Lesson of the countries of western and central Africa. Presentation on the topic "African countries. Sudan." Screening of the presentation “Nigeria”
Lesson 29. West and Central Africa. Nigeria
Lesson objectives: introduce the features of the geographical location, nature and population of the region; reveal the specifics of economic activity of the population in individual countries, determined by natural conditions and the colonial past; improve the ability to write descriptions of countries and compare countries.
Teaching aids: geographical maps of Africa (political, physical, economic activities of the population, socio-economic, thematic), educational pictures, screen aids.
Basic ideas and concepts: geographical location, relief, climate types, equatorial forest, savannah, Negroids, pygmies, colony, plantations.
Nomenclature: main countries of the region, their capitals, monuments of world natural and cultural heritage.
Interdisciplinary connections: the colonial past of Africa, the slave trade (history).
Lesson plan (methods, techniques, forms educational activities)
1. general characteristics region
Teacher's explanation. Features of the composition, geographical location, borders of the region, its colonial past, complex composition of the population.
Practical work. Group countries by size of territory, geographical location, natural conditions and wealth, composition and population density, by type of economic activity. Use thematic maps of the atlas.
Conversation. What natural resources do each country in the region have? What agricultural crops and mining products do countries in the region export to the world market?
2. Nigeria
Teacher's story. Nigeria – Africa in miniature. Manifestation of geographical zonality in the nature of the country, natural resources, difficult ethnic composition population, a diverse, rapidly developing economy of the country.
Practical work. Compose by geographic maps and the text of the textbook (§ 27, pp. 111-112) a description of individual components of the nature of Nigeria (terrain, climate, waters, natural zones) and sectors of the economy.
Conversation. How is the population distributed across Nigeria? Why? Where are the country's major cities located? Why?
Exercise. Compile from atlas maps brief description one of the countries in the region (optional)
Consolidation of what has been learned
On what grounds is the region of Western and Central Africa?
By what criteria can countries in the region be grouped?
What natural resources are used in the countries of the region for development? Agriculture, which ones – for the development of industry?
How does the nature of the region affect the lifestyle of the population? Give examples.
What significant events are happening today in West and Central Africa?
Homework ( optionally)
Creative tasks(optionally)
Announcements and information for students
Africa is the ancestral home of man. Modern population Africa belongs to three main races : Caucasoid, equatorial and Mongoloid.
Representatives Caucasian The races live mainly in northern Africa. These are Arab peoples (Algerians, Moroccans, Egyptians, etc.) who speak Arabic, as well as Berbers who speak the Berber language. They are characterized by dark skin, dark hair and eyes, an elongated skull, a narrow nose and an oval face.
Most of the continent south of the Sahara is inhabited by Negroids, who make up African branch equatorial race. Among Negroids there are significant differences in skin color, height, facial features, and head shape.
Peoples of the equatorial forest zone - pygmies - short in stature (below 150 cm). Their skin color is less dark than that of many other Negroids, their lips are thin, their noses are wide, and they are stocky. Pygmies are forest dwellers.
In semi-deserts and deserts South Africa Bushmen and Hottentots live. They are characterized by a yellowish-brown skin color and a wide, flat face, which gives them a resemblance to the Mongoloids. Bushmen, like pygmies, are short in stature, but thin-boned.
Some experts consider the intermediate race Ethiopians . They are distinguished by lighter skin color, but with a reddish tint. In appearance, Ethiopians are closer to the southern branch of the Caucasian race.
African countries.
According to natural conditions and population composition, Africa can be divided into four parts: 1) Northern, 2) Western and Central, 3) Eastern, 4) Southern.
North Africa extends from the Mediterranean Sea and occupies most of the Sahara Desert. According to natural conditions, the subtropical north and the Sahara desert can be distinguished here. Almost the entire population North Africa belongs to the Caucasian race.
TO West Africa include that part of the continent that is washed by waters from the south and west Atlantic Ocean, in the north includes part of the Sahara, in the east it extends to Lake Chad. IN Central Africa includes the territory located between the Northern Tropic and 13° S. w. This part of the continent receives the greatest amount of solar heat and moisture, so it is especially rich in plant and animal world. This region contains most of the continent's population and about half of Africa's states. The population is unusually diverse, mainly people belonging to the Negroid race. The linguistic composition of the population is varied. Diverse and appearance peoples Some have very dark skin and curly hair, others are light-skinned. There are also great differences in height. IN equatorial forests Pygmies live in central Africa.
