Forms of the earth's surface of the Oryol region. Water resources of the Oryol region. Underground water resources
The Oryol region has a well-developed river network. However, most of the Oryol rivers are either the sources of large rivers, or their small tributaries. On the territory of the Oryol region are the sources of the largest rivers of the European part of Russia - the Oka, Don and Dnieper. Therefore, the Oryol region is a geographical center of feeding the most important river systems of the European part of Russia. On its territory, the surface runoff of the rivers of the Volga basin is formed. The catchments of the rivers are separated by two watersheds. The first runs from the town of Maloarkhangelsk to the north to the village of Alekseevka, then to the northeast to the Verkhovye station and to the village of Pankovo. This hilly area is a watershed between the Oka and Zusha rivers with its Neruch tributary and the Sosnaya river with the Trudy river tributary. In the central part of the region there are elevated hills, which represent the watershed of the Oka and Zushi rivers, which in its southern part in the Maloarkhangelsk region is connected to the watersheds of the Oka and Sosna, Oka and Desna. The second watershed between the basins of the Oka and Desna rivers is located in the southwestern part. The Oka basin occupies 60% of the region's territory; it includes 1377 rivers and streams. The Don basin includes 529 watercourses, the Dnieper - 195.
The water fund of the region has over 2100 watercourses with a total length of 9154 km, including about 180 watercourses with a length of 10 or more kilometers and with a total length of over 4000 km.
Large rivers of the Oryol region - Oka and Zusha are used to generate electricity. On the river Oka has a hydroelectric power station Shakhovskaya with a capacity of 510 kW, on the river Zusha - Novosilskaya (210 kW) and Lykovskaya (760 kW). The construction of dams at these power plants significantly affected the ecology of some fish species inhabiting the Oka and Zusha.
The longest and most abundant rivers in the region are: Oka (average annual runoff at the border with the Tula region -2058 million m 3); R. Zusha (tributary of the Oka, average annual flow - 988.6 million m 3); R. Pine (a tributary of the Don, the average annual flow at the border with the Lipetsk region is 687.0 million m 3). In the southeastern part of the region, there are the basins of the Navli and Nerussa rivers flowing into the Desna (a tributary of the Dnieper river), with a total annual flow of 210 million m3.
The relief of the area determines the slow, calm flow of rivers. The rivers Zusha, Sosna and a number of other smaller rivers, due to the significant difference in heights, have a rather fast flow.
The magnitude of the surface runoff of the Oryol rivers is influenced by climatic factors - the amount of precipitation, seasonal air temperature and humidity. In addition, the relief of the area has some influence on the amount of runoff, geological structure underlying rocks, waterlogged watersheds and the presence of woodlands. Great importance in the formation of surface runoff has economic activity human and technogenic load on landscapes [Natural resources, 2002].
The regional water fund is replenished through the creation of reservoirs and ponds that accumulate the runoff of the spring flood. The water quality of many ponds is improved by numerous springs that feed the ponds, preventing them from drying out and improving flow. In total, there are more than 1730 ponds in the region with a total area of 2800-3000 hectares. [Blinnikov V.I. et al., 1989; Fedorov A. V., 1960]. Of these, as of 01.09.2005, the Administration of the Oryol Region approved the list of fishing grounds. This list includes 608 reservoirs with a total area of 5105.6 hectares. Table 1 shows the distribution of reservoirs intended for fish farming by districts of the region.
The specified fishery facilities are located very unevenly on the territory of the region. For example, in the Khotynetsky district, the area of fishing grounds is 574.6 hectares, and in Korsakovsky only 15.2 hectares. Unfortunately, the presence of reservoirs in a particular area does not yet indicate the development of fish farming in it. Moreover, not all reservoirs included in the list of fishery objects are really suitable for the needs of fish farming. Many ponds are insufficient in size and depth. Most of them are not equipped with fish tanks and bottom locks for water release. There are quite a few large reservoirs in the Oryol region. A total of 17 ponds and reservoirs have an area of more than 50 hectares (Table 2).
Oryol Region- a constituent entity of the Federation in the south-west of the European part of Russia. The region is located in the central part of the Central Russian Upland of the East European Plain. The territory of the region is a slightly hilly plateau, indented by a dense network of ravines and river valleys. On the watersheds, karst phenomena are observed, there are small lakes of karst origin, landslides are widely developed. The territory of the region is located in the zone of mixed and deciduous forests, which are gradually replaced to the south by forest-steppe.
The Oryol Region is part of the Central Federal District. The administrative center is Oryol.
The territory of the region is 24 652 km 2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) is 754 816 people.
Surface water resources
The watershed between the Caspian and Black Sea-Azov basins passes through the territory of the Oryol region, the water bodies of the region belong to the basins of the Volga, Don and Dnieper (about 60%, 30% and 10% of the territory, respectively).
The river network of the Oryol region is represented by about 2,100 rivers with a total length of about 9.1 thousand km (the density of the river network is 0.37 km / km 2), most of which belong to small rivers and streams. Most of the region's rivers are flat in nature, with small slopes and low flow rates; due to the significant difference in elevation, a number of the region's rivers have a fairly fast flow. The rivers of the Oryol region are characterized by mixed feeding with a predominance of snow. The rivers of the region belong to the Eastern European type of water regime, they are characterized by high spring floods, summer-autumn low-water periods, interrupted by rain floods, and low winter low-water periods. Rivers freeze in the second half of November, open up in late March - early April. In some years, small rivers freeze over. The largest rivers in the region are the Oka (right tributary of the Volga) and Sosna (right tributary of the Don) originating in the region; rivers of the Dnieper basin originate in the west of the region.
The functions of providing public services and managing federal property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Department of Water Resources of the Moscow-Oka BVU in the Oryol Region.
Powers in the field of water relations delegated to the subjects Russian Federation, the functions of providing public services and managing regional property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Department for the Protection and Use of Fauna Objects, Aquatic Biological Resources and Environmental Safety of the Oryol Region (Oryolabekonadzor).
On the territory of the region, the State Program "Protection environment, rational use natural resources and environmental safety of the Oryol region "for 2013-2016 is a regional program, the tasks of which include the reproduction of mineral resources and groundwater resources, the organization state monitoring for dangerous natural phenomena and pollution of the geological environment, control and protection from pollution of drinking water supply sources, reducing the risk of emergencies at hydraulic structures, increasing the operational reliability of hydraulic structures, preserving and restoring water bodies, ensuring the protection of wildlife and their habitats, maintaining the optimal number of aquatic biological resources , systematization of fisheries management in the region and other tasks.
In preparing the material, the data of the State Reports "On the State and on the Protection of the Environment of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the State and Use of Water Resources of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the State and Use of Lands in the Russian Federation in 2015" were used, "On the ecological situation in the Oryol region in 2015", collection "Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2016 ". The regional ratings for surface and groundwater resources do not take into account the indicators of cities of federal significance -
Geographical position. Territory. Climate
Oryol Region is located in the heart of Central Russia, in the south of Central economic region... Its neighbors are: from the west - Bryansk region, from the north - Tula and Kaluga, from the east - Lipetsk, from the south - Kursk region. Oryol, which is located almost in the center of the region, lies 382 km south of Moscow, 398 km from Kharkov, 141 km from Bryansk, 426 km from Voronezh, 387 km from Smolensk, 1034 km from St. Petersburg, 944 km from Brest, 1009 km from Riga. The area of the Oryol region is 24.7 thousand square meters. km (67th place in Russia).
The Oryol Region is located in the central part of the Central Russian Upland, within the steppe and forest-steppe zones. The climate is moderately continental.
average temperature January - minus 9 degrees. November, December and January are the most cloudy months. The average number of days with snow cover is 126. The average temperature of the warmest month - July - is +18-20 degrees.
During the year, a moderate amount of precipitation falls - from 490 to 590 mm, and in summer it is twice as much as in winter, in autumn - more than in spring. The amount of precipitation is sufficient for normal growth and development of crops.
The surface relief is raised, hilly. The main part of the occupied area is agricultural land (2,051.2 thousand hectares), of which 1570.1 thousand hectares (76.5%) is arable land.
In the region there are Various types soils - from light gray forest soils in the west to leached and typical chernozems in the east and southeast. In total, leached and podzolized chernozems make up about 43 percent of the total area, dark gray forest soils - 24% of the land, the rest belong to gray forest, sod-podzolic and light gray forest soils. And only on arable land in the region, there are more than 240 soil varieties.
Dismemberment of the relief, character soil cover and economic activity have determined the ubiquitous active development processes of water erosion. More than half of the arable land belongs to the category of washed away and erosion-hazardous lands, almost the same amount needs liming.
On the territory of the region there are more than 2 thousand rivers and streams with a total length of 9100 km.
The longest and most abundant rivers of the region are the Oka, the source of which is in the south of the region (the length within the region is 190 km, the average annual flow on the border with the Tula region is 2058 million cubic meters), the Zusha (the tributary of the Oka, the average annual flow is 988, 6 million cubic meters), Sosna (a tributary of the Don, the average annual flow at the border with the Lipetsk region is 687.0 million cubic meters). Zusha, Sosna, a number of other smaller rivers, due to the significant difference in altitude, have a rather fast flow. Until the 60s, the energy of the water of the rivers of the Oryol region was actively used to generate energy (small hydroelectric power plants, water mills).
The main reservoirs of the Oryol region: Neruchanskoye in the Sverdlovsk region (6.8 million cubic meters), the Lubna feeding pond in the Khotynetsky region (4.5 million cubic meters), the Orlovskoye reservoir (4.0 million cubic meters). The region has 18 reservoirs with a capacity of 1 to 10 million cubic meters. each and about 140 ponds with a capacity of up to 1.0 million cubic meters. each mainly operate on the principle of seasonal passive flow regulation, accumulating approximately 135.0 million cubic meters. m of surface moisture, which is about 3.84% of the annual runoff and only about 5.91% of the total runoff for the year with a minimum water content of 95% of availability, are used for fish farming, irrigation and for recreational purposes.
The total area of the surface of all reservoirs in the region is more than 4700 hectares.
The Oryol region possesses significant groundwater resources, on which household, drinking and partly industrial water supply is based.
Surface water is used by enterprises exclusively for production needs. In general, the Oryol region belongs to the category of reliably supplied with drinking water.
Forest fund. Ecology. Minerals
By the nature of the vegetation cover, the territory of the region belongs to the forest-steppe zone. Forests occupy 207.2 thousand hectares, or 8.4% of the region's territory.
Forests are located mainly in small tracts, the largest forests are located in the west and north-west of the region (in Khotynetsky, Znamensky, Dmitrovsky, Mtsensky, Shablykinsky districts), where deciduous and mixed forests occupy a predominant position: more often - oak, birch, pine, aspen , spruce; less often - maple, linden, alder, larch, mountain ash. There are eight mech-forestry enterprises.
The total volume of afforestation reserves is 25.9 million cubic meters. m, of which: - by groups of species: - conifers 6.35 million cubic meters. m - hardwood 8.29 million cubic meters. m - soft-leaved 11.27 million cubic meters. m - by age groups: - young animals 2.8 million cubic meters. m - middle-aged 21.1 million cubic meters. m - ripening 3.4 million cubic meters. m - ripe and overripe 2.0 million cubic meters. m All forests of the region belong to the 1st group and mainly perform water protection, sanitary and hygienic, recreational and other protective functions, about 35.5 thousand hectares of forest plantations are allocated in specially protected natural areas. The volume of logging is not large: the harvested timber is intended mainly for intraregional consumption (firewood, sawn timber). The area of intermediate felling in 2015 amounted to about 0.5 thousand hectares, which made it possible to obtain 25.3 thousand m 3 of timber. Including the volume of marketable timber obtained in the order of intermediate thinning, amounted to 24.4 thousand m 3, of which 5.2 thousand m 3 - business. Reforestation in the region is carried out mainly on the lands of the State Forest Fund on an area of up to 400 hectares per year.
In general, the ecological situation in the Oryol region is characterized by relative stability. This is due to the absence of industrial giants and large-scale mining in the region. However, water pollution is alarming. industrial enterprises and condition atmospheric air in large cities.
Oryol region is located on the border of three natural areas- taiga, deciduous forests and forest-steppe. This leaves an imprint on the richness of its landscapes and the variety of inhabiting species. The region is inhabited by 70 species of mammals, 256 species of birds, 7 species of reptiles, 12 species of amphibians, 38 species of fish and 1 species of cyclostomes. Of the mammals, 30 species are classified as rare, of which 4 species are included in the Red Data Book of Russia (2000) and 16 species - in the Red Data Book of the Oryol Region (2007).
Conservation of biological diversity in the forest-steppe zone of European Russia in modern conditions is an challenging task... This is due, first of all, to the fact that it is the forest-steppe that has undergone the greatest economic development. Almost all natural ecosystems are subject to negative anthropogenic impacts.
In this regard, territories that contribute to the preservation of rare and unique natural sites... The region maintains a state cadastre of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) according to the same rules for the Russian Federation, using unified forms of information storage and observing the principles of compatibility and comparability with state cadastres of natural resources. The network of specially protected natural objects of the region covers the main types of biocenoses, as well as some valuable objects.
National Park "Orlovskoe Polesie" is located in the central part of the Central Russian Upland, in the basin of the river. Get out. The area of the reserve is 77.7 thousand hectares. The Park's forests are the largest woodland in the region. Pine and mixed forests prevail. Vegetable world"Oryol Polesye" is extremely diverse. Currently, the flora of the Park numbers 925 species of vascular plants, of which more than a quarter of the species are rare.
In "Oryol Polesie" 272 species of vertebrates are recorded, including 50 species of mammals, 177 species of birds (of which 136 species are nesting), 7 species of reptiles, 12 species of amphibians and 26 species of fish.
In the Oryol region there are reserves of iron ore, building materials (limestone, sand, clay, etc.), coal and brown coal, peat, phosphorites. Limestone, chalk, crushed stone, gravel, building sand, clay are being mined. On the territory of the region, a rich Novoyalta iron ore deposit (the tongue of the Kursk magnetic anomaly) with an iron content of 56-60% and occurrence at a depth of 182-260 m was discovered. The deposit is of industrial importance, but is not currently being developed.
Population
The population of the Oryol region is 759.7 thousand people. 7 cities are formed on the territory of the region, 24 municipal districts and 13 urban-type settlements from 3 to 12 thousand inhabitants.
Administrative center- the city of Oryol (319.7 thousand inhabitants, date of foundation 1566), two significant most big cities: Livny with a population of 47.9 thousand people and Mtsensk with a population of 38.7 thousand people.
The number of rural administrations - 223, rural settlements - 3054, mostly small and medium-sized settlements (average number of inhabitants - 106 people). Large rural settlements (with more than 1000 inhabitants) are concentrated mainly around Orel.
Transport
Despite the absence of river and sea shipping and, accordingly, ports, the Oryol region has a fairly developed transport infrastructure, the profitability of which is predetermined, first of all, by the relative proximity to the capital of Russia - Moscow. So, through the region and directly through the regional center - the city of Oryol, the most important transport highways of federal significance pass:
The length of public railways is more than 590 km; roads with hard surface - about 9,200 km, that is, almost to each settlement... The major railway junctions in the region are the following stations: Orel, Livny, Mtsensk, Verkhovye, Luzhki (in the southeastern part of Orel).
In addition, 1 oil and 3 gas international pipelines of great strategic importance run through the region.
The total freight turnover of transport is 8.9 billion t-km, with 6.6 billion t-km from rail transport, and 2.3 billion t-km by road.
The Oryol Region occupies an area of 24.7 thousand km² in the central part of the Central Russian Upland. Despite its small size, these primordially Russian lands are a true beauty. Rich in historical and cultural traditions, the Oryol region inspired the work of Turgenev, Leskov, Fet, Andreev, Bunin. These places are known all over the world for their works: “ Noble Nest"," Bezhin Meadow "," Lady Macbeth Mtsensk district"," Sukhodol "and many others.
The center of the region - the city of Oryol - was founded as a fortress protecting the southern borders Of the Russian state, at the confluence of the Oka and Orlik rivers in 1566. The distance from Orel to Moscow is 382 km.
The flora of the Oryol region
The Oryol region is located on the border between the European-broadleaf and Eurasian steppe zones. The Oka river serves as a conventional border between them. The western and northwestern regions are dominated by coniferous, small-leaved, broad-leaved, and mixed forests. Here grow oak, birch, pine, spruce, aspen, linden, alder, bird cherry, mountain ash, maple, ash, wild apple and pear, hazel, buckthorn, warty euonymus. The forest-steppe is found mainly in the eastern regions and in some central ones. The steppe flora is represented by Scutellaria squat, eared-eared, Don cinquefoil, narrow-leaved saltwort, common muzzle, etc.
There are many natural monuments on the Oryol land. One of the most amazing is national park"Oryol woodland". It is located in the north-west of the region in the picturesque places of the Znamensky and Khotynetsky districts, in the valley of the Vytebet river. In woodland, unique oak, pine and spruce forests are located in beautiful multi-storey tiers. The grass cover of the Vytebet River valley, floodplain meadows and sphagnum forest bogs has up to 30 plant species per square meter... Within the territory of national park more than 30 rare plants grow. The rich variety of juicy berries and mushrooms is typical of the protected area.
Fauna of the Oryol region
The extensive river network of the region includes the largest river Oka and many of its tributaries - Nugr, Nepolod, Orlik, Tson, Optukha, Rybnitsa, Zusha, as well as tributaries of the Desna - Nerussa and Navlya and the Vytebet river - the right tributary of Zhizdra. In the floodplains of rivers, at the places where groundwater flows out, swamps - low-lying peat bogs - have formed. Here you can find a mallard duck, gray heron, bittern, lapwing, harlequin, snipe, short-eared owl, as well as rare inhabitants - gray crane, swan, osprey. Only in the Vytebet River a rare relict species, the desman, has survived. The local ichthyofauna pleases fishermen with a rich variety. Pike perch, ide, pike, perch, bream, asp, chub, catfish, burbot, carp and podust are found here. And there are also crayfish, mink otter, muskrat.
Inhabitants of the steppe regions of the Oryol region - gophers, different kinds hamsters, jerboas, ferre. The richness of forest fauna is difficult to describe. In the Oryol forests you can find pine marten, ferret, squirrel, white hare, roe deer, wild boar, wolf, fox, elk and even brown bear. A wide variety of birds live in the local forests. These are capercaillie, hazel grouse, green and black woodpecker, as well as owl, nutcracker, crossbill, crested tit.
Climate in the Oryol region
The climate in the Oryol region is temperate continental with cold, snowy winters and rather hot summers. The average temperature in July is about 19 degrees, and in January -10 degrees. Moderate amount of precipitation from 500 to 600 mm per year falls mainly in summer and autumn. The average number of days with snow cover is 126. The gloomiest and most uncomfortable days of the year fall in November, December and January, and the hottest month is July.
Annex 1.
Material on the topic "History of the Oryol Territory"
In ancient times, our land was covered with dense forests. There were glades and meadows only near the rivers. At that distant time, the lands of the modern Oryol region were inhabited by one of the Slavic tribes. The elder of this tribe was called Vyatko. By his name, the tribe called itself Vyatichi.
In the second half of the 11th century, the Vyatichi were subordinated to the Kiev prince... Time passed. Large settlements began to turn into cities. After a long struggle between the princes, the lands of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov principality.
The hordes of Khan Batu, who invaded the Russian lands in 1237, devastated most of our region. The inhabitants of our land took part in the battle with the Mongol Tatars. After the overthrow in 1480, the Mongol Tatar yoke The Russian state grew and became stronger. But he had new enemies - the Crimean Tatars. To block the path of the Tatars to Moscow, it was decided to strengthen the southern borders of our state, which passed along our edge. Frequent raids of the Crimean Tatars demanded strengthening, the construction of fortresses. The chronicle of the 16th century tells how one day Tsar Ivan 4 ordered the construction of a new fortress in the place where the Orlik flows into the Oka. This was in 1566. This date is considered to be the year of foundation of the city of Orel.
In the 16th century, there were many vacant lands in our region. They were settled by fugitive peasants from other places, fleeing from serfdom. A peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov began in the country. The tsar and the landowners cruelly dealt with the rebels.
On the night of June 24, 1812, the French army invaded Russia. The people rose to defend the Fatherland Only from our region in a short time, 11 thousand people stood up. In the towns and villages of the Oryol province, the collection of foodstuffs, warm clothing and footwear for the army began. Many Oryol residents showed courage in the fight against the French conquerors.
2) The struggle of the peasants against serfdom forced the tsar and the landowners to abolish serfdom... According to the law of 1861, the peasants were freed from the rule of the landowners, but they were given negligible land. At this time, factories and factories began to appear, a railway was laid.
On February 28, 1917, Oryol received a message about the overthrow of the tsar. The overthrown landowners and capitalists wanted to restore their power. A civil war began, in which many Oryol residents proved themselves to be real heroes of the Red Army.
After civil war it was necessary to defeat an equally formidable adversary — devastation. In the Oryol region, power plants, factories, factories were built, collective farms were created.
June 22, 1941 fascist Germany attacked our homeland. Like all Soviet people, the Oryol people heroically fought for their Motherland and defeated a very powerful enemy.
A terrible picture was presented by the Oryol land after the expulsion of the Nazi hordes. With the labor of workers and peasants, they rebuilt cities, restored factories and factories, railways and hospitals.
Now the Oryol Region is a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Many sights and memorable places have been preserved in the region. The Oryol region is known as the birthplace of many masters of the artistic word.
Material on the topic “The surface of our edge. Flora and fauna"
1) Surface The Oryol region is a hilly plain, heavily indented by gullies and ravines, not high above sea level.
The highest point is in the Novoderevenkovsky district - 282 meters.
The climate of our region is moderately warm and humid.
Soils are one of the main resources of the region. They are not the same in different places of our region in terms of their properties and fertility. Well-cultivated and fertilized soil rewards the labor expended with a rich harvest.
2) Oryol region is located in the forest-steppe zone, however forests there are few left in our region. They occupy only 9% of its area. They are distributed unevenly, more in western regions... The forests of our region are composed of deciduous and coniferous species.
The forest provides timber, furs, mushrooms, berries for the national economy.
Steppe our region is almost entirely plowed up and turned into cultural fields. Steppe vegetation has survived only on the slopes of ravines and gullies, along steep banks.
The fauna of the region is diverse. It is home to 65 species of mammals, 11 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles, 150 species of birds and about a thousand invertebrates.
Material on the topic “Reservoirs of our region. The life of a fresh water reservoir "
1) There are 265 rivers and streams in the Oryol region. The largest of them is the Oka, which flows into the Volga. The length of the Oka is about 1500 kilometers, of which 211 kilometers are within our region.
There are sources in which they write that the name of the Oka River comes from the Finnish "yoki", which means "water" in translation.
Rivers are filled with water in spring from melting snows, in summer - with heavy rains, and all seasons - with groundwater.
On the territory of the Oryol region, 33 species of fish live.
2) River waters are widely used in national economy... On the large rivers built hydroelectric power plants. Eagle factories cannot work without water, which is given by Oka, Pine Zusha. IN agriculture also you can not do without water. Groundwater supplies drinking water to all cities, towns and villages. In addition to rivers, there are many ponds in our region - artificial reservoirs. The water of the ponds is used for irrigation, in some ponds fish and waterfowl are raised. The ponds supply groundwater.
As a result of the impact of people on the state of rivers, they silt up, garbage dumps are formed along the river banks, the plowing of river banks entails the washout of fertilizers from the fields and the death of aquatic organisms. Cutting down near-water vegetation reduces the water content of rivers, washing cars on the river contributes to the ingress of oil products into the water.
Material on the topic "What does our region give to the country?"
1) Our region is rich in various minerals. For construction you need a building material - stone, sand, clay. Limestones and dolomites - stones of yellow and white color - are used for calcination and production of cement. Limestone outcrops are well traced along the valleys of the Oka, Zushi, Sosna rivers and their tributaries.
Sand is used for the production of sand-lime bricks, asphalt and concrete. A large sand deposit, Kaznacheevskoye, is located 20 km north of Orel.
The Oryol region is rich in plastic and colored clays. Clays are found in all areas.
On the territory of the Oryol region there are deposits of iron ores.
2) The Oryol region is part of the regional economic association "Chernozemye" (9 regions). Its economy is represented by large industrial and agro-industrial complexes.
In the structure of industry, the leading place is occupied by: ferrous metallurgy (Oryol Steel Rolling Plant), non-ferrous metallurgy (Mtsensk Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys Plant, Mtsensk Aluminum Casting Plant), mechanical engineering
(enterprises produce technological equipment). Mechanical engineering enterprises are located in Orel, Bolkhov, Livny, Mtsensk. Is developing food industry... Thermal power plants operate in Orel and Livny.
3) Agriculture prevails in the agro-industrial complex. The region occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of grain production per capita. (1.5 tons) In animal husbandry, the leading role belongs to cattle breeding, pig breeding and poultry farming.
Material on the topic "Environmental protection in the Oryol region"
1) In nature, everything is interconnected - inanimate and nature, plants and animals and man.
There is a proverb "As it comes around, it will respond." If, through the fault of people, the balance in nature is disturbed, this turns against the people themselves. After all, nature and people are one.
Environmental work is being carried out in the region. The national park "Orlovskoe Polesye" has been created here, 23 reserves, 31 hunting grounds have been formed, 131 natural monuments have been taken under protection. The total area of "Orlovsky Polesye" is 84 205 hectares.
2) The Oryol region has its own Red Book. The publication includes 120 species of rare plants and animals found in the Oryol region.
The Red Book of the Oryol Region - 250 pages of a full-color edition. The description of each species is accompanied by a map of its habitat and two illustrations.