1 person who went into space. Man in outer space. Too much radiation
On March 18, 1965, USSR cosmonaut Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov made the first spacewalk in human history. open space.
The event occurred during the flight of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. The ship's commander is Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev, the pilot is Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov.
The ship was equipped with an inflatable airlock "Volga". Before the launch, the chamber was folded and measured 70 cm in diameter and 77 cm in length. In space, the chamber was inflated and had the following dimensions: 2.5 meters in length, internal diameter - 1 meter, external - 1.2 meters. Camera weight - 250 kg. Before leaving orbit, the camera shot away from the ship.
The Berkut spacesuit was developed for going into space. It provided a stay in outer space for 30 minutes. The first exit took 23 minutes 41 seconds (outside the ship 12 minutes 9 seconds).
It is interesting that the training before this flight was carried out on board a Tu-104AK aircraft, in which a life-size model of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft with a real airlock chamber was installed (it was this that flew into space later). When the plane was flying along a parabolic trajectory, when weightlessness set in for several minutes in the cabin, the cosmonauts practiced exiting through the airlock chamber in a spacesuit.
Voskhod 2 launched on March 18, 1965 at 10:00 Moscow time. The airlock chamber was inflated already on the first orbit. Both astronauts were in spacesuits. According to the program, Belyaev was supposed to help Leonov return to the ship in the event of an emergency.
The spacewalk began on the second orbit. Leonov moved into the airlock chamber and Belyaev closed the hatch behind him. Then the air from the chamber was vented and at 11:32:54 Belyaev opened the outer hatch of the airlock chamber from his console in the ship. At 11:34:51 Alexey Leonov left the airlock and found himself in outer space. 
Leonov gently pushed off and felt that the ship trembled from his push. The first thing he saw was the black sky. Belyaev’s voice was immediately heard:
- "Almaz-2" began its exit. Is the movie camera on? - the commander addressed this question to his comrade.
- Understood. I am Almaz-2. I take off the cover. I throw it away. Caucasus! Caucasus! I see the Caucasus below me! Began to depart (from the ship).
Before throwing away the lid, Leonov thought for a second where to point it - into the satellite's orbit or down to Earth. Thrown towards the Earth. The astronaut's pulse was 164 beats per minute, the moment of exit was very tense.
Belyaev transmitted to Earth:
-Attention! Man has entered outer space!
The television image of Leonov soaring against the background of the Earth was broadcast on all television channels.
12 minutes... The total weight of the “exit suit” was close to 100 kg... Five times the cosmonaut flew away from the ship and returned on a halyard, 5.35 m long... All this time, the spacesuit was maintained at “room” temperature, and its outer surface was heated in the sun to +60° and cooled in the shade to –100°C...
The flight of Vostok 2 went down in history twice. The first, official and open, said that everything went brilliantly. In the second, which was revealed gradually and was never published in detail, there are at least three emergency situations.
Leonov was observed on television and the image was broadcast to Moscow. When leaving the ship five meters, he waved his hand in open space. Leonov was outside the airlock for 12 minutes and 9 seconds. But it turned out that leaving was easier than returning back. The suit swelled in space and could not fit into the airlock. Leonov was forced to relieve pressure in order to “lose weight” and make it softer. Still, he had to climb back not with his feet, as was intended, but with his head. We learned all the vicissitudes of what happened during the return to the ship only after the astronauts landed.
After being in space, A.A. Leonov’s spacesuit lost its flexibility and did not allow the astronaut to enter the hatch. A.A.Leonov made attempt after attempt, but to no avail. The situation was complicated by the fact that the oxygen supply in the spacesuit was designed for only twenty minutes, and each failure increased the degree of risk to the astronaut’s life. Leonov limited his oxygen consumption, but due to excitement and stress, his pulse and breathing rate increased sharply, which means he needed more oxygen. S.P. Korolev tried to calm him down and instill confidence. On Earth we heard the reports of A.A. Leonov: “I can’t, I couldn’t again.”
