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Trofimova physics course 16th edition. Units of physical quantities

Trofimova physics course 16th edition. Units of physical quantities

11th ed., erased. - M.: 2006.- 560 p.

Tutorial(9th edition, revised and expanded, 2004) consists of seven parts, which outline the physical foundations of mechanics, molecular physics and thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, optics, quantum physics of atoms, molecules and solids, nuclear physics and elementary particles. The issue of combining mechanical and electromagnetic vibrations has been rationally resolved. A logical continuity and connection between classical and modern physics. Given Control questions and tasks for independent solution.

For students of engineering and technical specialties of higher educational institutions.

Format: pdf/zip (11- ed., 2006, 560 pp.)

Size: 6 MB

Download:

RGhost

1. Physical foundations of mechanics.
Chapter 1. Elements of kinematics

§ 1. Models in mechanics. Reference system. Trajectory, path length, displacement vector

§ 2. Speed

§ 3. Acceleration and its components

§ 4. Angular velocity And angular acceleration

Tasks

Chapter 2. Dynamics of a material point and translational motion of a rigid body Force

§ 6. Newton's second law

§ 7. Newton's third law

§ 8. Friction forces

§ 9. Law of conservation of momentum. Center of mass

§ 10. Equation of motion of a body of variable mass

Tasks

Chapter 3. Work and energy

§ 11. Energy, work, power

§ 12. Kinetic and potential energies

§ 13. Law of conservation of energy

§ 14. Graphic representation of energy

§ 15. Impact of absolutely elastic and inelastic bodies

Tasks

Chapter 4. Solid mechanics

§ 16. Moment of inertia

§ 17. Kinetic energy rotation

§ 18. Moment of force. Equation of dynamics of rotational motion of a rigid body.

§ 19. Angular momentum and the law of its conservation
§ 20. Free axes. Gyroscope
§ 21. Deformations of a solid body
Tasks

Chapter 5. Gravity. Elements of field theory
§ 22. Kepler's laws. Law universal gravity
§ 23. Gravity and weight. Weightlessness.. 48 y 24. The gravitational field and its intensity
§ 25. Work in a gravitational field. Gravitational field potential
§ 26. Space speeds

§ 27. Non-inertial frames of reference. Inertia forces
Tasks

Chapter 6. Elements of fluid mechanics
§ 28. Pressure in liquid and gas
§ 29. Continuity equation
§ 30. Bernoull's equation and consequences from it
§ 31. Viscosity (internal friction). Laminar and turbulent fluid flow regimes
§ 32. Methods for determining viscosity
§ 33. Movement of bodies in liquids and gases

Tasks
Chapter 7. Elements of special (particular) theory of relativity
§ 35. Postulates of the special (particular) theory of relativity
§ 36. Lorentz transformations
§ 37. Consequences from Lorentz transformations
§ 38. Interval between events
§ 39. Basic Law relativistic dynamics material point
§ 40. The law of the relationship between mass and energy
Tasks

2. Fundamentals of molecular physics and thermodynamics
Chapter 8. Molecular kinetic theory ideal gases
§ 41. Research methods. Experimental ideal gas laws
§ 42. Clapeyron-Mendeleev equation
§ 43. Basic equation of the molecular kinetic theory of ideal gases
§ 44. Maxwell’s law on the distribution of molecules of an ideal gas according to the velocities and energies of thermal motion
§ 45. Barometric formula. Boltzmann distribution
§ 46. Average number of collisions and average free path of molecules
§ 47. Experimental substantiation of the molecular kinetic theory
§ 48. Transport phenomena in thermodynamically nonequilibrium systems
§ 49. Vacuum and methods of obtaining it. Properties of ultra-rarefied gases
Tasks

Chapter 9. Fundamentals of thermodynamics.
§ 50. Number of degrees of freedom of a molecule. Law of uniform energy distribution over the degrees of freedom of molecules
§ 51. First law of thermodynamics
§ 52. Work of gas when its volume changes
§ 53. Heat capacity
§ 54. Application of the first law of thermodynamics to isoprocesses
§ 55. Adiabatic process. Polytropic process
§ 57. Entropy, its statistical interpretation and connection with thermodynamic probability
§ 58. Second law of thermodynamics
§ 59. Heat engines and refrigeration machines Carnot cycle and its efficiency for an ideal gas
Tasks
Chapter 10. Real gases, liquids and solids
§ 61. Van der Waals equation
§ 62. Van der Waals isotherms and their analysis
§ 63. Internal energy of real gas
§ 64. Joule-Thomson effect
§ 65. Liquefaction of gases
§ 66. Properties of liquids. Surface tension
§ 67. Wetting
§ 68. Pressure under a curved surface of a liquid
§ 69. Capillary phenomena
§ 70. Solids. Mono- and polycrystals
§ 71. Types of crystalline solids
§ 72. Defects in crystals
§ 75. Phase transitions of the first and second kind
§ 76. State diagram. Triple point
Tasks

3. Electricity and magnetism
Chapter 11. Electrostatics
§ 77. Law of conservation of electric charge
§ 78. Coulomb's law
§ 79. Electrostatic field. Tension electrostatic field
§ 80. The principle of superposition of electrostatic fields. Dipole field
§ 81. Gauss's theorem for the electrostatic field in vacuum
§ 82. Application of Gauss's theorem to the calculation of some electrostatic fields in vacuum
§ 83. Circulation of the electrostatic field strength vector
§ 84. Electrostatic field potential
§ 85. Tension as a potential gradient. Equipotential surfaces
§ 86. Calculation of potential difference from field strength
§ 87. Types of dielectrics. Polarization of dielectrics
§ 88. Polarization. Field strength in a dielectric
§ 89. Electric mixing. Gauss's theorem for the electrostatic field in a dielectric
§ 90. Conditions at the interface between two dielectric media
§ 91. Ferroelectrics
§ 92. Conductors in an electrostatic field
§ 93. Electric capacitance of a solitary conductor
§ 94. Capacitors
§ 95. Energy of a system of charges, an isolated conductor and a capacitor. Electrostatic field energy
Tasks
Chapter 12. Direct electric current
§ 96. Electric current, strength and current density
§ 97. Third party forces. Electromotive force and voltage
§ 98. Ohm's law. Conductor resistance

§ 99. Work and power. Joule-Lenz law
§ 100. Ohm's law for a non-uniform section of the circuit
§ 101. Kirchhoff's rules for branched chains
Tasks
Chapter 13. Electric currents in metals, vacuum and gases
§ 104. Work function of electrons leaving a metal
§ 105. Emission phenomena and their application
§ 106. Ionization of gases. Non-self-sustaining gas discharge
§ 107. Self-sustained gas discharge and its types
§ 108. Plasma and its properties
Tasks