East Africa located east of the Congo Basin, occupies the high part of the mainland (see Fig. 62). Here are located large lakes continent, the highest point of the continent, the largest faults in the world earth's crust, originates the longest river in the world. Savannas dominate in East Africa. However, due to the wide variety of topography, there are noticeable differences in climate and vegetation. Significant areas here are reserved for nature reserves and National parks.
South Africa occupies a narrow part of the mainland lying south of the watershed of the Congo - Zambezi rivers. The plateau of South Africa in the central part decreases, and in the basin lies the Kalahari semi-desert. Towards the edges the plateau gradually rises, and in the east it turns into the Drakensberg Mountains. In the very south rise the folded and blocky Cape Mountains, younger than the rest of South Africa. Most of South Africa is occupied by savannas.
Countries and capitals.
Geography lesson in 7th grade on the topic
"Countries of Sudan and Central Africa"
Target: “Create conditions for obtaining new knowledge on the topic based on an integrated regional approach to the study of continental countries”
Lesson type: learning new material and primary consolidation of methods of educational activity
Tasks:
-
get acquainted with the largest countries that make up Sudan and Central Africa
- identify the features of their nature, population, and economic activities based on maps and other sources geographic information
Materials: presentation for the lesson, cards for group work, additional sources information
During the classes
The heart of Africa is full of singing and burning,
And I know that if we see sometimes
Dreams for which we cannot find names,
It is the wind that brings them, Africa, yours!
B. Pilyatsky
1. Greeting students, introduction
Teacher: There are few people in the world who do not like to travel. Isn't it tempting to go to an unknown country and see how people live there? How exciting it is to travel across countries and continents, to see different customs different nations, hear unfamiliar speech, find yourself in a strange house, where everything is different from your own, familiar. In this lesson we will travel “Through the countries of Sudan and Central Africa”.
Where might you find the material we are about to meet useful? Why do we study different peoples and countries in lessons?
(Student answers: To travel. To be an educated and cultured person. To understand people of a different culture, with a different way of life from ours, etc. .)
2. Repetition of what has been learned
Teacher:
1. Let's remember what regions Africa is divided into (North, Sudan and Central Africa, East, South
)
2. Name the large countries of North Africa. What unites them?(located in the zone of tropical deserts, have access to the ocean, almost the entire population is Caucasian, the countries suffer from frequent dust and sand storms, etc.)
3. What natural areas can be identified in North Africa? (Atlas mountainous country, Sahara
)
3. Lesson objectives
You have become acquainted with the North Africa region, and today our task is to get acquainted with the largest countries that make up Sudan and Central Africa, to identify the features of their nature, population, and economic activities based on maps and other sources of geographic information.
As a result of the lesson you should
KNOW:
The largest countries in the region, features of their nature, population and economic activities.
BE ABLE TO:
Characterize African countries according to a standard plan, using Atlas maps and various sources of geographic information
For work we will need atlases, textbooks, notebooks, your attention, hard work, and ingenuity.
Learning new material
Sudan (translated from Arabic as “country of blacks”) is a vast flat expanse from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ethiopian Highlands. There are many rivers in the western and eastern parts of the Sudanese plains. The largest of them are the White Nile, Niger, and Senegal. central part plains - an area of internal drainage into Lake Chad. The natural conditions of the Sudanese plains are the most favorable for human life. The population has long been engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding.
Central Africa extends from Sudan to approximately the Congo-Zambezi River watershed in the south and to the East African Rifts in the east. The active Cameroon volcano is located here. On its slopes facing the bay, a record amount of precipitation falls for Africa - 9000 mm per year. Large rivers Niger and Congo. The Congo River Basin forms a vast depression with a flat bottom, lying at an altitude of 300-500 m. There are a huge number of waterfalls here. The organic world is diverse and amazing (for example, there is a Goliath tiger fish in the river). Along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, forest areas have been greatly reduced due to logging and burning, giving way to open forests and savannas or plantations of tropical crops.