According to the cyclogram, Alexey was supposed to swim into the chamber with his feet, then, having completely entered the airlock, close the hatch behind him and seal it. In reality, he had to bleed the air from the suit almost to critical pressure. After several attempts, the astronaut decided to “float” into the cabin facing forward. He succeeded, but in doing so he hit the glass of his helmet against its wall. It was scary - because the glass could burst. At 08:49 UTC the exit hatch of the airlock chamber was closed and at 08:52 UTC the pressurization of the airlock chamber began.
TASS message dated March 18, 1965:
Today, March 18, 1965, at 11:30 am Moscow time, during the flight of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft, a man entered outer space for the first time. On the second orbit of the flight, the co-pilot, pilot-cosmonaut, Lieutenant Colonel Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov, in a special spacesuit with autonomous system life support performed an exit into outer space, moved away from the ship at a distance of up to five meters, successfully carried out a set of planned studies and observations, and returned safely to the ship. With the help of an on-board television system, the process of Comrade Leonov's exit into outer space, his work outside the ship and his return to the ship were transmitted to Earth and observed by a network of ground stations. Comrade Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov’s health while he was outside the ship and after returning to the ship was good. The ship's commander, Comrade Belyaev Pavel Ivanovich, is also feeling well.
After returning to the ship, the troubles continued.
The second emergency was an incomprehensible drop in pressure in the cabin pressurization cylinders from 75 to 25 atmospheres after Leonov’s return. It was necessary to land no later than the 17th orbit, although Grigory Voronin - chief designer this part of the vital system - he reassured that there would be enough oxygen for another day. This is how Alexey Arkhipovich describes the events:
... the partial pressure of oxygen began to increase (in the cabin), which reached 460 mm and continued to grow. This is at the norm of 160 mm! But 460 mm is an explosive gas, because Bondarenko burned out on this... At first we sat in stupor. Everyone understood, but they could do almost nothing: they completely removed the humidity, lowered the temperature (it became 10-12°). And the pressure is growing... The slightest spark - and everything would turn into a molecular state, and we understood this. We were in this state for seven hours, and then we fell asleep... apparently from stress. Then we figured out that I had touched the boost switch with the spacesuit hose... What actually happened? Since the ship was stabilized relative to the Sun for a long time, deformation naturally occurred; after all, on the one hand, cooling to -140°C, on the other, heating to +150°C... The hatch closing sensors worked, but a gap remained. The regeneration system began to build up pressure, and oxygen began to increase, we did not have time to consume it... The total pressure reached 920 mm. These several tons of pressure crushed the hatch - and the pressure growth stopped. Then the pressure began to drop before our eyes.
Further more. The TDU (braking propulsion system) did not work automatically and the ship continued to fly. The crew was given the command to land the ship manually on the 18th or 22nd orbit. Below is a quote from Leonov again:
We were flying over Moscow, inclination 65°. It was necessary to land on this particular orbit, and we ourselves chose the landing area - 150 km from Solikamsk with a heading angle of 270°, because there was taiga there. No businesses, no power lines. They could land in Kharkov, Kazan, or Moscow, but it was dangerous. The version that we got there due to a balance imbalance is complete nonsense. We ourselves chose the landing site, since it was safer and possible deviations in engine operation also shifted the landing point to safe areas. Only it was forbidden to land in China - then relations were very tense. As a result, at a speed of 28,000 km/h, we landed only 80 km from our calculated point. This is a good result. There were no reserve landing sites then. And they didn’t wait for us there...
Finally a report came from the search helicopter. He discovered a red parachute and two astronauts 30 kilometers away southwest of the city Birch forests. Dense forest and deep snow made it impossible for helicopters to land near the astronauts. Settlements there was no one nearby either.
The landing in the remote taiga was the last emergency in the history of Voskhod-2. The astronauts spent the night in the forest of the Northern Urals. The helicopters could only fly over them and report that “one is chopping wood, the other is putting it on the fire.”
Warm clothes and food were dropped from helicopters to the cosmonauts, but it was not possible to get Belyaev and Leonov out of the taiga. A group of skiers with a doctor, who landed one and a half kilometers away, reached them through the snow in four hours, but did not dare to take them out of the taiga.
