All people inhabiting the earth. All people inhabiting the earth at the present time belong to the species. Doing independent work
0 Man's place in wildlife. Signs and Homo properties sapiens, allowing it to be classified among various systematic groups animal kingdom.
North Kazakhstan region, Akzhar district
Talshyk Secondary School
Biology teacher
Ashenova Aina Gumarovna
Biology lesson in 11th grade
The place of man in living nature. Signs and properties of Homo sapiens, allowing it to be classified among various systematic
groups of the animal kingdom.
Tasks:-Introduce students to the history of studying the problem of human origins, show the leading role of the teachings of Darwin and Engels in its solution
Continue developing the skills to compare, analyze, and draw conclusions
Cultivating a love for animals
Lesson type: a lesson in studying and initially consolidating new knowledge.
During the classes:
1. Introductory and motivational part. Psychological mood for the lesson.
Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart, arms hanging freely along your body. Close your eyes. Imagine that you are a tree: a strong, mighty oak or a slender, thin birch.
Your roots are strong and stable, they go firmly into the ground, and you feel confident and calm.
The barrel is smooth and flexible, it sways slightly, but does not break. The branches sway freely along the trunk. The leaves rustle easily, slightly touching each other.
Your crown is clean and fresh. You are a beautiful powerful tree, you are confident and calm. You are kind, calm and successful.
Now let’s all open our eyes, sit quietly and continue our work.
2. Biological dictation:
No. 1. Instead of dots, fill in the appropriate answers.
1.Theory about the origin of man -…. (anthropogenesis)
2.Homo sapiens- one of the representatives of the class of mammals, belonging to the order ... (primates)
3.Apes include... (gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon)
4. All people inhabiting the Earth at present belong to the species... (Homo sapiens)
5. A single appearance in a person of signs of ancestors - ... (atavism)
6. Speech, thinking, work are factors... (social)
7. Hereditary variability, struggle for existence, natural selection relate to ... factors (biological)
8. The human race originated from ... (dryopithecus)
9. Historically established groups of people, characterized by common hereditary physical characteristics, -... (race)
10. Early representatives of the species Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens) -... (Neanderthals)
11. The science of races, their origin and development - ... (racial studies)
12. The presence of rudiments and atavisms in humans indicates the origin of man from ... (animals)
13. The first evidence of the origin of man from animals was presented by... (J.B. Lamarck)
14. The work “The Role of Labor in the Process of Transformation of Ape into Man” was written by... (F. Engels)
15.The organ and product of labor is... (hand)
16. The first tools were able to make... (Australopithecus)
17. The time of appearance of modern man is ... (35 thousand years ago)
18.The first hearths and dwellings were built... (paleoanthropes)
19. The chin protrusion is developed in ... (neoanthropes)
20. Humanity forms three large races: ... (Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid)
3. Learning new material:
“There is no limit to human intelligence, and the world may witness new remarkable discoveries in the coming years or decades,” the natural question would be: how did a species with such intelligence arise?
We will try to answer this question over the course of several lessons.
We will argue, assume, refute, make assumptions, etc.
Please think about what the objectives of today's lesson are? Students making guesses about what they are studying this topic, come to conclusions.
Conclusion: That man is the crown of nature's creation. What position does it occupy among its enormous diversity?
The place of man in the system of the organic world:
|
Cellular |
|
|
Overkingdom |
|
|
Sub-kingdom |
Animals |
|
Multicellular |
|
|
Chordata |
|
|
Vertebrates |
|
|
Mammals |
|
|
Suborder |
|
|
Family |
Narrow-nosed monkeys |
|
Humans (Hominids) |
|
|
Homo sapiens |
Why does a person relate to animals, what served as the basis for this hypothesis?
What features make us similar to animals?
- Disputes about human origins have continued for centuries. This is one of the most intriguing chapters in the evolution of life on Earth.
Man is a representative of the class of mammals; he is a vertebrate and is therefore related to fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds.