Chapter 14. Magnetic field.
§ 109. Magnetic field and its characteristics
§ 110. Biot-Savart-Laplace law and its application to calculation magnetic field
§ 111. Ampere's law. Interaction of parallel currents
§ 112. Magnetic constant. Units of magnetic induction and magnetic field strength
§ 113. Magnetic field of a moving charge
§ 114. The effect of a magnetic field on a moving charge
§ 115. Movement of charged particles in a magnetic field
§ 117. Hall effect
§ 118. Circulation of vector B of magnetic field in vacuum
§ 119. Magnetic fields of a solenoid and toroid
§ 121. Work on moving a conductor and a circuit with current in a magnetic field
Tasks

Chapter 15. Electromagnetic induction
§ 122. Appearance electromagnetic induction(Faraday's experiments
§ 123. Faraday’s law and its derivation from the law of conservation of energy
§ 125. Eddy currents (Foucault currents
§ 126. Loop inductance. Self-induction
§ 127. Currents when opening and closing a circuit
§ 128. Mutual induction
§ 129. Transformers
§130. Magnetic field energy
dachas
Chapter 16. Magnetic properties of matter
§ 131. Magnetic moments of electrons and atoms
§ 132. DNA and paramagnetism
§ 133. Magnetization. Magnetic field in matter
§ 134. Conditions at the interface between two magnets
§ 135. Ferromagnets and their properties

§ 136. The nature of ferromagnetism
Tasks
Chapter 17. Fundamentals of Maxwell's theory for the electromagnetic field
§ 137. Vortex electric field
§ 138. Displacement current
§ 139. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic field

4. Oscillations and waves.
Chapter 18. Mechanical and electromagnetic vibrations
§ 140. Harmonic vibrations and their characteristics
§ 141. Mechanical harmonic vibrations
§ 142. Harmonic oscillator. Spring, physical and mathematical pendulums
§ 144. Addition harmonic vibrations same direction and same frequency. Beats
§ 145. Addition of mutually perpendicular oscillations
§ 146. Differential equation free damped oscillations (mechanical and electromagnetic) and its solution. Self-oscillations
§ 147. Differential equation forced oscillations(mechanical and electromagnetic) and its solution
§ 148. Amplitude and phase of forced oscillations (mechanical and electromagnetic). Resonance
§ 149. Alternating current
§ 150. Stress resonance
§ 151. Resonance of currents
§ 152. Power released in the alternating current circuit
Tasks

Chapter 19. Elastic waves.
§ 153. Wave processes. Longitudinal and transverse waves
§ 154. Traveling wave equation. Phase speed. Wave equation

§ 155. The principle of superposition. Group speed
§ 156. Interference of waves
§ 157. Standing waves
§ 158. Sound waves
§ 159. Doppler effect in acoustics
§ 160. Ultrasound and its application

Tasks

Chapter 20. Electromagnetic waves.
§ 161. Experimental production of electromagnetic waves
§ 162. Differential equation of an electromagnetic wave

§ 163. Energy of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic field pulse

§ 164. Dipole radiation. Applications of electromagnetic waves
Tasks

5. Optics. Quantum nature of radiation.

Chapter 21. Elements of geometric and electron optics.
§ 165. Basic laws of optics. Total reflection
§ 166. Thin lenses. Image of objects using lenses
§ 167. Aberrations (errors) of optical systems
§ 168. Basic photometric quantities and their units
Tasks
Chapter 22. Interference of Light
§ 170. Development of ideas about the nature of light
§ 171. Coherence and monochromaticity of light waves
§ 172. Interference of light
§ 173. Methods for observing the interference of light
§ 174. Interference of light in thin films
§ 175. Application of light interference
Chapter 23. Diffraction of Light
§ 177. Fresnel zone method. Rectilinear propagation of light
§ 178. Fresnel diffraction by a round hole and a disk
§ 179. Fraunhofer diffraction by a single slit
§ 180. Fraunhofer diffraction by a diffraction grating
§ 181. Spatial lattice. Light scattering
§ 182. Diffraction by a spatial grating. Wulff-Bragg formula
§ 183. Resolution of optical instruments
§ 184. The concept of holography
Tasks

Chapter 24. Interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter.
§ 185. Dispersion of light
§ 186. Electronic theory of light dispersion
§ 188. Doppler effect
§ 189. Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation

Tasks
Chapter 25. Polarization of Light
§ 190. Natural and polarized light
§ 191. Polarization of light during reflection and refraction at the boundary of two dielectrics
§ 192. Birefringence
§ 193. Polarizing prisms and polaroids
§ 194. Analysis polarized light

§ 195. Artificial optical anisotropy
§ 196. Rotation of the plane of polarization

Tasks

Chapter 26. Quantum nature of radiation.
§ 197. Thermal radiation and its characteristics.

§ 198. Kirchhoff's law
§ 199. Stefan-Boltzmann laws and Wien displacements

§ 200. Rayleigh-Jeans and Planck formulas.
§ 201. Optical pyrometry. Heat sources Sveta
§ 203. Einstein's equation for the external photoelectric effect. Experimental confirmation of the quantum properties of light
§ 204. Application of the photoelectric effect
§ 205. Mass and momentum of the photon. Light pressure
§ 206. The Compton effect and its elementary theory
§ 207. Unity of corpuscular and wave properties electromagnetic radiation
Tasks

6. Elements of quantum physics

Chapter 27. Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom.

§ 208. Models of the atom by Thomson and Rutherford
§ 209. Line spectrum hydrogen atom
§ 210. Bohr's postulates
§ 211. Frank's experiments in Hertz
§ 212. Spectrum of the hydrogen atom according to Bohr

Tasks

Chapter 28. Elements of quantum mechanics
§ 213. Wave-particle duality of the properties of matter
§ 214. Some properties of de Broglie waves
§ 215. Uncertainty relation
§ 216. Wave function and its statistical meaning
§ 217. General equation Schrödinger. Schrödinger equation for stationary states
§ 218. The principle of causality in quantum mechanics
§ 219. Movement of a free particle
§ 222. Linear harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics
Tasks
Chapter 29. Elements of modern physics of atoms and molecules
§ 223. The hydrogen atom in quantum mechanics
§ 224. L-state of electron in a hydrogen atom
§ 225. Electron spin. Spin quantum number
§ 226. The principle of indistinguishability of identical particles. Fermions and bosons
Mendeleev
§ 229. X-ray spectra
§ 231. Molecular spectra. Raman scattering
§ 232. Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated radiation
(lasers
Tasks
Chapter 30. Elements of quantum statistics
§ 234. Quantum statistics. Phase space. Distribution function
§ 235. The concept of quantum statistics of Bose - Einstein and Fermi - Dirac
§ 236. Degenerate electron gas in metals
§ 237. The concept of the quantum theory of heat capacity. Phonols
§ 238. Conclusions of the quantum theory of electrical conductivity of metals
! Josephson effect
Tasks
Chapter 31. Elements of Solid State Physics
§ 240. The concept of band theory of solids
§ 241. Metals, dielectrics and semiconductors according to band theory
§ 242. Intrinsic conductivity of semiconductors
§ 243. Impurity conductivity of semiconductors
§ 244. Photoconductivity of semiconductors
§ 245. Luminescence of solids
§ 246. Contact of two metals according to band theory
§ 247. Thermoelectric phenomena and their applications
§ 248. Rectification at the metal-semiconductor contact
§ 250. Semiconductor diodes and triodes (transistors
Tasks

7. Elements of physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles.

Chapter 32. Elements of the physics of the atomic nucleus.

§ 252. Mass defect and binding energy, nuclei

§ 253. Nuclear spin and its magnetic moment

§ 254. Nuclear forces. Kernel Models

§ 255. Radioactive radiation and its types Displacement rules

§ 257. Laws of a-decay

§ 259. Gamma radiation and its properties.

§ 260. Resonant absorption of y-radiation (Mossbauer effect

§ 261. Methods of observation and registration of radioactive radiation and particles

§ 262. Nuclear reactions and their main types

§ 263. Positron. /> -Disintegration. Electronic capture

§ 265. Nuclear fission reaction
§ 266. Chain reaction divisions
§ 267. Concept of nuclear energy
§ 268. Synthesis reaction atomic nuclei. The problem of the governed thermonuclear reactions
Tasks
Chapter 33. Elements of particle physics
§ 269. Cosmic radiation
§ 270. Muons and their properties
§ 271. Mesons and their properties
§ 272. Types of interactions of elementary particles
§ 273. Particles and antiparticles
§ 274. Hyperons. Strangeness and parity of elementary particles
§ 275. Classification of elementary particles. Quarks
Tasks
Basic laws and formulas
1. Physical foundations of mechanics
2. Fundamentals of molecular physics and thermodynamics
4. Oscillations and waves
5. Optics. Quantum nature of radiation
6. Elements of quantum physics of atoms, molecules and solids

7. Elements of physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles
Subject index

11th ed., erased. - M.: 2006.- 560 p.

The textbook (9th edition, revised and expanded, 2004) consists of seven parts, which outline the physical foundations of mechanics, molecular physics and thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, optics, quantum physics of atoms, molecules and solids, atomic physics nuclei and elementary particles. The issue of combining mechanical and electromagnetic vibrations has been rationally resolved. A logical continuity and connection between classical and modern physics has been established. Test questions and tasks for independent solution are provided.

For students of engineering and technical specialties of higher educational institutions.

Format: pdf/zip (11- ed., 2006, 560 pp.)

Size: 6 MB

Download:

RGhost

1. Physical foundations of mechanics.
Chapter 1. Elements of kinematics

§ 1. Models in mechanics. Reference system. Trajectory, path length, displacement vector

§ 2. Speed

§ 3. Acceleration and its components

§ 4. Angular velocity and angular acceleration

Tasks

Chapter 2. Dynamics of a material point and translational motion of a rigid body Force

§ 6. Newton's second law

§ 7. Newton's third law

§ 8. Friction forces

§ 9. Law of conservation of momentum. Center of mass

§ 10. Equation of motion of a body of variable mass

Tasks

Chapter 3. Work and energy

§ 11. Energy, work, power

§ 12. Kinetic and potential energies

§ 13. Law of conservation of energy

§ 14. Graphic representation of energy

§ 15. Impact of absolutely elastic and inelastic bodies

Tasks

Chapter 4. Solid mechanics

§ 16. Moment of inertia

§ 17. Kinetic energy of rotation

§ 18. Moment of force. Equation of dynamics of rotational motion of a rigid body.

§ 19. Angular momentum and the law of its conservation
§ 20. Free axes. Gyroscope
§ 21. Deformations of a solid body
Tasks

Chapter 5. Gravity. Elements of field theory
§ 22. Kepler's laws. Law of Gravity
§ 23. Gravity and weight. Weightlessness.. 48 y 24. The gravitational field and its intensity
§ 25. Work in a gravitational field. Gravitational field potential
§ 26. Space speeds

§ 27. Non-inertial frames of reference. Inertia forces
Tasks

Tasks
Chapter 7. Elements of special (particular) theory of relativity
§ 35. Postulates of the special (particular) theory of relativity
§ 36. Lorentz transformations
§ 37. Consequences from Lorentz transformations
§ 38. Interval between events
§ 39. Basic law of relativistic dynamics of a material point
§ 40. The law of the relationship between mass and energy
Tasks

2. Fundamentals of molecular physics and thermodynamics
Chapter 8. Molecular kinetic theory of ideal gases
§ 41. Research methods. Experimental ideal gas laws
§ 42. Clapeyron-Mendeleev equation
§ 43. Basic equation of the molecular kinetic theory of ideal gases
§ 44. Maxwell’s law on the distribution of molecules of an ideal gas according to the velocities and energies of thermal motion
§ 45. Barometric formula. Boltzmann distribution
§ 46. Average number of collisions and average free path of molecules
§ 47. Experimental substantiation of the molecular kinetic theory
§ 48. Transport phenomena in thermodynamically nonequilibrium systems
§ 49. Vacuum and methods of obtaining it. Properties of ultra-rarefied gases
Tasks

3. Electricity and magnetism
Chapter 11. Electrostatics
§ 77. Law of conservation of electric charge
§ 78. Coulomb's law
§ 79. Electrostatic field. Electrostatic field strength
§ 80. The principle of superposition of electrostatic fields. Dipole field
§ 81. Gauss's theorem for the electrostatic field in vacuum
§ 82. Application of Gauss's theorem to the calculation of some electrostatic fields in vacuum
§ 83. Circulation of the electrostatic field strength vector
§ 84. Electrostatic field potential
§ 85. Tension as a potential gradient. Equipotential surfaces
§ 86. Calculation of potential difference from field strength
§ 87. Types of dielectrics. Polarization of dielectrics
§ 88. Polarization. Field strength in a dielectric
§ 89. Electric mixing. Gauss's theorem for the electrostatic field in a dielectric
§ 90. Conditions at the interface between two dielectric media
§ 91. Ferroelectrics
§ 92. Conductors in an electrostatic field
§ 93. Electric capacitance of a solitary conductor
§ 94. Capacitors
§ 95. Energy of a system of charges, an isolated conductor and a capacitor. Electrostatic field energy
Tasks
Chapter 12. Direct electric current
§ 96. Electric current, strength and current density
§ 97. Third party forces. Electromotive force and voltage
§ 98. Ohm's law. Conductor resistance

Chapter 14. Magnetic field.
§ 109. Magnetic field and its characteristics
§ 110. Biot-Savart-Laplace law and its application to the calculation of the magnetic field
§ 111. Ampere's law. Interaction of parallel currents
§ 112. Magnetic constant. Units of magnetic induction and magnetic field strength
§ 113. Magnetic field of a moving charge
§ 114. The effect of a magnetic field on a moving charge
§ 115. Movement of charged particles in a magnetic field
§ 117. Hall effect
§ 118. Circulation of vector B of magnetic field in vacuum
§ 119. Magnetic fields of a solenoid and toroid
§ 121. Work on moving a conductor and a circuit with current in a magnetic field
Tasks

Chapter 15. Electromagnetic induction
§ 122. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction (Faraday's experiments
§ 123. Faraday’s law and its derivation from the law of conservation of energy
§ 125. Eddy currents (Foucault currents
§ 126. Loop inductance. Self-induction
§ 127. Currents when opening and closing a circuit
§ 128. Mutual induction
§ 129. Transformers
§130. Magnetic field energy
dachas
Chapter 16. Magnetic properties of matter
§ 131. Magnetic moments of electrons and atoms
§ 132. DNA and paramagnetism
§ 133. Magnetization. Magnetic field in matter
§ 134. Conditions at the interface between two magnets
§ 135. Ferromagnets and their properties

4. Oscillations and waves.
Chapter 18. Mechanical and electromagnetic vibrations
§ 140. Harmonic vibrations and their characteristics
§ 141. Mechanical harmonic vibrations
§ 142. Harmonic oscillator. Spring, physical and mathematical pendulums
§ 144. Addition of harmonic vibrations of the same direction and the same frequency. Beats
§ 145. Addition of mutually perpendicular oscillations
§ 146. Differential equation of free damped oscillations (mechanical and electromagnetic) and its solution. Self-oscillations
§ 147. Differential equation of forced oscillations (mechanical and electromagnetic) and its solution
§ 148. Amplitude and phase of forced oscillations (mechanical and electromagnetic). Resonance
§ 149. Alternating current
§ 150. Stress resonance
§ 151. Resonance of currents
§ 152. Power released in the alternating current circuit
Tasks

Chapter 19. Elastic waves.
§ 153. Wave processes. Longitudinal and transverse waves
§ 154. Traveling wave equation. Phase speed. Wave equation

§ 155. The principle of superposition. Group speed
§ 156. Interference of waves
§ 157. Standing waves
§ 158. Sound waves
§ 159. Doppler effect in acoustics
§ 160. Ultrasound and its application

Tasks

Chapter 20. Electromagnetic waves.
§ 161. Experimental production of electromagnetic waves
§ 162. Differential equation of an electromagnetic wave

§ 163. Energy of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic field pulse

§ 164. Dipole radiation. Applications of electromagnetic waves
Tasks

5. Optics. Quantum nature of radiation.

Chapter 24. Interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter.
§ 185. Dispersion of light
§ 186. Electronic theory of light dispersion
§ 188. Doppler effect
§ 189. Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation

§ 195. Artificial optical anisotropy
§ 196. Rotation of the plane of polarization

Tasks

Chapter 26. Quantum nature of radiation.
§ 197. Thermal radiation and its characteristics.

§ 198. Kirchhoff's law
§ 199. Stefan-Boltzmann laws and Wien displacements

§ 200. Rayleigh-Jeans and Planck formulas.
§ 201. Optical pyrometry. Thermal light sources
§ 203. Einstein's equation for the external photoelectric effect. Experimental confirmation of the quantum properties of light
§ 204. Application of the photoelectric effect
§ 205. Mass and momentum of the photon. Light pressure
§ 206. The Compton effect and its elementary theory
§ 207. Unity of corpuscular and wave properties of electromagnetic radiation
Tasks

6. Elements of quantum physics

Chapter 27. Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom.

§ 208. Models of the atom by Thomson and Rutherford
§ 209. Line spectrum of the hydrogen atom
§ 210. Bohr's postulates
§ 211. Frank's experiments in Hertz
§ 212. Spectrum of the hydrogen atom according to Bohr

Tasks

Chapter 28. Elements of quantum mechanics
§ 213. Wave-particle duality of the properties of matter
§ 214. Some properties of de Broglie waves
§ 215. Uncertainty relation
§ 216. Wave function and its statistical meaning
§ 217. General Schrödinger equation. Schrödinger equation for stationary states
§ 218. The principle of causality in quantum mechanics
§ 219. Movement of a free particle
§ 222. Linear harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics
Tasks
Chapter 29. Elements of modern physics of atoms and molecules
§ 223. The hydrogen atom in quantum mechanics
§ 224. L-state of electron in a hydrogen atom
§ 225. Electron spin. Spin quantum number
§ 226. The principle of indistinguishability of identical particles. Fermions and bosons
Mendeleev
§ 229. X-ray spectra
§ 231. Molecular spectra. Raman scattering
§ 232. Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated radiation
(lasers
Tasks
Chapter 30. Elements of quantum statistics
§ 234. Quantum statistics. Phase space. Distribution function
§ 235. The concept of quantum statistics of Bose - Einstein and Fermi - Dirac
§ 236. Degenerate electron gas in metals
§ 237. The concept of the quantum theory of heat capacity. Phonols
§ 238. Conclusions of the quantum theory of electrical conductivity of metals
! Josephson effect
Tasks
Chapter 31. Elements of Solid State Physics
§ 240. The concept of band theory of solids
§ 241. Metals, dielectrics and semiconductors according to band theory
§ 242. Intrinsic conductivity of semiconductors
§ 243. Impurity conductivity of semiconductors
§ 244. Photoconductivity of semiconductors
§ 245. Luminescence of solids
§ 246. Contact of two metals according to band theory
§ 247. Thermoelectric phenomena and their applications
§ 248. Rectification at the metal-semiconductor contact
§ 250. Semiconductor diodes and triodes (transistors
Tasks

7. Elements of physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles.

Chapter 32. Elements of the physics of the atomic nucleus.

§ 252. Mass defect and binding energy, nuclei

§ 253. Nuclear spin and its magnetic moment

§ 254. Nuclear forces. Kernel Models

§ 255. Radioactive radiation and its types Displacement rules

§ 257. Laws of a-decay

§ 259. Gamma radiation and its properties.

§ 260. Resonant absorption of y-radiation (Mossbauer effect

§ 261. Methods of observation and registration of radioactive radiation and particles

§ 262. Nuclear reactions and their main types

§ 263. Positron. /> -Disintegration. Electronic capture

§ 265. Nuclear fission reaction
§ 266. Fission chain reaction
§ 267. Concept of nuclear energy
§ 268. The reaction of fusion of atomic nuclei. The problem of controlled thermonuclear reactions
Tasks
Chapter 33. Elements of particle physics
§ 269. Cosmic radiation
§ 270. Muons and their properties
§ 271. Mesons and their properties
§ 272. Types of interactions of elementary particles
§ 273. Particles and antiparticles
§ 274. Hyperons. Strangeness and parity of elementary particles
§ 275. Classification of elementary particles. Quarks
Tasks
Basic laws and formulas
1. Physical foundations of mechanics
2. Fundamentals of molecular physics and thermodynamics
4. Oscillations and waves
5. Optics. Quantum nature of radiation
6. Elements of quantum physics of atoms, molecules and solids

7. Elements of physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles
Subject index

Introduction
The subject of physics and its connection with other sciences
“Matter is a philosophical category to designate objective reality, which... is reflected by our sensations, existing independently of them” (Lenin V.I. Pol. sobr. soch. T. 18. P. 131).
An integral property of matter and the form of its existence is movement. Movement in the broad sense of the word is all kinds of changes in matter - from simple movement to complex processes thinking. "The movement considered in itself in a general sense words, i.e. understood as a way of existence of matter, as an attribute inherent in matter, embraces all the changes and processes occurring in the Universe, starting from simple movement and ending with thinking” (Engels F. Dialectics of Nature. - K¦ Marx, F. Engels. Soch. 2nd ed. T. 20. P. 391).
Various forms of matter motion are being studied various sciences, including physics. The subject of physics, as, indeed, of any science, can be revealed only as it is presented in detail. It is quite difficult to give a strict definition of the subject of physics, because the boundaries between physics and a number of related disciplines conditional. At this stage of development, it is impossible to maintain the definition of physics only as a science of nature.
Academician A.F. Ioffe (1880 - 1960; Soviet physicist) defined physics as a science that studies general properties and the laws of motion of matter and fields. It is now generally accepted that all interactions are carried out through fields, for example gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear force fields. The field, along with matter, is one of the forms of existence of matter. The inextricable connection between field and matter, as well as the difference in their properties, will be considered as the course progresses.
Physics is the science of the simplest and at the same time the most general forms of motion of matter and their mutual transformations. The forms of matter motion studied by physics (mechanical, thermal, etc.) are present in all higher and more complex forms of matter motion (chemical, biological, etc.). Therefore, they, being the simplest, are at the same time the most general forms movement of matter. Higher and more complex shapes the movement of matter is the subject of study of other sciences (chemistry, biology, etc.).
Physics is closely related to the natural sciences. As Academician S.I. Vavilov (1891 - 1955; Soviet physicist and public figure), this close connection between physics and other branches of natural science has led to the fact that physics has deep roots in astronomy, geology, chemistry, biology and other natural sciences. As a result, a number of new related disciplines emerged, such as astrophysics, geophysics, physical chemistry, biophysics, etc.
Physics is also closely connected with technology, and this connection is two-way. Physics grew out of the needs of technology (the development of mechanics among the ancient Greeks, for example, was caused by the demands of construction and military equipment of that time), and technology, in turn, determines the direction of physical research (for example, at one time the task of creating the most economical heat engines caused a stormy development of thermodynamics). On the other hand, the technical level of production depends on the development of physics. Physics is the basis for the creation of new branches of technology ( electronic equipment, nuclear technology, etc.).
Physics is closely related to philosophy. Such major discoveries in the field of physics as the law of conservation and transformation of energy, the relationship of uncertainties in atomic physics, etc., were and are the arena of intense struggle between materialism and idealism. Correct philosophical conclusions from scientific discoveries in the field of physics have always confirmed the basic principles of dialectical materialism, therefore the study of these discoveries and their philosophical generalization play a large role in the formation of a scientific worldview.
The rapid pace of development of physics, its growing connections with technology indicate the dual role of the physics course at a college, on the one hand, this is the fundamental basis for the theoretical training of an engineer, without which his successful work is impossible, on the other hand, this is the formation of dialectical-materialistic and scientific- atheistic worldview.

Units physical quantities
The main method of research in physics is experience - sensory-empirical knowledge of objective reality based on practice, i.e. observation of the phenomena under study under precisely taken into account conditions, allowing one to monitor the course of phenomena and reproduce it many times when these conditions are repeated.
For explanation experimental facts hypotheses are put forward. A hypothesis is a scientific assumption put forward to explain a phenomenon and requires experimental verification and theoretical justification in order to become a reliable scientific theory.
As a result of generalization of experimental facts, as well as the results of human activity, physical
Chemical laws are stable, repeating objective patterns that exist in nature. The most important laws establish the relationship between physical quantities, for which it is necessary to measure these quantities. The measurement of a physical quantity is an action performed using measuring instruments to find the value of a physical quantity in accepted units. The units of physical quantities can be chosen arbitrarily, but then difficulties will arise when comparing them. Therefore, it is advisable to introduce a system of units that covers units of all physical quantities and allows one to operate with them.
To construct a system of units, units are arbitrarily chosen for several physical quantities independent of each other. These units are called basic. The remaining quantities and their units are derived from the laws connecting these quantities with the basic ones. They are called derivatives.

In the USSR, according to State standard(GOST 8.417 - 81), the International System (SI) is mandatory, which is based on seven basic units - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela - and two additional ones - radians and steradians.
Meter (m) is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 s.
Kilogram (kg) - mass, equal to mass the international prototype of the kilogram (a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, near Paris).
A second (s) is a time equal to 9,192,631,770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.
Ampere (A) - the strength of a constant current, which, when passing through two parallel straight conductors of infinite length and negligible cross-section, located in a vacuum at a distance of 1 m from each other, creates between these conductors a force equal to 2 10-7 N for each meter in length.
Kelvin (K) - 1/273.16 part of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
Mole (mol) - the amount of substance of a system containing the same amount structural elements, how many atoms are contained in the nuclide |2C with a mass of 0.012 kg.
Candela (cd) - luminous intensity in a given direction of a source emitting monochromatic radiation with a frequency of 540-1012 Hz, the energy luminous intensity of which in this direction is 1/683 W/sr.
Radian (rad) - the angle between two radii of a circle, the length of the arc between which is equal to the radius.
Steradian (sr) - a solid angle with a vertex at the center of the sphere, cutting out an area on the surface of the sphere, equal to the area square with a side equal to the radius of the sphere.
To establish derived units use physical laws, linking them to the basic units. For example, from the uniform formula rectilinear motion v = s/t (s - distance traveled, i - time) the derived unit of speed is equal to 1 m/s.
The dimension of a physical quantity is its expression in basic units. Based, for example, on Newton’s second law, we obtain that the dimension of force
where M is the dimension of mass; L - length dimension; T is the dimension of time.
The dimensions of both parts of physical equalities must be the same, since physical laws cannot depend on the choice of units of physical quantities.
Based on this, you can check the correctness of the obtained physical formulas (for example, when solving problems), as well as establish the dimensions of physical quantities.

Physical foundations of mechanics
Mechanics is a part of physics that studies the patterns of mechanical movement and the reasons that cause or change this movement. Mechanical movement is change over time relative position bodies or their parts.
The development of mechanics as a science begins in the 3rd century. BC e., when the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes (287 - 212 BC) formulated the law of equilibrium of the lever and the laws of equilibrium of floating bodies. The basic laws of mechanics were established by the Italian physicist and astronomer G. Galileo (1564 - 1642) and finally formulated by the English scientist I. Newton (1643 - 1727).
Mechanics of Galileo - Newton is called classical mechanics. It studies the laws of motion of macroscopic bodies whose speeds are small compared to the speed of light in a vacuum. The laws of motion of macroscopic bodies with speeds comparable to speed c are studied by relativistic mechanics based on special theory relativity formulated by A. Einstein (1879 - 1955). To describe the movement of microscopic bodies (individual atoms and elementary particles), the laws of classical mechanics are not applicable - they are replaced by the laws of quantum mechanics.
In the first part of our course we will deal with Galileo-Newtonian mechanics, that is, we will consider the movement of macroscopic bodies with velocities significantly lower than the speed c. In classical mechanics, the concept of space and time, developed by I. Newton and dominant in natural science throughout the 17th - 19th centuries, is generally accepted. Galileo-Newton mechanics considers space and time as objective forms of the existence of matter, but in isolation from each other and from the movement of material bodies, which corresponded to the level of knowledge of that time.
Since the mechanical description is visual and familiar and with its help many physical phenomena can be explained, in the 19th century. some physicists began to reduce all phenomena to mechanical ones. This view was consistent with philosophical mechanistic materialism. Further development of physics showed, however, that many physical phenomena cannot be reduced to the simplest type of movement - mechanical. Mechanistic materialism had to give way to dialectical materialism, which considers more common types movement of matter and taking into account all the diversity of the real world.
Mechanics is divided into three sections: 1) kinematics; 2) dynamics; 3) statics.
Kinematics studies the movement of bodies without considering the reasons that determine this movement.
Dynamics studies the laws of motion of bodies and the reasons that cause or change this motion.
Statics studies the laws of equilibrium of a system of bodies. If the laws of motion of bodies are known, then the laws of equilibrium can be established from them. Therefore, physics does not consider the laws of statics separately from the laws of dynamics.

The textbook (9th edition, revised and expanded, 2004) consists of seven parts, which outline physical basis mechanics, molecular physics and thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, optics, quantum physics of atoms, molecules and solids, physics of the atomic nucleus and elementary particles. The issue of combining mechanical and electromagnetic vibrations has been rationally resolved. A logical continuity and connection between classical and modern physics has been established. Test questions and tasks for independent solution are provided.
For students of engineering and technical specialties of higher educational institutions.

ELEMENTS OF KINEMATICS.
Mechanics is a part of physics that studies the patterns of mechanical movement and the reasons that cause or change this movement. Mechanical movement is a change over time in the relative position of bodies or their parts.

The development of mechanics as a science begins in the 3rd century. BC, when the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes (287 - 212 BC) formulated the law of equilibrium of the lever and the laws of equilibrium of floating bodies. The basic laws of mechanics were established by the Italian physicist and astronomer G. Galileo (1564-1642) and finally formulated by the English scientist I. Newton (1643-1727).

Galileo-Newtonian mechanics is called classical mechanics. It studies the laws of motion of macroscopic bodies whose speeds are small compared to the speed of light c in a vacuum. The laws of motion of macroscopic bodies with velocities comparable to the speed c are studied by relativistic mechanics, based on the special theory of relativity formulated by A. Einstein (1879-1955). To describe the movement of microscopic bodies (individual atoms and elementary particles), the laws of classical mechanics are not applicable - they are replaced by the laws of quantum mechanics.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 2
Introduction 2
The subject of physics and its connection with other sciences 2
Units of physical quantities 3
1 PHYSICAL BASICS OF MECHANICS 4
Chapter 1 Elements of kinematics 4
§ 1. Models in mechanics. Reference system. Trajectory, path length, displacement vector 4
§ 2. Speed 6
§ 3. Acceleration and its components 7
§ 4. Angular velocity and angular acceleration 9
Chapter 2 Dynamics of a material point and translational motion of a rigid body 11
§ 5. Newton's first law. Weight. Strength 11
§ 6. Newton's second law 11
§ 7. Newton's third law 13
§ 8. Friction forces 13
§ 9. Law of conservation of momentum. Center of mass 14
§ 10. Equation of motion of a body of variable mass 16
Chapter 3 Work and Energy 17
§eleven. Energy, work, power 17
§ 12. Kinetic and potential energies 18
§ 13. Law of conservation of energy 20
§ 14. Graphical representation energy 22
§ 15. Impact of absolutely elastic and inelastic bodies 23
Chapter 4 Solid Mechanics 27
§ 16. Moment of inertia 27
§ 17. Kinetic energy of rotation 28
§ 18. Moment of force. Dynamic equation rotational movement solid 28
§ 19. Angular momentum and the law of conservation 29
§ 20. Free axes. Gyroscope 32
§ 21. Deformations of a solid body 34
Chapter 5 Gravity. Elements of field theory 36
§ 22. Kepler's laws. Law of Gravity 36
§ 23. Gravity and weight. Zero Gravity 37
§ 24. Gravitational field and then tension 38
§ 25. Work in a gravitational field. Gravitational field potential 38
§ 26. Space speeds 40
§ 27. Non-inertial frames of reference. Inertia forces 40
Chapter 6 Elements of Fluid Mechanics 44
§ 28. Pressure in liquid and gas 44
§ 29. Continuity equation 45
§ 30. Bernoulli’s equation and consequences from it 46
§ 31. Viscosity (internal friction). Laminar and turbulent regimes of fluid flow 48
§ 32. Methods for determining viscosity 50
§ 33. Movement of bodies in liquids and gases 51
Chapter 7 Elements of special (particular) theory of relativity 53
§ 34. Galileo's transformations. Mechanical principle of relativity 53
§ 35. Postulates of the special (particular) theory of relativity 54
§ 36. Lorentz transformations 55
§ 37. Consequences from Lorentz transformations 56
§ 38. Interval between events 59
§ 39. Basic law of relativistic dynamics of a material point 60
§ 40. Law of relationship between mass and energy 61
2 FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR PHYSICS AND THERMODYNAMICS 63
Chapter 8 Molecular kinetic theory of ideal gases 63
§ 41. Statistical and thermodynamic methods. Experimental laws of ideal gas 63
§ 42. Clapeyron-Mendeleev equation 66
§ 43. Basic equation of the molecular kinetic theory of ideal gases 67
§ 44. Maxwell’s law on the distribution of molecules of an ideal gas according to the velocities and energies of thermal motion 69
§ 45. Barometric formula. Boltzmann distribution 71
§ 46. Average number of collisions and average free path of molecules 72
§ 47. Experimental substantiation of the molecular kinetic theory 73
§ 48. Transport phenomena in thermodynamically nonequilibrium systems 74
§ 48. Vacuum and methods of obtaining it. Properties of ultra-rarefied gases 76
Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics 78
§ 50. Number of degrees of freedom of a molecule. Law of uniform energy distribution over the degrees of freedom of molecules 78
§ 51. First law of thermodynamics 79
§ 52. Work of gas when its volume changes 80
§ 53. Heat capacity 81
§ 54. Application of the first law of thermodynamics to isoprocesses 82
§ 55. Adiabatic process. Polytropic process 84
§ 56. Circular process (cycle). Reversible and irreversible processes 86
§ 57. Entropy, its statistical interpretation and connection with thermodynamic probability 87
§ 58. Second law of thermodynamics 89
§ 59. Heat engines and refrigerating machines. Carnot cycle and its efficiency for an ideal gas 90
Problems 92
Chapter 10 Real gases, liquids and solids 93
§ 60. Forces and potential energy intermolecular interaction 93
§ 61. Van der Waals equation 94
§ 62. Van der Waals isotherms and their analysis 95
§ 63. Internal energy of real gas 97
§ 64. Joule-Thomson effect 98
§ 65. Liquefaction of gases 99
§ 66. Properties of liquids. Surface tension 100
§ 67. Wetting 102
§ 68. Pressure under a curved surface of a liquid 103
§ 69. Capillary phenomena 104
§ 70. Solids. Mono- and polycrystals 104
§ 71. Types of crystalline solids 105
§ 72. Defects in crystals 109
§ 73. Heat capacity of solids 110
§ 74. Evaporation, sublimation, melting and crystallization. Amorphous bodies 111
§ 75. Phase transitions of the first and second kind 113
§ 76. State diagram. Triple point 114
Problems 115
3 ELECTRICITY AND ELECTROMAGNETISM 116
Chapter 11 Electrostatics 116
§ 77. Conservation law electric charge 116
§ 78. Coulomb's Law 117
§ 79. Electrostatic field. Electrostatic field strength 117
§ 80. The principle of superposition of electrostatic fields. Dipole field 119
§ 81. Gauss's theorem for the electrostatic field in a vacuum 120
§ 82. Application of Gauss’s theorem to the calculation of some electrostatic fields in vacuum 122
§ 83. Circulation of the electrostatic field strength vector 124
§ 84. Electrostatic field potential 125
§ 85. Tension as a potential gradient. Equipotential surfaces 126
§ 86. Calculation of potential difference from field strength 127
§ 87. Types of dielectrics. Polarization of dielectrics 128
§ 88. Polarization. Field strength in dielectric 129
§ 88. Electrical displacement. Gauss's theorem for the electrostatic field in a dielectric 130
§ 90. Conditions at the interface between two dielectric media 131
§ 91. Ferroelectrics 132
§ 92. Conductors in an electrostatic field 134
§ 93. Electric capacity of a solitary conductor 136
§ 94. Capacitors 136
§ 95. Energy of a system of charges, an isolated conductor and a capacitor. Electrostatic field energy 138
Problems 140
Chapter 12 Direct electric current 141
§ 96. Electric current, strength and current density 141
§ 97. Third party forces. Electromotive force and voltage 142
§ 98. Ohm's law. Conductor resistance 143
§ 99. Work and current power. Joule - Lenz law 144
§ 100. Ohm's law for a non-uniform section of a circuit 145
§ 101. Kirchhoff's rules for branched chains 146
Problems 148
Chapter 13 Electric currents in metals, vacuum and gases 148
§ 102. Elementary classical theory of electrical conductivity of metals 148
§ 103. Derivation of fundamental laws electric current in the classical theory of electrical conductivity of metals 149
§ 104. Work function of electrons leaving a metal 151
§ 105. Emission phenomena and their application 152
§ 106. Ionization of gases. Non-self-sustaining gas discharge 154
§ 107. Self-sustained gas discharge and its types 155
§ 108. Plasma and its properties 158
Problems 159
Chapter 14 Magnetic field 159
§ 109. Magnetic field and its characteristics 159
§ 110. Biot-Savart-Laplace law and its application to the calculation of the magnetic field 162
§ 111. Ampere's law. Interaction of parallel currents 163
§ 112. Magnetic constant. Units of magnetic induction and magnetic field strength 164
§ 113. Magnetic field of a moving charge 165
§ 114. The effect of a magnetic field on a moving charge 166
§ 115. Movement of charged particles in a magnetic field 166
§ 116. Accelerators of charged particles 167
§ 117. Hall effect 169
§ 118. Circulation of vector B of a magnetic field in a vacuum 169
§ 119. Magnetic fields of a solenoid and toroid 171
§ 120. Flux of the magnetic induction vector. Gauss's theorem for field B 172
§ 121. Work on moving a conductor and a circuit with current in a magnetic field 172
Problems 174
Chapter 15 Electromagnetic induction 174
§122. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction (Faraday's experiments) 174
§ 123. Faraday’s law and its derivation from the law of conservation of energy 175
§ 124. Rotation of the frame in a magnetic field 177
§ 125. Eddy currents (Foucault currents) 177
§ 126. Loop inductance. Self-induction 178
§ 127. Currents when opening and closing a circuit 179
§ 128. Mutual induction 181
§ 129. Transformers 182
§ 130. Magnetic field energy 183
Chapter 16 Magnetic properties of matter 184
§ 131. Magnetic moments of electrons and atoms 184
§ 132. Dia- and paramagnetism 186
§ 133. Magnetization. Magnetic field in matter 187
§ 134. Conditions at the interface between two magnets 189
§ 135. Ferromagnets and their properties 190
§ 136. The nature of ferromagnetism 191
Chapter 17 Fundamentals of Maxwell's theory for the electromagnetic field 193
§ 137. Vortex electric field 193
§ 138. Displacement current 194
§ 139. Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field 196
4 OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES 198
Chapter 18 Mechanical and electromagnetic vibrations 198
§ 140. Harmonic vibrations and their characteristics 198
§ 141. Mechanical harmonic vibrations 200
§ 142. Harmonic oscillator. Spring, physical and mathematical pendulums 201
§ 143. Free harmonic oscillations in an oscillatory circuit 203
§ 144. Addition of harmonic vibrations of the same direction and the same frequency. Beat 205
§ 145. Addition of mutually perpendicular oscillations 206
§ 146. Differential equation of free damped oscillations (mechanical and electromagnetic) and its solution. Self-oscillations 208
§ 147. Differential equation of forced oscillations (mechanical and electromagnetic) and its solution 211
§ 148. Amplitude and phase of forced oscillations (mechanical and electromagnetic). Resonance 213
§ 148. Alternating current 215
§ 150. Stress resonance 217
§ 151. Resonance of currents 218
§ 152. Power released in the alternating current circuit 219
Chapter 19 Elastic waves 221
§ 153. Wave processes. Longitudinal and transverse waves 221
§ 154. Traveling wave equation. Phase speed. Wave Equation 222
§ 155. The principle of superposition. Group speed 223
§ 156. Interference of waves 224
§ 157. Standing waves 225
§ 158. Sound waves 227
S 159. Doppler effect in acoustics 228
§ 160. Ultrasound and its application 229
Chapter 20 Electromagnetic waves 230
§ 161. Experimental production of electromagnetic waves 230
§ 162. Differential equation of an electromagnetic wave 232
§ 163. Energy of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic field pulse 233
§ 164. Dipole radiation. Applications of electromagnetic waves 234
5 OPTICS. QUANTUM NATURE OF RADIATION 236
Chapter 21 Elements of geometric and electron optics 236
§ 165. Basic laws of optics. Total reflection 236
§ 166. Thin lenses. Image of objects using lenses 238
§ 187. Aberrations (errors) of optical systems 241
§ 168. Basic photometric quantities and their units 242
§ 189. Elements of electron optics 243
Chapter 22 Interference of Light 245
§ 170. Development of ideas about the nature of light 245
§ 171. Coherence and monochromaticity of light waves 248
§ 172. Interference of light 249
§ 173. Methods for observing the interference of light 250
§ 174. Interference of light in thin films 252
§ 175. Application of light interference 254
Chapter 23 Diffraction of Light 257
§ 176. Huygens-Fresnel principle 257
§ 177. Fresnel zone method. Rectilinear propagation of light 258
§ 178. Fresnel diffraction by a round hole and a disk 260
§ 178. Fraunhofer diffraction by a single slit 261
§ 180. Fraunhofer diffraction on a diffraction grating 263
§ 181. Spatial lattice. Light scattering 265
§ 182. Diffraction by a spatial grating. Wolfe-Bragg formula 266
§ 183. Resolution of optical instruments 267
§ 184. The concept of holography 268
Chapter 24 Interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter 27 0
§ 185. Dispersion of light 270
§ 186. Electronic theory of light dispersion 271
§ 187. Absorption (absorption) of light 273
§ 188. Doppler effect 274
§ 189. Radiation of Vavilov - Cherenkov 275
Chapter 25 Polarization of Light 276
§ 190. Natural and polarized light 276
§ 191. Polarization of light during reflection and refraction at the boundary of two dielectrics 278
§ 192. Birefringence 279
§ 193. Polarizing prisms and polaroids 280
§ 194. Analysis of polarized light 282
§ 195. Artificial optical anisotropy 283
§ 196. Rotation of the plane of polarization 284
Chapter 26 Quantum nature of radiation 285
§ 197. Thermal radiation and its characteristics 285
§ 188. Kirchhoff's Law 287
§ 199. Stefan-Boltzmann laws and Wien displacements 288
§ 200. Formulas of Rayleigh - Jeans and Planck 288
§ 201. Optical pyrometry. Thermal light sources 291
§ 202. Types of photoelectric effect. Laws of external photoelectric effect 292
§ 203. Einstein's equation for the external photoelectric effect. Experimental confirmation of the quantum properties of light 294
§ 204. Application of the photoelectric effect 296
§ 205. Mass and momentum of the photon. Light pressure 297
§ 206. The Compton effect and its elementary theory 298
§ 207. Unity of corpuscular and wave properties of electromagnetic radiation 299
6 ELEMENTS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS OF ATOMS, MOLECULES AND SOLIDS 300
Chapter 27 Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom 300
§ 208. Models of the atom by Thomson and Rutherford 300
§ 209. Line spectrum of the hydrogen atom 301
§ 210. Bohr's postulates 302
§ 211. Experiments of Frank and Hertz 303
§ 212. Spectrum of the hydrogen atom according to Bohr 304
Chapter 28 Elements of quantum mechanics 306
§ 213. Wave-particle duality of the properties of matter 306
§ 214. Some properties of Broglie waves 308
§ 215. Uncertainty relation 308
§ 216. The wave function and its statistical meaning 311
§ 217. General Schrödinger equation. Schrödinger equation for stationary states 312
§ 218. The principle of causality in quantum mechanics 314
§ 219. Movement of a free particle 314
§ 220. A particle in a one-dimensional rectangular “potential well” with infinitely high “walls” 315
§ 221. The passage of a particle through a potential barrier. Tunnel effect 317
§ 222. Linear harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics 320
Chapter 29 Elements of modern physics of atoms and molecules 321
§ 223. The hydrogen atom in quantum mechanics 321
§ 224. 1s-State of the electron in the hydrogen atom 324
§ 225. Electron spin. Spin quantum number 325
§ 226. The principle of indistinguishability of identical particles. Fermions and bosons 326
§ 227. Pauli principle. Distribution of electrons in an atom according to states 327
§ 228. Periodic table Mendeleev elements 328
§ 229. X-ray spectra 330
§ 230. Molecules: chemical bonds, concept of energy levels 332
§ 231. Molecular spectra. Raman scattering 333
§ 232. Takeover. Spontaneous and stimulated emissions 334
§ 233. Optical quantum generators (lasers) 335
Chapter 30 Elements of quantum statistics 338
§ 234. Quantum statistics. Phase space. Distribution function 338
§ 235. The concept of quantum statistics of Bose - Einstein and Fermi - Dirac 339
§ 236. Degenerate electron gas in metals 340
§ 237. The concept of the quantum theory of heat capacity. Phonons 341
§ 238. Conclusions of the quantum theory of electrical conductivity of metals 342
§ 239. Superconductivity. Concept of the Josephson effect 343
Chapter 31 Elements of Solid State Physics 345
§ 240. The concept of band theory of solids 345
§ 241. Metals, dielectrics and semiconductors according to band theory 346
§ 242. Intrinsic conductivity of semiconductors 347
§ 243. Impurity conductivity of semiconductors 350
§ 244. Photoconductivity of semiconductors 352
§ 245. Luminescence of solids 353
§ 246. Contact of two metals according to band theory 355
§ 247. Thermoelectric phenomena and their applications 356
§ 248. Rectification at the metal-semiconductor contact 358
§ 249. Contact of electron and hole semiconductors (p-n junction) 360
§ 250. Semiconductor diodes and triodes (transistors) 362
7 ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 364
Chapter 32 Elements of the physics of the atomic nucleus 364
§ 251. Size, composition and charge of the atomic nucleus. Mass and charge numbers 364
§ 252. Mass defect and nuclear binding energy 365
§ 253. Nuclear spin and its magnetic moment 366
§ 254. Nuclear forces. Kernel Models 367
§ 255. Radioactive radiation and its types 368
§ 256. The law of radioactive decay. Offset Rules 369
§ 257. Regularities of -decay 370
§ 258. Decay. Neutrino 372
§ 259. Gamma radiation and its properties 373
§ 260. Resonant absorption of -radiation (Mossbauer effect*) 375
§ 261. Methods of observation and recording radioactive radiation and particles 376
§ 262. Nuclear reactions and their main types 379
§ 263. Positron. Decay. Electronic gripper 381
§ 264. Discovery of the neutron. Nuclear reactions under the influence of neutrons 382
§ 265. Nuclear fission reaction 383
§ 266. Fission chain reaction 385
§ 267. Concept of nuclear energy 386
§ 268. The reaction of fusion of atomic nuclei. The problem of controlled thermonuclear reactions 388
Chapter 33 Elements of particle physics 390
§ 269. Cosmic radiation 390
§ 270. Muons and their properties 391
§ 271. Mesons and their properties 392
§ 272. Types of interactions of elementary particles 393
§ 273. Particles and antiparticles 394
§ 274. Hyperons. Strangeness and parity of elementary particles 396
§ 275. Classification of elementary particles. Quarks 397
CONCLUSION 400
BASIC LAWS AND FORMULAS 402
INDEX 413.