There was a real competition to save the astronauts. The landfill service, fueled by Tyulin and Korolev, sent its rescue expedition to Perm led by Lieutenant Colonel Belyaev and the foreman of our plant Lygin. From Perm they arrived by helicopter to a site two kilometers from Voskhod 2 and were soon hugging the cosmonauts. Marshal Rudenko forbade his rescue service to evacuate cosmonauts from the ground to a hovering helicopter. They stayed in the taiga for a second cold night, although now they had a tent, warm fur clothing and plenty of food. The matter came to Brezhnev. He was convinced that lifting astronauts into a helicopter hovering near the ground was dangerous.
Brezhnev agreed and approved the proposal to cut down trees nearby to prepare a landing site.
When we landed, they didn’t find us right away... We sat in spacesuits for two days, we had no other clothes. On the third day they pulled us out of there. Because of the sweat, there was about 6 liters of moisture in my spacesuit up to my knees. So it was gurgling in my legs. Then, already at night, I tell Pasha: “That’s it, I’m cold.” We took off our spacesuits, stripped naked, wrung out our underwear, and put them on again. Then the screen-vacuum thermal insulation was removed. They threw away the entire hard part and put the rest on themselves. These are nine layers of aluminized foil coated with dederon on top. They wrapped the top with parachute lines, like two sausages. And so we stayed there for the night. And at 12 noon a helicopter arrived and landed 9 km away. Another helicopter in a basket lowered Yura Lygin straight to us. Then Slava Volkov (Vladislav Volkov, future TsKBEM cosmonaut) and others came to us on skis. They brought us warm clothes, poured us cognac, and we gave them our alcohol - and life became more fun. The fire was lit and the boiler was installed. We washed ourselves. In about two hours they built a small hut for us, where we spent the night normally. There was even a bed there.
On March 21, a site was prepared for a helicopter landing. And on the same day, the cosmonauts arrived in Perm on board the Mi-4, from where they made an official report on the completion of the flight.
And yet, despite all the problems that arose during the flight, this was the first, very first man into outer space. This is how Alexey Leonov describes his impressions:
I want to tell you that the picture of the cosmic abyss that I saw, with its grandeur, immensity, brightness of colors and sharp contrasts of pure darkness with the dazzling radiance of the stars, simply amazed and enchanted me. To complete the picture, imagine - against this background I see our Soviet ship, illuminated by the bright light of the sun's rays. When I left the airlock, I felt a powerful flow of light and heat, reminiscent of electric welding. Above me was a black sky and bright, unblinking stars. The sun seemed to me like a hot fiery disk... 
Alexey Leonov forever entered the history of exploration of near-Earth space - the Soviet cosmonaut became the first to travel into outer space. It was initially planned that Leonov would be sent into orbit as part of the Vostok-11 mission, but the fateful launch was postponed for 18 months, and as a result, Alexey flew on March 18, 1965 on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft together with his partner Pavel Belyaev .
Voskhod-2
When the cosmonauts reached orbit, preparations began: Leonov put on a specially designed spacesuit with a supply of oxygen for 45 minutes, and Belyaev began installing a flexible airlock through which Alexey would go into space.
After all the necessary precautions were taken, Leonov left the ship and spent a total of 12 minutes and 9 seconds outside of it. When the time came to return, an unexpected problem arose - the astronaut's spacesuit, under vacuum conditions, became greatly inflated and did not fit into the airlock chamber.
At first, Leonov wanted to report an emergency situation to Earth, but he realized that they would not help him with advice, because he was the only person who had ever encountered something similar. The first prisoner of outer space in history quickly found a way out of the situation: in order to get inside the ship, it was necessary to reduce the size of the spacesuit, and this could only be done by bleeding off excess oxygen.
Leonov decided to take this step, realizing that every additional minute spent in thought could be his last. He began to release oxygen from the suit, squeezing into the airlock centimeter by centimeter. The cosmonaut prefers not to tell what he had to go through in those few minutes, but the impressions were probably not pleasant.
When the episode with the stuck Leonov was safely resolved, it turned out that the orientation system had failed - the cosmonauts had to land, controlling the device manually, and after the capsule with Belyaev and Leonov entered the Earth’s atmosphere, it began to rotate quickly due to the fact that the orbital module did not separate from the landing plane, as calculations suggested.