Table “Main features human body inherited from animals"
|
Main features |
From whom were they inherited? |
|
Genetic code of the nucleus |
The first single-celled eukaryotes |
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Genetic code of mitochondria |
The first prokaryotes |
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Bilateral body symmetry |
Predecessors of early chordates |
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Bony skeleton |
|
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Five-fingered limbs |
Fish, amphibians |
|
Pulmonary respiration |
Amphibians and reptiles |
|
Amniotic egg |
Reptiles |
|
Elongated limbs, differentiation of teeth, mammary glands, warm-bloodedness |
Primitive mammals |
|
Placenta, live birth |
Early placental mammals |
Today, several hypotheses or theories of human origin are being discussed.
- Which of them can you name yourself?
What is the evidence of origin between humans and animals.
Physiological – the fundamental similarity of processes occurring in human and animal organisms;
Embryological – similar stages of embryonic development in both humans and animals;
Paleontological – finds of the remains of ancient humanoid creatures;
Biochemical – similarity chemical composition intracellular environment in humans and animals;
Comparatively anatomical – a single plan for the structure of human and animal bodies, the presence of rudiments and atavisms in humans;
Genetic – cxOdifference in the number of chromosomes in humans and apes.
Conducting physical exercises
4.Execution independent work:
1.What are the similar characteristics of humans and animals?
2.What signs distinguish humans from apes?
3. Describe the position of man in the animal world.
5. Dividing children into 2 groups. Work on posters.
Working with cards:
A) name the main results of human evolution that led to the emergence of significant differences from modern apes; why cannot modern apes be considered the ancestors of humans?
B) characterize the diversity of great apes.
(All three general biology textbooks are used.)
6.Summarizing the lesson:
“What was main idea lesson?
Find evidence that the origin of man was connected with the evolution of ancient apes;
How are their family ties manifested?
7.Reflection: - How do you feel at the end of the lesson?
Did you learn something new and interesting?
In what form would you teach this lesson?
What did you like about the lesson and what did you not?
8.Homework:§30, prepare a crossword puzzle on the topic.
Municipal budget educational institution
Znamenskaya average comprehensive school №1
Minusinsk region, Krasnoyarsk Territory
TEST
DIAGNOSTIC WORK
on this topic
"MAN ON EARTH"
5th grade
Developed
teacher of biology and chemistry
Zhukova I.M.
Test work
on this topic " MAN ON EARTH."
Item : Biology
Class : 5
Subject: MAN ON EARTH
Goal of the work : check the level of mastery by grade 5 students of subject and meta-subject results on the topic « Man on Earth."
Subject knowledge and skills are:
- human ancestors, their character traits, Lifestyle;
- basic ecological problems, standing in front modern humanity;
- rules of human behavior in dangerous situations of natural origin;
- the simplest methods of providing first aid for burns, frostbite, etc.
Students should be able to:
- explain the reasons for the negative impact economic activity man to nature;
- explain the role of plants and animals in human life;
- justify the need to take measures to protect wildlife;
- follow the rules of behavior in nature;
- distinguish species of plants and animals that are dangerous to human life on living objects and tables;
- lead healthy image life and fight against bad habits their comrades.
Meta-subject learning outcomes:
General education UUD :
The ability to compare and highlight the characteristics of human ancestors, their characteristic features, way of life; the main environmental problems facing modern humanity;
Compare the properties of living organisms;
Conduct a simple classification of poisonous plants and animals;
Explain the role of plants and animals in human life;
Analyze and explain the basic rules of behavior in nature;
Find and use cause-and-effect relationships;
- Transform sign-symbolic means,draw logical conclusions
Regulatory UUD :
Make a plan for completing the educational task;
Check and make corrections
Communication UUD :
Reflect inwritten results of their activities.
Specification
Test work on the topic " MAN ON EARTH."
1. Purpose of work – check the level of mastery by 5th grade students of subject and meta-subject results on the topic “MAN ON EARTH”
2. The main content of the test is oriented for the maintenance of the Federal State educational standard main general education(Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 1897 dated December 17, 2010) and complies Sample programs By academic subjects. Biology grades 5-9. (N.I. Sonin and A.A. Pleshakov)
3. Characteristics of work.
Form of control: test test
Number of options -1
Number of tasks in the test work - 16
The test includes questions to test your knowledge of the following: educational material: “How man appeared on Earth”, “How man changed the Earth”, “Life is under threat. Will the Earth become a desert”, “Human health and life safety”.