The countries of this group are located in the zone of savannas and equatorial forests. In this part of Africa there are the states of the DRC, Angola, Sudan, Nigeria and many small countries(slide political map of Africa)
Teacher: Taking advantage political map in the atlas (or textbook p. 60) let's find these countries and name (children list )
Teacher: Now, using a standard outline for describing a country, let's create a profile of one of the countries of Sudan and Central Africa. Let's divide into 4 groups, each group will describe its country (Congo, Sudan)
Teacher: What maps should be used when describing a country (physical, climatic, natural zones, political, peoples, etc.)
5. Practical work in groups
*Task 10.
Characteristics plan
Sudan
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Capital
Climate zones
Natural areas
After work, the group gives a presentation about the country. In the end, we conclude: about the characteristics and differences of these countries
6. Lesson summary:
What do you remember about the nature and economy of the countries in the region you are studying?
7. Homework:
§24 p. 109-113
List of used literature
Geography of continents, oceans, peoples and countries, grade 7: textbook for educational institutions/ I.V. Dushina, V.A. Korinskaya, V.A. Shchenev – M.: Bustard, 2010
Atlas. Geography of continents and oceans. 7th grade.
* Workbook “Geography of continents and oceans” compiled by: A.A. Morozov (to the textbook by I.V. Dushina and others)
Geography 7th grade. Continents and countries: a textbook for educational institutions / N.N. Petrova, N.A. Maksimova - M.: Mnemosyna, 2008
Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, L.E. Savelyeva, V.P. Dronov - M.: Education, 2010
Internet resources
*Exercise. Based on the text of the textbook, using atlas maps and other sources of information, characterize two countries in the region of Sudan and Central Africa
Characteristics plan
Sudan
GP of the country (in which part of the continent it is located, determine the location relative to the oceans, seas)
Capital
Relief features, minerals
Climate zones
Climatic indicators (temperature, precipitation)
Inland waters(rivers, lakes, waterfalls)
Natural areas
Big cities
What kind of products does the country produce?
*Exercise. Based on the text of the textbook, using atlas maps and other sources of information, characterize two countries in the region of Sudan and Central Africa
Characteristics plan
Democratic Republic of the Congo
GP of the country (in which part of the continent it is located, determine the location relative to the oceans, seas)
Capital
Relief features, minerals
Climate zones
Climatic indicators (temperature, precipitation)
Inland waters (rivers, lakes, waterfalls)
Natural areas
Big cities
What kind of products does the country produce?
This lesson will cover the topic “Countries of Africa. Typical characteristics of countries." Here we will get acquainted with the identification of African regions according to natural conditions and population composition, we will give a detailed description and composition of the regions: borders, area, countries, nationalities, climate and flora and fauna. We will also get acquainted with the plan for characterizing the country.
Subject:Continents. Africa
Topic: African countries. Typical characteristics of countries
The most well-watered region of the Sahara is the Nile Valley (see Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Nile Valley ()
To the south of the Sahara, the desert is replaced by an arid strip - the Sahel (see Fig. 4). Within the Sahel, semi-deserts and dry savannas coexist. Life in the Sahel zone is very difficult due to frequent and prolonged droughts, which lead to the decline of agriculture.
To the south of the Sahel lie true subequatorial savannas with their rich herbaceous vegetation and rare trees (see Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Subequatorial savannas of North Africa ()
East Africa is located east of the Congo Basin and occupies the high part of the continent.
In the territory East Africa The countries are located: Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Malawi.
About 200 nationalities live in East Africa and there are 4 language groups.
Here are the largest lakes of the mainland ( Victoria, Tanganyika... ), is the highest point of the continent ((see Fig. 6)), the world's largest fracture of the earth's crust and the origin of the longest river in the world - the Nile.
Rice. 6. Kilimanjaro ()
Savannas dominate in East Africa. However, due to the wide variety of topography, there are noticeable differences in climate and vegetation. Significant areas here are reserved for nature reserves and national parks, which indicates the great attention of local people to nature conservation.
Found in East Africa and the Indian Ocean islands greatest number endemic species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. At the same time, this region has the largest number of animal species under threat of extinction: 149 species of mammals, 107 species of birds, 27 species of reptiles, 6 species of amphibians and 60 species of fish.
East Africa, like the Sudanese region, is characterized by recurring droughts, often catastrophic. In addition to economic activity, the consequences of droughts are worsening civil wars and armed conflicts.