On this “carousel,” the astronauts experienced overloads of up to 10G, but when the cable that prevented the landing and orbital modules from disconnecting burned out, the capsule was stabilized. Because of all these troubles, the landing did not take place at all where expected - the astronauts found themselves in a dense forest about 180 km north of Perm.
Belyaev and Leonov spent two nights in the taiga, the temperature sometimes dropped to -30 °C, and the landing module became unusable, so the cosmonauts could not use it to warm up. When they were discovered, the rescuers first built a huge fire to warm up the heroes, and later the whole company skied another 9 km to get to the helicopter.
The feat of Pavel Belyaev and Alexei Leonov is a convincing example of what strong-willed and courageous people even in outer space conditions or under 10G overloads. For the successful implementation of the flight, its participants were awarded the high ranks of Hero Soviet Union.
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The beginning of the rapid study of the Universe is considered to be April 12, 1961, when the first man went into space and he became Yuri Gagarin, a citizen of the USSR. Year after year after his flight, new discoveries were made.
Open space
Being outside a spacecraft wearing only a spacesuit is a risky proposition. Exactly 52 years ago, Soviet pilot Alexei Leonov performed a spacewalk. Despite the fact that Leonov spent only 12 minutes in airless space, it was a real feat. The astronaut calls these few minutes absolute silence; he spoke about this in his first interviews. Today year of man's spacewalk every schoolchild knows. In 1965, on March 12, the Voskhod-2 spacecraft launched on board with Alexei Leonov and the commander of the apparatus, Pavel Belyaev, since then this date has been important for the history of Russia. Leonov spacewalk committed when he was 31 years old.
How it was
The first ever walk by a man in space outside the ship caused real delight throughout the world. Moreover, this happened precisely when the USSR and America were fiercely competing for the title of first in the field of mastering the space of weightlessness. Spacewalk was regarded at the time as a propaganda success for the Soviet Union and a serious blow to American national pride.
Leonov's spacewalk- This is a real breakthrough in the field of exploration of the Universe. In fact, there were many dangerous moments during the flight that the astronaut experienced. Almost immediately his suit inflated as a result of strong pressure. To solve the problem, the pilot had to break the instructions and reduce the pressure inside. That is why he entered the ship not feet first, but head first. Cosmonaut Leonov spacewalk, despite all the problems, made it successfully and landed successfully.
Despite the technical inspection of the vessel and its careful preparation for the flight, problems still arose. The sudden change in temperature led to the formation of a crack in the hatch casing. Which would lead to the depressurization of the ship and the death of the astronauts. After the first was completed spacewalk year over the year, research was carried out more and more actively.
During the Soviet Union, the emergency situations that occurred were kept silent; the truth was made public relatively recently, including human spacewalk was imperfect. But today it is already possible to tell the whole truth. In particular, that Alexey Leonov spacewalk almost did it without a safety rope, and if not for the commander of the ship, who noticed this in time, Belyaev’s body to this day would have been in orbit of the planet.
How did Leonov feel?
Astronaut spacewalk- this is a real feat and a breakthrough in science. Alexey Leonov will forever remain the first person in human history to see planet Earth from a height of 500 km. At the same time, he did not feel any movement at all, although he was flying at a speed several times higher than the speed of a jet plane. It is impossible on Earth to feel the gigantic environment, surrounding a person, this is only accessible from space. When Leonov saw the Irtysh, he received a command to return to the ship’s abortion, but he was not immediately able to do this because of his bloated spacesuit. Fortunately, Alexey Leonov's spacewalk ended successfully.
50 years ago, Alexey Leonov was the first in history to enter airless space.
Half a century ago, on March 18, 1965, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov made the first human spacewalk in history.
The experiment was planned as part of the expedition of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft, which launched on the same Thursday from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh SSR. The ship's crew consisted of commander Pavel Belyaev and pilot Alexey Leonov. On the occasion of the anniversary of "360 Moscow Region" I have prepared five interesting facts about this significant event.
Too much radiation
Even as the spacecraft (SC) entered orbit, problems began. The fact is that Voskhod-2, due to a technical error, moved away from the Earth by 495 kilometers instead of 350 kilometers, as planned. At the same time, the radiation layer, harmful to humans, is located at a distance of 500 kilometers from the Planet.