4. Characteristics of tasks. The sequence of presentation of tasks corresponds to the difficulty levels: basic, advanced, high.The work uses tasks: with the choice of one answer, with the choice of several answers, with correspondence, with the choice of correct judgments, with a short answer, with a detailed answer.
Test consists of three parts:
Part 1 : contains 10 tasks basic level difficulty choosing one correct answer out of four proposed.
Part 2 : 4 tasks higher level difficulties. Of these tasks: 1 task with choosing and writing down three correct options out of six; 1 task to establish compliance; 1 task to select the correct judgments; 1 to determine the sequence of biological processes and phenomena.
Part 3 : contains 2 tasks of increased difficulty level. Of these tasks: 1 task for working with a text of biological content, in which it is necessary to correct biological errors in the given text, 2 task with a detailed answer.
Part 1 includes 10 basic level tasks (A1 – A10). For each task there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. For each correct answer 1 point is given. Maximum score for 1 part – 10 points.
Part 2
For each correct answer 2 points. The maximum score for part 2 is 8 points.
Part 3 contains 2 of the most complex, voluminous tasks. C1 and C2 - require a complete answer, for correct completion of the task 3 points.
The maximum score for part 3 is 6 points.
A total of 21 points for the work.
on the topic: “Man on Earth”
Level A assignments.
You are taking one correct answer out of four suggested:
1. This man found himself a wonderful helper who became his most devoted friend - a dog...
1) Neanderthal
2) Cro-Magnon
3) a skillful person
4) homo erectus
2. The common ancestors of humans and apes were...
1) chimpanzee
2) gorillas
3)australopithecus
4) dryopithecus
3. The tall grass of the savannas and steppes prevented him from examining the surroundings, and he stood up...
1) a skillful person
2) Cro-Magnon
3) Australopithecus
4) a reasonable person
4. All people living on Earth now belong to the species...
1) a skillful person
2) a reasonable person
3) homo erectus
4) family man
5.The negative significance of cattle breeding for nature lies in
1) receiving meat2) development of the dairy industry
3) depletion of pasture lands
4)breeding new breeds
6.Acid rain is formed as a result of
1) breeding domestic animals2) distribution of agricultural plants
3) scaffolding
4) waste emissions into the atmosphere industrial enterprises
7. Desertification is:
1) gradual swamping of dry lands
2) gradual overgrowing of abandoned lands with forests
3) gradual transformation of dry lands into deserts
4) gradual overgrowing of dry lands with grasses
8. K global changes in nature can lead
1) increase in the number of certain species of animals and plants
2) desertification of territories
3) heavy rainfall
4) overgrowing of land with forests after a forest fire
9.The plant is on the verge of extinction
1) sequoia
2) spruce
3) pine
4) poplar
10. During a hurricane, a person should
1) hide under a tree
2) take cover under the balcony
3) monitor what is happening on the street
4) close windows and doors tightly in the room.
Level B assignments.
Choose three correct answers out of six
Q1.Choose three correct answers. Harmful effects man to nature led to the formation
6)greenhouse effectAT 2. Match the terms :
Answer:________________________________________________________
AT 3. Are the following statements true?
A. Deforestation leads not only to the destruction of plants, but also to desertification of lands.
B. With a large number of domestic animals on pastures, the growth and density of grass stands increases due to increased soil fertility.
1) only A is correct
2) only B is correct
3) both judgments are correct
4) both judgments are incorrect
Answer____________________________
AT 4. “ Timeline " Arrange the numbers of cards with pictures according to the development of man on Earth.
Insert: Timeline
Answer:_______________________________________________
Level C assignments.
1. Find errors in the given text and correct them.
(indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, explain them)
1. All people inhabiting the Earth at present belong to the species Homo sapiens.
3. The common ancestor of humans and gorillas is Dryopithecus.
5. Neanderthals ate almost exclusively meat, made complex tools of labor and hunting from stone, and clothing from skins.
2. Study the diagram. Based on its content, give short written answers to the questions.
1. What is the most common reason for land destruction throughout the world?
2. Besides land destruction, what other consequences could there be from deforestation?
3. What problem can you participate in solving right now?
Standard for performing assessment material
Answers:
B4 – 3,1,5,6,2,4
C1- 2. The ancient ancestors of people lived on Earth 2-3 million years ago and were more like humans. (The ancient ancestors of people lived on Earth 4-5 million years ago and were more like a monkey than like a human).
4. Neanderthals used natural shelters - caves - for housing. (Cro-Magnons).
6. The relatives of man who lived in Africa in ancient times are called Homo habilis. (Australopithecus)
C2.
Correct answer:
1. Most often, lands are destroyed due to overgrazing of livestock.
2. The consequences of deforestation can also be the death of animals, which will lose their home and place to obtain food; the amount of oxygen entering the atmosphere will decrease.
3. I can participate in forest planting.
Evaluation criteria:
11-14 points - mark"3" (51%-65%)
15–18 points – mark “4” (66%-84%)
19 -21 points – mark “5” (85%-100%)
10 points and below mark« 2" (0%-50%)
Instructions for students to complete the test
Part 1 includes 10 basic level tasks (A1 – A10). For each task there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. For each correct answer 1 point is given. The maximum score for part 1 is 10 points.
Part 2 consists of higher level tasks.
For each correct answer 2 points. The maximum score for part 2 is 8 points.
Part 3 contains 2 of the most complex, voluminous tasks. C1 and C2 - require a complete answer, 3 points for correct completion of the task.
The maximum score for part 3 is 6 points.
A total of 21 points for the work.
Biology test for 5th grade
Illustration copyright Thinkstock
Does the Earth have enough resources to support its rapidly growing human population? Now it is more than 7 billion. What is the maximum number of inhabitants, beyond which the sustainable development of our planet will no longer be possible? The correspondent set out to find out what researchers think about this.
Overpopulation. Modern politicians wince at this word; It is often referred to as the "elephant in the room" in discussions about the future of planet Earth.
The growing population is often spoken of as the greatest threat to the existence of the Earth. But is it correct to consider this problem in isolation from other modern global challenges? And is there really such an alarming number of people living on our planet now?
- What ails giant cities
- Seva Novgorodtsev about the overpopulation of the Earth
- Obesity is more dangerous than overpopulation
It is clear that the Earth is not increasing in size. Its space is limited, and the resources necessary to support life are finite. There may simply not be enough food, water and energy for everyone.
It turns out that demographic growth represents real threat the well-being of our planet? Not at all necessary.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption The earth is not rubbery!"The problem is not the number of people on the planet, but the number of consumers and the scale and pattern of consumption," says David Satterthwaite, senior fellow at the International Institute for Environment and Development in London.
In support of his thesis, he cites the consonant statement of the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi, who believed that “there are enough [resources] in the world to satisfy the needs of every person, but not everyone’s greed.”
The global effect of increasing the urban population by several billion may be much smaller than we think
Until recently, the number of representatives living on Earth modern look there were relatively few people (Homo sapiens). Just 10 thousand years ago, no more than several million people lived on our planet.
It wasn't until the early 1800s that the human population reached a billion. And two billion - only in the 20s of the twentieth century.
Currently, the world's population is over 7.3 billion people. According to UN forecasts, by 2050 it could reach 9.7 billion, and by 2100 it is expected to exceed 11 billion.
Population has only begun to grow rapidly in the last few decades, so we don't yet have historical examples, based on which we could make predictions regarding possible consequences this growth in the future.
In other words, if it is true that by the end of the century there will be more than 11 billion people living on our planet, our current level of knowledge does not allow us to say whether sustainable development is possible with such a population - simply because there are no precedents in history.
However, we can get a better picture of the future if we analyze where the largest population growth is expected in the coming years.
The problem is not the number of people living on Earth, but the number of consumers and the scale and nature of their consumption of non-renewable resources
David Satterthwaite says that most of the demographic growth in the next two decades will occur in the megacities of those countries where the level of income of the population is currently assessed as low or average.
