a lack of education. In the same period a series of changes also occurred in English pronunciation (though not uniformly in all dialects), which go under the collective name of the Great Vowel Shift . These were purely linguistic sound changes which occur in every language in every period of history. The changes in pronunciation weren’t the result of specific social or historical factors, but social and historical factors would have helped to spread the results of the changes. As a result the so-called pure vowel sounds which still characterize many continental languages were lost to English. The phonetic pairings of most long and short vowel sounds were also lost, which gave rise to many of the oddities of English pronunciation, and which now obscure the relationships between many English words and their foreign counterparts.
Great Britain
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and above five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 315 000 square kilometers. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast respectively.
The British isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest - east, center and southeast - is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain. (1343 m.)
There are a lot of rivers in GB, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.
The UK is one of the world’s smallest countries. The population of the country is over 87 million and about 80% of it is urban. The UK is highly developed industrial country. It’s known as one of world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. The UK is constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head of State is the Queen, but in practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The Liberal party is the ruling party nowadays.
[ перевод ]
Великобритания
Соединенное королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии расположено на Британских островах. Британские острова состоят из двух больших островов, Великобритании и Ирландии, и более пяти тысяч маленьких островов. Их общая площадь - более 315 000 квадратных километров. Великобритания состоит из четырех стран: Англии, Шотландии, Уэльса и Северной Ирландии. Их столицы - Лондон, Эдинбург, Кардифф и Белфаст соответственно.
Британские острова отделены от Европейского континента Северным морем и проливом Ла-Манш. Западное побережье Великобритании омывается Атлантическим океаном и Ирландским морем. Поверхность Британских островов очень разнообразна. Север Шотландии горист и называется Высокогорьем, в то время как юг, на котором находятся красивые долины и равнины, называется Среднешотландской низменностью. Север и запад Англии горист, но все остальное - восток, центр и юго-восток - является обширной равниной. Горы - не очень высоки. Бен-Невис - самая высокая гора. (1343 м)
В Великобритании есть много рек, но они не очень длинные. Северн - самая длинная река, в то время как Темза самая глубокая и наиболее важная.
Великобритания - одна из самых маленьких стран в мире. Население страны - более 87 миллионов человек и приблизительно 80% из них живут в городах. Великобритания высоко индустриально развитая страна. Она известна как один из самых крупных в мире производителей и экспортеров машин, электроники, ткани, самолетов и навигационного оборудования. Великобритания - конституционная монархия. По закону, глава государства - Королева, но практически, Королева правит, но не управляет. Страна управляется избранным правительством с премьер-министром во главе. Британский Парламент состоит из двух палат: Палаты лордов и Палаты общин.
There were many outstanding events in the history of Great Britain.
England was added to the Roman Empire in 43 A. D. Roman invasion played a very important role in the history of the country. The Romans built the first roads in the country, dug the first wells. The Romans, who were great architects, constructed the first towns in Britain.
After the withdrawal of Roman legions in 410, different tribes tried to control the territory of Britain. But the Normans influenced the British civilization most of all. They came in 1066 under the leadership of William the Conqueror. As the invaders spoke French, their speech influenced the English language. That is why English comprises a lot of French words and word combinations.
In the 18th century technological and commercial innovation led to the Industrial Revolution. The thirteen North American Colonies were lost, but replaced by colonies in Canada and India.
Once more the British had to face the French in 1805 at the battle of Trafalgar. Then Admiral Nelson won a great victory over the French fleet. In order to commemorate this event the main square in London is named after this battle. And the monument to Admiral Nelson was erected on this square.
Many historical events and personalities led the country to the position of the powerful and highly-developed state.
Выдающиеся события в истории Великобритании
Много выдающихся событий было в истории Великобритании.
Англия была присоединина к Римской империи в 43 н.э. Вторжение римлян сыграло очень важную роль в истории страны. Римляне построили первые дороги в стране, вырыли первые колодцы. Римляне, которые были великими архитекторами, построили первые города в Великобритании.
После вывода римских легионов в 410 году разные племена пытались контролировать территорию Великобритании. Но норманны повлияли на британскую цивилизацию больше всего. Они пришли в 1066 году под руководством Вильгельма Завоевателя. Поскольку оккупанты говорили на французском, он сильно повлиял на английский язык. Вот почему английский включает в себя много французских слов и словосочетаний.
В 18 веке технологические и коммерческие инновации привели к промышленной революции. Были потеряны тринадцать североамериканских колоний, но они были заменены колониями в Канаде и Индии.
Еще раз британцам пришлось столкнуться с французами в 1805 в битве при Трафальгаре. Тогда адмирал Нельсон одержал великую победу над испано-французским флотом. В целях увековечнения этого события, главная площадь в Лондоне названа в честь этой битвы. И памятник адмиралу Нельсону был построен на этой площади.
Много исторических событий и личностей привели страну к положению мощного и высокоразвитого государства.
15 Сен
Тема по английскому языку: Выдающиеся события в истории Великобритании
Топик по английскому языку: Выдающиеся события в истории Великобритании (Оutstanding events in the history of Great Britain). Данный текст может быть использован в качестве презентации, проекта, рассказа, эссе, сочинения или сообщения на тему.
Остров
В истории Великобритании было множество выдающихся событий. Тысячи лет назад Великобритания была соединена с Европой и покрыта льдом. Страна превратилась в остров 8000 лет назад. Первые люди пришли в Великобританию два с половиной миллиона лет назад. Они были охотниками и добытчиками пищи, которые использовали простые каменные инструменты и орудия.
Часть Римской Империи
В 43 году римляне вторглись в Британию, и она стала частью Римской Империи, что несомненно наложило свой отпечаток на Британию и, даже сегодня, кое-где можно увидеть руины римских построек, крепостей и дорог.
Вторжения
Позже были вторжения анго-саксов и викингов, но самым важным было нормандское завоевание, которое началось в 1066. Нормандцы сильно повлияли на британскую цивилизацию. Они построили много замков и внедрили феодальную систему.
Пандемия
Черная смерть, или бубонская чума, которая обрушилась на Англию в 1348 и продолжалась до 1349, унесла жизни почти половины населения страны.
Объединение
Акты объединения 1536, 1707 и 1800 объединили Англию с Уэльсом, Шотландией и Ирландией. В 1606 государственный флаг Соединенного Королевства был принят в качестве национального флага Британии.
Бедствия
Среди других выдающихся событий стоит отметить Великую чуму в Лондоне (1664-1665), когда люди заболевали один за другим и умирали за один день. Они пытались убежать из города, но специальный караул их не выпускал. В городе умерли почти 100 000 человек. За этой трагедией последовал Великий пожар, разразившийся в Лондоне в 1666. Он разрушил две трети города: 13 200 домов, 430 улиц и 89 церквей.
Важные события 20 века
Самыми важными событиями, произошедшими в 20 веке были Первая и Вторая мировые войны, начало правления королевы Елизаветы II в 1952 и вступление в Евросоюз в 1973.
Скачать Топик по английскому языку: Выдающиеся события в истории Великобритании
Outstanding events in the history of Great Britain
Island
There were lots of outstanding events in the history of Great Britain. Thousands of years ago, Great Britain was joined to Europe and was covered with ice. The country became an island about 8000 years ago. The first men and women came to Britain over two and a half million years ago. They were hunters and gatherers of food who used simple stone tools and weapons.
Part of the Roman Empire
In 43 A.D. the Romans invaded Britain and it became part of the Roman Empire, which made its mark on Britain, and even today, the ruins of Roman buildings, forts and roads can be found all over Britain.
Invasions
Later, there were invasions of the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings, but the most important was the Norman Conquest, which began in 1066. The Normans influenced the British civilization greatly. They built lots of castles and imposed a feudal system.
Pandemic
The Black Death or bubonic plague, which arrived in England in 1348 and continued till 1349, killed nearly half of the population.
Acts of Union
Acts of Union of 1536, 1707 and 1800 joined England with Wales, Scotland and Ireland respectively. In 1606 the Union flag was adopted as the National Flag of Britain.
Disasters
Among some other outstanding events we should mention the Great Plague in London (1664-1665), when people fell ill one after another and died in one day. They began to run out of the city but the special guard didn’t let them go. Nearly 100,000 people died in the city. The tragedy was followed by the Great Fire, which broke out in London in 1666. It destroyed two thirds of the City: 13,200 houses, 430 streets and 89 churches.
Most important events
The most important events that took place in the 20th century were the Fist and the Second World Wars, the beginning of Queen Elizabeth’s II reign in 1952 and joining the European Community in 1973.