The dose of radiation received by the astronauts was 70 billion rads, which is almost twice as high as during the Voskhod-1 spacecraft expedition. If at this moment streams passed near the Earth solar wind increased intensity, the astronauts could die.
The main thing is that the suit fits
To enter airless space, OKB-1 employees developed the Berkut spacesuit, which, unlike modern extravehicular suits, did not allow the air exhaled by the astronaut to be regenerated. In the Berkut, designed for a 30-minute stay in outer space, Alexey Leonov moved away from the Voskhod-2 spacecraft five times at a distance of up to 5.35 meters.
However, when the astronaut wanted to return to the airlock chamber, he realized that due to the pressure difference the suit was inflated. Leonov had to risk his life to reduce the pressure inside the Berkut and, violating safety rules, get into the airlock head first. As a result, the astronaut still managed to return to the spacecraft.
CCTV
Leonov spent 23 minutes and 41 seconds in airless space. Behind historical event observed by video cameras installed on the outer surface of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft. The image from them was transmitted to Earth, in addition, the astronaut himself recorded video using the S-97 camera. 
Rough landing
During the spacecraft's return to the Planet on March 19, the ship's automatic landing system failed, so the cosmonauts had to land Voskhod-2 manually. The landing took place in an unplanned place - in the taiga, 180 kilometers from Perm. Pavel Belyaev and Alexey Leonov were discovered only four hours later, and the heroes were evacuated only two days later, and the cosmonauts had to use skis to get to the helicopter landing pad.
Space Race
Domestic cosmonauts managed to overtake American astronauts at this checkpoint of the space race. US Representative Edward White performed the first spacewalk only on June 3, 1965. Apparently, because of this, the phrase “Triumph of the Soviet Country” was printed on Soviet postage stamps dedicated to the feat of Pavel Belyaev and Alexei Leonov.
Since man's first spacewalk, 729 walks through airless outer space have been completed, with a total duration of more than four thousand hours. Soviet cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya stepped outside her spacecraft on July 25, 1984, becoming the first woman in outer space. In total, 210 people visited airless space. The record holder for the number of spacewalks is Anatoly Solovyov - he has 16 of them with a total duration of more than 78 hours.
In preparation for the flight, Belyaev and Leonov practiced all actions and possible emergency situations during spacewalks during ground training, as well as in conditions of short-term weightlessness on board an aircraft flying along a parabolic trajectory.
On March 18, 1965, at 10 o'clock Moscow time, the Voskhod-2 spacecraft with cosmonauts Pavel Belyaev and Alexei Leonov successfully launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Immediately after ascending into orbit, already at the end of the first orbit, the crew began to prepare for Leonov’s spacewalk. Belyaev helped Leonov put a backpack of an individual life support system with a supply of oxygen on his back.
The airlock was controlled by the ship's commander, Belyaev, from a remote control installed in the cockpit. If necessary, control of the main locking operations could be carried out by Leonov from a remote control installed in the airlock chamber.
Belyaev filled the airlock chamber with air and opened the hatch connecting the ship's cabin with the airlock chamber. Leonov “floated” into the airlock chamber, the ship’s commander, closing the hatch into the chamber, began to depressurize it.
At 11 hours 28 minutes 13 seconds at the beginning of the second orbit, the ship's airlock chamber was completely depressurized. At 11 hours 32 minutes 54 seconds the hatch of the airlock chamber opened, and at 11 hours 34 minutes 51 seconds Leonov left the airlock chamber into outer space. The astronaut was connected to the ship by a 5.35-meter-long halyard, which included a steel cable and electrical wires for transmitting medical observation data and technical measurements, as well as telephone communication with the ship’s commander.
In outer space, Leonov began to conduct provided by the program observations and experiments. He made five departures and approaches from the airlock chamber, with the very first departure being made to a minimum distance - one meter - for orientation in new conditions, and the rest to the full length of the halyard. All this time, the spacesuit was maintained at “room” temperature, and its outer surface was heated in the sun to +60°C and cooled in the shade to -100°C. Pavel Belyaev, using a television camera and telemetry, monitored Leonov’s work and was ready, if necessary, to provide the assistance he needed.