At first glance, an increase in the number of inhabitants of such cities, even by several billion, should not have serious consequences on a global scale. This is due to historical low level consumption among urban residents in low- and middle-income countries.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and other emissions greenhouse gases is a good indicator of how high consumption may be in a particular city. "What we know about cities in low-income countries is that carbon dioxide emissions ( carbon dioxide) and its equivalents amount to less than a ton per person per year, says David Satterthwaite. “In high-income countries, the values of this indicator range from 6 to 30 tons.”
Residents of more economically prosperous countries pollute the environment to a much greater extent than people living in poor countries.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption Copenhagen: high standard of living, but low greenhouse gas emissionsHowever, there are exceptions. Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark, a high-income country, while Porto Allegre is in upper-middle-income Brazil. Both cities have a high standard of living, but emissions (per capita) are relatively low in volume.
According to the scientist, if we look at the lifestyle of one individual person, the difference between rich and poor categories of the population turns out to be even more significant.
There are many low-income urban residents whose consumption levels are so low that they have little effect on greenhouse gas emissions.
Once the Earth's population reaches 11 billion, the additional burden on its resources may be relatively small.
However, the world is changing. And it's possible that carbon dioxide emissions will soon begin to rise in low-income metropolitan areas.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption People living in high-income countries must do their part to keep the Earth sustainable as populations growThere is also concern about the desire of people in poor countries to live and consume at a level that is now considered normal for high-income countries (many would say that this would be in some way a restoration of social justice).
But in this case, the growth of the urban population will bring with it a more serious burden on the environment.
Will Steffen, Professor Emeritus, Fenner School environment and society at State University Australia, says this is in line with a general trend over the last century.
According to him, the problem is not population growth, but the growth - even more rapid - of global consumption (which, of course, is unevenly distributed around the world).
If so, then humanity may find itself in an even more difficult situation.
People living in high-income countries must do their part to keep the Earth sustainable as populations grow.
Only if wealthier communities are willing to reduce their consumption levels and allow their governments to support unpopular policies will the world as a whole be able to reduce the negative human impact on global climate and more effectively address challenges such as resource conservation and waste recycling.
In a 2015 study, the Journal of Industrial Ecology tried to look at environmental issues from a household perspective, with consumption as the focus.
If we adopt smarter consumer habits, the environment can improve dramatically
The study found that private consumers account for more than 60% of greenhouse gas emissions, and their share in the use of land, water and other raw materials is up to 80%.
Moreover, scientists have concluded that environmental pressures differ from region to region and that, on a per-household basis, they are highest in economically prosperous countries.
Diana Ivanova from Trondheim University of Science and Technology, Norway, who developed the concept for the study, explains that it changed the traditional view of who should be held responsible for industrial emissions associated with the production of consumer goods.
“We all want to shift the blame to someone else, to the government or to businesses,” she says.
In the West, for example, consumers often argue that China and other countries that produce consumer goods in industrial quantities should also be held accountable for the emissions associated with their production.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption Modern society depends on industrial productionBut Diana and her colleagues believe that an equal share of responsibility lies with consumers themselves: “If we adopt smarter consumer habits, the environment can significantly improve.” According to this logic, radical changes are needed in the core values of developed countries: the emphasis must shift from material goods to a model where the most important thing is personal and social well-being.
But even if favorable changes occur in mass consumer behavior, it is unlikely that our planet will be able to support a population of 11 billion people for long.
So Will Steffen proposes stabilizing the population somewhere around nine billion, and then starting to gradually reduce it by reducing the birth rate.
Stabilizing the Earth's population involves both reducing resource consumption and expanding women's rights
In fact, there are signs that some stabilization is already taking place, even if statistically the population continues to grow.
Population growth has been slowing since the 1960s, and fertility studies conducted by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs show that the global fertility rate per woman has fallen from 4.7 children in 1970-75. years to 2.6 in 2005-10.
However, for any truly significant changes to occur in this area, it will take centuries, says Corey Bradshaw of the University of Adelaide in Australia.
The trend towards increasing birth rates is so deeply rooted that even major disaster will not be able to radically change the state of affairs, the scientist believes.
Based on the results of a study conducted in 2014, Corey concluded that even if the world's population were reduced by two billion tomorrow due to increased mortality, or if the governments of all countries, following the example of China, adopted unpopular laws limiting the number of children, by 2100 The number of people on our planet would, at best, remain at its current level.
Therefore, it is necessary to look for alternative ways to reduce the birth rate, and to look for them without delay.
If some or all of us increase our consumption, the upper limit on the sustainable (sustainable) population of the world will fall
One relatively simple way is to raise the status of women, especially in terms of their educational and employment opportunities, says Will Steffen.
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that 350 million women in the poorest countries did not intend to have their last child, but had no way to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
If the basic needs of these women in terms of personal development, the problem of overpopulation of the Earth due to excessively high birth rates would not be so acute.
Following this logic, stabilizing the population of our planet involves both reducing resource consumption and expanding women's rights.
But if a population of 11 billion is unsustainable, how many people – theoretically – can our Earth support?
Corey Bradshaw believes it is almost impossible to give a specific number as it will depend on technology in areas such as Agriculture, energy and transport, as well as on how many people we are ready to sentence to a life full of deprivation and restrictions, including in food.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption Slums in the Indian city of Mumbai (Bombay)It is a fairly common belief that humanity has already exceeded the acceptable limit, given the wasteful lifestyle that many of its representatives lead and which they are unlikely to want to give up.
Environmental trends such as global warming, reduction in biospecies diversity and pollution of the world's oceans.
Social statistics also come to the rescue, according to which currently one billion people in the world are actually starving, and another billion suffer from chronic malnutrition.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the population problem was associated equally with female fertility and soil fertility
The most common option is 8 billion, i.e. slightly more than the current level. The lowest figure is 2 billion. The highest is 1024 billion.
And since assumptions regarding the permissible demographic maximum depend on a number of assumptions, it is difficult to say which of the given calculations is closest to reality.
But ultimately the determining factor will be how society organizes its consumption.
If some of us - or all of us - increase our consumption, the upper limit on the sustainable (sustainable) population size of the Earth will fall.
If we find opportunities to consume less, ideally without giving up the benefits of civilization, then our planet will be able to support more people.
The acceptable population limit will also depend on the development of technology, an area in which it is difficult to predict anything.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the problem of population was associated equally with both female fertility and the fertility of agricultural land.
In his 1928 book The Shadow of the Future World, George Knibbs suggested that if the world's population reached 7.8 billion, much more would be required of humanity. high efficiency in the cultivation and use of land.
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption The invention of chemical fertilizers began rapid growth populationAnd three years later, Carl Bosch received Nobel Prize for his contribution to the development of chemical fertilizers, the production of which became, presumably, the most important factor in the demographic boom that occurred in the twentieth century.
In the distant future, scientific and technological progress may significantly raise the upper limit of the permissible population of the Earth.
Since people first visited space, humanity is no longer content with observing the stars from Earth, but is seriously talking about the possibility of moving to other planets.
Many prominent scientific thinkers, including physicist Stephen Hawking, have even stated that the colonization of other worlds will be critical to the survival of humans and other species present on Earth.
Although NASA's exoplanet program, launched in 2009, has discovered a large number of Earth-like planets, they are all too distant from us and poorly studied. (As part of this program, the American space agency created the Kepler satellite, equipped with an ultra-sensitive photometer, to search for Earth-like planets outside solar system, so-called exoplanets.)
Illustration copyright Thinkstock Image caption The earth is our only home, and we need to learn to live in it eco-friendlySo relocating people to another planet is not a solution yet. For the foreseeable future, the Earth will be our only home, and we must learn to live in it environmentally.
This implies, of course, an overall reduction in consumption, in particular a shift to a low-CO2 lifestyle, as well as an improvement in the status of women around the world.
Only by taking some steps in this direction will we be able to roughly calculate how many people planet Earth can support.
- Read on English language possible on the website.
remains unchanged, i.e. the change in entropy dS is greater than or equal to zero. According to M. Planck’s formulation, “in nature, every physical or chemical process occurs in such a way as to increase the sum of the entropies of all bodies participating in this process.” However, through the process of photosynthesis, plants absorb external energy and turn it into energy chemical bonds complex compounds, i.e. carry out their metabolism with the accumulation of internal energy and a decrease in entropy! Do plants violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics? - 10 points. 2. Suppose Vasya Ivanov was sent to spaceship to Mars. After a ten-year stay there, he returned to Earth. What problems will Vasily have on Earth after such a trip? - 10 points. 3. Why species richness and total abundance of birds in western Siberia grow from the middle taiga to the forest-steppe, and in Eastern Europe are they decreasing? - 10 points. 4. If we assume that all cytoplasmic membranes were instantly removed from a eukaryotic cell, what metabolic disturbances in the cell would this cause? - 10 points. 5. Currently in Japan, when applying for a job, getting married, etc. There is an increased interest in a person’s blood type and even discrimination against people with “undesirable” blood types. What biological (not social) consequences for the population will the exclusion of people with such blood groups from reproduction lead to? - 10 points.
inside the heart is completely divided into two parts by a longitudinal septum. Some children suffer from a developmental defect in which the heart is not dividedcompletely into two parts (right and left). Currently, this defect can be cured surgically.
a) name the differences in the composition of the blood of the right and left parts of the heart in healthy people:
b) explain how the blood composition changes in children with the above-mentioned heart defect;
c) explain why children with a similar heart defect cannot cope with physical activity
1.Process historical development alive
organisms since their appearance on Earth
and to this day it is called…. 2.
Increasing the complexity of the organization, raising it to higher levels
high level... . 3.Small (private)
adaptations of living organisms to
specific (specific) conditions
Wednesdays... 4. Simplifying the organization of living
body... . 5. Manifestation in the body
ancestral characteristics... .
6.Non-functioning organs…. 7.Science of
the origin and evolution of man...
8. Division within the species Human
Reasonable…. 9.Organisms capable of
create organic matter
are called... 10.Organisms that feed
organic matter in finished form,
called... 11.Organisms living in
oxygen-containing environment are called...
12.Organisms that can live in an environment without
oxygen are called... 13.Organisms,
a cell that does not have a nucleus is called...
14.Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus
are called...
From many other planets - the presence on it intelligent beings- of people. Where and when did the first man appear? People have been searching for an answer to this question for a very long time.
Human settlement of the Earth
There are two stages in the settlement of people around the planet. About 2 million years ago, ancient people began to penetrate from other areas and to other continents. This stage of exploration of the Earth ended approximately 500 thousand years ago. Subsequently, the ancient people became extinct.
Modern man (“Homo sapiens”) appeared only about 200 thousand years ago. It was from here that the second stage of human settlement began. They were forced to go to new unexplored lands primarily by concern for food. With the increase in the number of people, the territories where hunting was carried out expanded and edible plants were collected. The strong also contributed to the resettlement of people. The level 15-16 thousand years ago was 130 m lower than the modern one, so there were “land bridges” between individual continents and islands. The transition to a sedentary lifestyle occurred 11 thousand years ago. This contributed to the development of ancient civilizations. Many monuments of their culture have survived to this day.
Races
The long existence of people in different natural conditions led to the emergence of races - large groups of people who have common, inherited, external characteristics. By external signs all humanity is divided into four large geographical races.
Negroid race formed in hot regions of the Earth. Dark, almost black, skin, hard curly or wavy black hair, characteristic of these people, protects against sunburn and overheating of the body. The eyes are brown. A wide, flat nose and thick lips help regulate body temperature.
Australoid race According to the external characteristics of its representatives, it is close to Negroid.
Mongoloid have adapted to life in and where summer temperatures are high, strong winds are frequent and dust storms. Yellow protects the skin from excessive exposure to sunlight. The narrow shape of the eyes protects them from wind and dust. Mongoloids have straight, coarse hair, a large flattened face, prominent cheekbones and a slightly protruding nose.
Caucasian is divided into northern and southern branches. Southern Caucasians have dark skin, brown eyes and dark hair. The northern ones have white skin, light and soft hair, blue or gray eyes.
Mixed races. Over time, the proportion of people on Earth whose appearance contains signs of different races is growing. They form mixed races, the emergence of which is associated with the migration of people. These include mestizos - descendants of Europeans and Indians; mulattoes - descendants of Europeans and peoples of the Negroid race; sambo - descendants of Indians and peoples of the Negroid race; Malgash are descendants of the Negroid peoples.