West Africa includes that part of the continent that is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean from the south and west, includes part of the Sahara in the north, and extends to Lake Chad in the east (see Fig. 8).
Central Africa includes the territory located between the Tropic of the North and 13 degrees south latitude (see Fig. 7). This part of the continent receives the greatest amount of solar heat and moisture, so flora and fauna are especially rich here.
Rice. 7. Central Africa ()
This region contains most of the continent's population and about half of Africa's states. The population is unusually diverse, mainly people belonging to the Negroid race. The linguistic composition of the population is varied. The appearance of the peoples is also diverse. Pygmies live in the equatorial forests of Central Africa.
Rice. 8. Map of West Africa
Countries in West and Central Africa differ in their geographical location. Some have a coastal location (Liberia, Ghana, Guinea, Angola, etc.), others (Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso) are cut off from the sea. There are countries located on islands, for example, Sao Tome and Principe is the smallest island African country, or Cape Verde, lying on the Cape Verde Islands.
Most of the population of the countries of Western and Central Africa lives in rural areas and is engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, and forestry. The most densely populated areas are the Atlantic coast and river valleys.
South Africa occupies a narrow part of the continent lying south of the watershed of the Congo and Zambezi rivers (see Figure 9).
Within South Africa there are the following states: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana, Mozambique. On the islands - Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Comoros, Seychelles.
Rice. 9. Map of South Africa
The plateau of South Africa in the central part decreases, and in the basin lies the Kalahari Desert. Towards the edges the plateau gradually rises, and in the east it turns into the Drakensberg Mountains. In the very south rise the folded and blocky Cape Mountains, younger than the rest of South Africa. Most of South Africa is occupied by savannas. Due to different conditions The humidification conditions of the savannah are very diverse.
Long years of colonization economic activity and poaching have negatively impacted the biodiversity of the region. 81 species of mammals, 57 species of birds, 25 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians and 49 species of fish are threatened with extinction.
In 1928, the first on the mainland was created in South Africa national park Kruger for the protection of wild fauna.
The characteristics of any country, including countries in African regions, are always given according to a certain plan. The number of points in the plan may vary depending on how detailed you want to describe the country.
I offer one of the options for describing the country.
"Plan for describing the country"
In what part of the continent is the country located? What is the name of its capital? Which countries does it neighbor with?
Features of the relief. Mineral resources of the country.
Climatic conditions in different parts of the country.
Large rivers and lakes.
The peoples inhabiting the country.
Major cities and attractions of the country.
In the next lesson we will give a description of one of the African countries according to the proposed plan.
Homework
Read § 23. Answer the questions: What regions are identified in Africa? What caused the creation of so many national parks in Africa?
Bibliography
MainI
1. Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: Textbook for general education. uch. / A.P. Kuznetsov, L.E. Savelyeva, V.P. Dronov, “Spheres” series. - M.: Education, 2011.
2. Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: atlas. Series "Spheres".
Additional
1. N.A. Maksimov. Behind the pages of a geography textbook. - M.: Enlightenment.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Educational and methodological manual/ A.A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC "Agency "KRPA "Olympus": Astrel, AST, 2001. - 284 p.
2. Tutorial by geography. Tests and practical tasks in Geography / I. A. Rodionova. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.
3. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral examination, theory and practice / V. P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.
4. Subject Tests to prepare for the final certification and the Unified State Exam. Geography. - M.: Balass, ed. House of RAO, 2005. - 160 p.
1. Russian Geographical Society ().
3. Textbook on geography ().
4. Gazetteer ().
The purpose of this work: to repeat, systematize and generalize students’ knowledge on the topic “Africa”, to introduce them to Nigeria. The main part of the lesson is devoted to updating background knowledge students, even the formation of new knowledge comes through previously studied material. They are used various methods, techniques, teaching aids. These are mainly visual and practical (maps, presentation, test work), verbal (heuristic conversation, working with a textbook), method independent work students at all stages of the lesson. The following materials were used in the lesson: interactive whiteboard, physical map Africa, atlases, textbooks "Geography of continents and oceans. Grade 7", multimedia textbook. "Geography of continents and oceans. Grade 7"..
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Preview:
Dimova Valentina Mikhailovna
geography teacher
MBOU Secondary School No. 28, Novoshakhtinsk
Rostov region
7th grade
Lesson topic. Countries of Western and Central Africa. Nigeria.
Target. Repeat, systematize and generalize students’ knowledge on the topic “Africa”.
To introduce Nigeria, its geographical features,
Mineral resources, flora and fauna, population,
His economic activities.
Determine the level of students’ skills to work on a map, find given
Objects.
Develop geographical thinking oral speech, memory, cognitive
Interest in the subject.
Foster a sense of camaraderie, mutual assistance, and the desire to help a friend.
Lesson type: combined
Equipment
- physical map of Africa
- computer
- interactive board
- multimedia textbook. Geography of continents and oceans. 7th grade.
- atlases
- textbooks
DURING THE CLASSES.
1. Organizing time.
Checking readiness for the lesson. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
2 . Testing knowledge of nomenclature and previously studied material.
Call to the card, check the nomenclature - 4 people.
Simultaneously with the answers to the card, 2 students (in turns) at the interactive board make supporting notes:
1st student - relief of Africa
2nd student - formation of the deserts of Africa
(Answer by supporting notes between students' answers at the card)
3. Physical pause.
Blitz survey.
(Students answer questions standing)
- Sahara (the largest desert in the world)
- Cheetah (the fastest animal living in the African savannas)
- Kilimanjaro (the highest mountain in Africa, an extinct volcano).
- Gondwana (an ancient continent, as a result of which Africa was formed)
- Wadis (dry river beds).
- Baobab (tree growing in savannas)
- Ostrich (the largest bird).
- Tanganyika (the deepest lake in Africa).
- Arabs (North African people, the most numerous in Africa)
- Niger (river in West Africa or West African country)
- Livingstone (English traveler, explorer of South Africa, who discovered Victoria Falls)
- Tana (volcanic lake).
- Pygmies (the shortest inhabitants of the Earth, living in equatorial Africa)
14) Congo (the deepest river in Africa or a country in Central Africa).
15) Velvichia (plant - endemic to the Namib Desert)
4. Learning new material.
(Working with the map, p. 136 and textbook pp. 139-140)
Conversation based on the text of the textbook.
1. What states are included in West Africa? Central?
2. Who inhabits this territory?
3. What do they look like?
4. What examples indicate that these are ancient states?
5. What were these states like in the recent past?
6. When were they released?
7. Where do most of the population live? What does he do?
Screening of the presentation “Nigeria”
2nd slide 1. How did the name of the country come about?
3rd slide 1. How many parts is Nigeria divided into?
2. What is the boundary?
4th slide 1. Analyze the text of the slide and the map, draw a conclusion - what mineral resources is Nigeria especially rich in?
5th slide Analyze the slide text and atlas map, page 12 “Climatic zones and regions of the world” and conclude why the climate of the coast differs from the climate of the northern part.
6th slide According to the atlas map p. 25 name natural areas in which Nigeria is located.
1. What grows in tropical forests? In the savannas?
7th slide 1. Who lives?
8th slide 1. Why is Nigeria called a multi-ethnic country?
2. Where do most of the population live?
9th slide 1. Why do crafts play an important role in the country’s economy?
2. What are they making?
10th slide 1. What industry is developed and why?
2. What is grown and exported?
5. Physical exercise.
Reflection to music: imagine that in front of you is an endless desert, a small breeze moves the sands, forming dunes, a caravan slowly moves in the distance, gradually disappearing over the horizon...
6. Checking homework.
Tell 2 people about Algeria.
2 students take turns doing the test interactive whiteboard. Test from the medical textbook “Geography of continents and oceans. 7th grade"
7. Summing up the lesson.
8. Homework . § 32, at contour map designate Nigeria and its capital.
Additionally.
The most populous state (Nigeria).
The largest lake in Africa (Victoria).
The longest river in the world (Nile)
The saltiest sea in the world, washing Africa (Red).
The tallest animal (giraffe).
Which river crosses the equator twice? (Congo (Zaire))
Locals call this waterfall "thundering smoke" (Victoria Falls)
On which river is Victoria Falls (Zambezi) located?
Which river was Doctor Aibolit aiming for? (Limpopo)
Mountains named as a collection of maps (Atlas)
The most southern mountains African (Cape)
In the name of the mountains there is a mythical fire-breathing animal (Dragon)
African Colored River (Orange)