After performing a series of experiments, Alexey Leonov received a command to return, but this turned out to be difficult. Due to the pressure difference in space, the suit swelled greatly, lost its flexibility, and Leonov could not squeeze into the airlock hatch. He made several unsuccessful attempts. The oxygen supply in the suit was designed for only 20 minutes, which was running out. Then the cosmonaut released the pressure in the suit to the emergency level. If by this time the nitrogen had not been washed out of his blood, he would have boiled and Leonov would have died. The suit shrank, and contrary to the instructions requiring him to enter the airlock with his feet, he squeezed through it head first. Having closed the outer hatch, Leonov began to turn around, since he still had to enter the ship with his feet due to the fact that the lid, which opened inward, ate up 30% of the cabin volume. It was difficult to turn around, since the internal diameter of the airlock is one meter, and the width of the spacesuit at the shoulders is 68 centimeters. With great difficulty, Leonov managed to do this, and he was able to enter the ship with his feet, as expected.
Alexey Leonov entered the ship's airlock at 11:47 a.m. And at 11 hours 51 minutes 54 seconds, after the hatch was closed, the pressurization of the airlock chamber began. Thus, the pilot-cosmonaut was outside the ship in outer space conditions for 23 minutes 41 seconds. According to the provisions of the International Sports Code, the net time of a person’s stay in outer space is calculated from the moment he appears from the airlock chamber (from the edge of the ship’s exit hatch) until he enters back into the chamber. Therefore, the time spent by Alexei Leonov in open space outside the spacecraft is considered to be 12 minutes 09 seconds.
With the help of an on-board television system, the process of Alexei Leonov's exit into outer space, his work outside the ship and his return to the ship were transmitted to Earth and observed by a network of ground stations.
After returning to Leonov's cabin, the cosmonauts continued to carry out experiments planned by the flight program.
There were several other emergency situations during the flight, which, fortunately, did not lead to tragedy. One of these situations arose during the return: the automatic orientation system to the Sun did not work, and therefore the braking propulsion system did not turn on in time. The cosmonauts were supposed to land automatically on the seventeenth orbit, but due to a failure of the automation caused by the “shooting” of the airlock, they had to go to the next, eighteenth orbit and land using a manual control system. This was the first manual landing, and during its implementation it was discovered that from the astronaut’s working chair it was impossible to look out the window and assess the position of the ship in relation to the Earth. It was possible to start braking only while sitting in a seat and fastened. Due to this emergency situation, the accuracy required during descent was lost. As a result, the cosmonauts landed on March 19 far from the calculated landing point, in the remote taiga, 180 kilometers northwest of Perm.
They were not found immediately, the helicopters were prevented from landing tall trees. Therefore, the astronauts had to spend the night near the fire, using parachutes and spacesuits for insulation. The next day, a rescue force descended into the small forest, a few kilometers from the crew’s landing site, to clear an area for a small helicopter. A group of rescuers reached the astronauts on skis. The rescuers built a log hut-hut, where they equipped sleeping places for the night. On March 21, the site for receiving the helicopter was prepared, and on the same day, on board the Mi-4, the cosmonauts arrived in Perm, from where they made an official report on the completion of the flight.
On October 20, 1965, the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) approved the world record for the duration of a person's stay in outer space outside a spacecraft of 12 minutes 09 seconds, and the absolute record for the maximum flight altitude above the surface of the Earth of the Voskhod-2 spacecraft - 497.7 kilometers. The FAI awarded Alexey Leonov the highest award - Gold medal"Cosmos" for the first spacewalk in the history of mankind, USSR pilot-cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev was awarded an FAI diploma and medal.
First spacewalk Soviet cosmonauts spent 2.5 months earlier than the Americans. The first American in space was Edward White, who performed a spacewalk on June 3, 1965, during his flight on Gemini 4. The duration of stay in outer space was 22 minutes.
Over the past years, the range of problems solved by astronauts overboard spaceships and stations has increased significantly. The modernization of spacesuits was and is being carried out constantly. As a result, the duration of a person’s stay in the vacuum of space in one exit has increased many times over. Today, spacewalks are a mandatory part of the program of all expeditions to the International space station. During the exits there are Scientific research, repair work, installation of new equipment on the outer surface of the station, launch of small satellites and much more.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources