VLOOKUP
Linguistic taste of the era. In the stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by M.N. Kozhina. verbal aggression is defined as “the use of linguistic means to express hostility, hostility; a manner of speech that insults someone

Linguistic taste of the era. In the stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by M.N. Kozhina. verbal aggression is defined as “the use of linguistic means to express hostility, hostility; a manner of speech that insults someone

And accentological norms. Lexical and phraseological norms

Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its characteristics.

2. Standard options.

3. Degrees of normativity of linguistic units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms oral speech.

5.1. Orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accentological norms.

6. Norms of oral and writing.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

Speech culture, as mentioned earlier, is a multifaceted concept. It is based on the idea of a “speech ideal” that exists in the human mind, a model in accordance with which correct, competent speech should be constructed.

Norm is the dominant concept of speech culture. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova meaning of the word norm is defined as: “legalized establishment, usual mandatory order, state.” Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs and traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of the socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms– these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of a literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, the use of morphological forms of different parts of speech, syntactic structures, etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements, recorded in grammars and standard dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) common use;

3) universally binding;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by language practice.

The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative means mass media.

Functions of the norm:

1) provides the possibility of correct understanding by speakers of given language each other;

2) inhibits the penetration of dialectal, colloquial, colloquial, slang elements into the literary language;

3) develops linguistic taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language. The sources of changes in norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial options such as Ringing- along with lit. callsIt; cottage cheese- along with lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit [d'e]kan);

Colloquial speech (for example, in some dictionaries they are recorded as acceptable colloquial stress options agreement, phenomenon, which until recently were colloquial, non-normative variants);

Dialects (so, in Russian literary language There are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. variants of stress actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, adopted in the speech of health workers).

Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which exist in a language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical forms, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete and fall out of use, while others appear.

In this case, the options may be equal – normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery And bulo [sh]aya; barge And barge; Mordvin And Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, the others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. driverA; catholOg and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm specialize in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral – high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed. stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a]net, p[a]et, m[a]dern and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o]no, p[o]et, m[o]dern; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like jump up, jump up, jump up and the bookish, firm pronunciation of these sounds characteristic of the Old Moscow noma: flutter, flutter, jump up. Wed. also lit. contract, locksmith And and decomposition contract, locksmith I.

Often options are specialized in terms of their degree of modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated plum[sh]ny.

In addition, the options may have differences in meaning ( semantic options ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, encourage, force to act).

Based on the relationship between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of linguistic units are distinguished.

Standard I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, the options in the dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive marks: choice s – not right. choice A; shi[n’e]l – not right. shi[ne]l; motionSolicitation – not right. petition; pampered – not rec. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Standard II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: a loop And a loop; pool And ba[sse]yn; stack And stack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the conjunction And.

Standard III degree. A flexible norm that allows the use of colloquial, outdated forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(acceptable), add. outdated(acceptable obsolete). For example: Augustovsky – add. Augustovsky; budo[chn]ik and additional mouth budo[sh]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are represented very widely. In order to choose the right option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: spelling dictionaries, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries and so on.

Language norms are mandatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of linguistic means, the following types of norms are distinguished.

Types of norms


Norms of oral speech	Standards of writing	Norms of oral and written speech
- accentological(norms for stress setting); - orthoepic	(pronunciation standards)- spelling (spelling standards);- punctuation	- (punctuation norms) lexical (norms of word usage);- phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - word-formative (norms for word formation);-

Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system of phonetic means of expression, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation.

Specific to oral speech are pronunciation norms (orthoepic) and stress norms (accentological).

The norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries (see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. - M., 2000).

5.1. Orthoepic norms- these are the norms of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepia (from Greek. orthos – straight, correct and epic - speech) is a set of rules of oral speech that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms historically established in the literary language.

The following groups of orthoepic norms are distinguished:

Pronunciation of vowel sounds: forest - in l[i]su; horn – r[a]ga;

Pronunciation of consonants: teeth – tooth[n], o[t]take – o[d]give;

Pronunciation of individual consonant combinations: in [zh’zh’]i, [sh’sh’]astye; kone[sh]o;

Pronunciation of consonants in individual grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic[gy] – elastic[g’y]; in verb forms: took [sa] – took [s’a], I’m staying [s] – I’m staying [s’];

Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pyu[re], [t’e]terror, b[o]a.

Let us dwell on individual, difficult cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.

The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] plosive. The pronunciation of the [γ] fricative is dialectal and non-normative. However, in a number of words the norm requires the pronunciation of the sound [γ], which, when deafened, turns into [x]: [ γ ]Lord, Bo[γ]a – Bo[x].

In Russian literary pronunciation there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words in which instead of letter combinations CHN was pronounced ShN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, pronunciation ShN preserved as obligatory in words kone[sh]o, naro[sh]o and in patronymics: Ilyin[sh]a, Savvi[sh]na, Nikiti[sh]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).

A number of words allow variations in pronunciation CHN And ShN: decent And orderly, brown And bun[sh]aya, milk[chn]itsa And milk [sh]nitsa. In some words, the pronunciation of ShN is perceived as outdated: lavo[sh]ik, grain[sh]evy, apple[sh]ny.

In scientific and technical terminology, as well as in words of a bookish nature, it is never pronounced ShN. Wed: flowing, heart (attack), milky (path), celibate.

Consonant group Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PC: [pcs]o, [pcs]oby, not [pcs]o. In other cases - like Thu: not [that] about, according to [reading] and, according to [reading] a, [that] u, [reading].

For pronunciation foreign words The following trends are characteristic of the modern Russian literary language.

Foreign words are subject to the phonetic laws in force in the language, so the majority of foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain their pronunciation features. This concerns

1) pronunciation of unstressed ABOUT;

2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.

1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, (unstable) persists unstressed sound ABOUT. These include:

Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;

A small part of special terms that hardly penetrate into colloquial speech: bolero, nocturne, sonnet, modern, rococo.

Pronunciation ABOUT in the pre-stressed position, which is typical in these words for a bookish, high style; in neutral speech a sound is pronounced A: V[a]lter, n[a]cturne.

The absence of reduction in post-stressed position is characteristic of words cocoa, radio, credo.

2. The Russian language system tends to soften the consonant before E. In insufficiently mastered borrowed words, the preservation of a hard consonant is observed in accordance with the norm of a number of European languages. This deviation from typical Russian pronunciation is much more widespread than the pronunciation of unstressed ABOUT.

Pronunciation of a hard consonant before E observed:

In expressions that are often reproduced using other alphabets: d e-facto, d e-ju r e, c r edo;

IN proper names: Flo[be]r, S[te]rn, Lafon[te]n, Sho[pe]n;

In special terms: [de]mping, [se]psis, ko[de]in, [de]cadence, ge[ne]sis, [re]le, ek[ze]ma;

In some frequent words that have come into widespread use: pyu[re], [te]mp, e[ne]rgy.

Most often, consonants retain firmness in borrowed words D, T; then - WITH, Z, N, R; occasionally - B, M, IN; sounds are always softened G, TO And L.

Some words of foreign origin in modern literary language are characterized by variable pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before E [d'e]kan - [de]kan, [s'e]ssia - [ses]siya, [t'e]terror.

In a number of words, the firm pronunciation of the consonant before E is perceived as cutesy, pretentious: academy, plywood, museum.

5.2. Accentology- a branch of the science of language that studies the features and functions of stress.

Stress norms regulate the choice of options for the placement and movement of a stressed syllable among unstressed ones.

In Russian, a stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity and tone movement. Russian accent is free, or varied, those. not assigned to any specific syllable in a word (cf. stress in French, assigned to the last syllable, in Polish - to the penultimate). In addition, the stress in a number of words may be mobile– changing its place in various grammatical forms (for example, accepted - accepted, rights - rights).

The accentological norm in the modern Russian literary language is characterized by variability. There are different types of stress options:

Semantic variants (variation of stress in them performs a semantic distinguishing function): Clubs - clubs, cotton - cotton, coal - coal, submerged(for transport) – immersed(into the water; into solving the problem);

Stylistic options (determined by the use of words in different functional styles of speech): silk(common use) – silk(poetic) compass(common use) – compass(prof.);

Chronological (differ by active or passive use in modern speech): thinking(modern) – thinking(obsolete), angle(modern) – cancerUrs(obsolete).

Stress in the Russian language is an individual feature of each word, which causes significant difficulties in determining the place of stress in a number of words. Difficulties also arise due to the fact that in many words the stress moves when the grammatical form changes. In difficult cases, when placing emphasis, you should refer to dictionaries. Taking into account certain patterns will also help to correctly place stress in words and word forms.

Among nouns a significant group of words with fixed stress stands out: dish(cf. plural part named after P.: dishes), bulletin (bulletin, bulletin), keychain (keychain, keychain), tablecloth, area, hospital, font, scarf, syringe, bow, cake, shoes, manger).

At the same time, there are a number of words in which, when the grammatical form changes, the stress moves from the stem to the ending or from the ending to the stem. For example: bandage (bandages), priest (prince), front (fronts), penny (pennies), coat of arms (coat of arms), shred (shreds), hit (hits), wave (waves) etc.

When placing emphasis on adjectives the following rule applies: if in short form female the stress falls on the ending, then in the masculine, neuter and plural forms the accent will be the stem: rights - rights, rights, rights; and in the form of the comparative degree - the suffix: light - brighter, But beautiful - more beautiful.

Verbs in the past tense they often retain the same stress as in the indefinite form: to speak - she spoke, to know - she knew, to put - she laid. In a number of verbs, the emphasis moves in feminine forms to the ending: take - tookA, take - tookA, take off - took offA, start - startedA, call - called.

When conjugating verbs in the present tense, the stress can be mobile: walk, walk - walk and motionless: I call - you call, it rings; Turn it on - turn it on, turn it on.

Errors in stress placement can be caused by a number of reasons.

1. Absence of a letter in the printed text Yo. Hence the erroneous emphasis in words like newborn, prisoner, excited, beets(movement of stress and, as a result, pronunciation instead of a vowel sound ABOUT sound E), as well as in words guardianship, scam, bigamist, being, in which instead E pronounced ABOUT.

2. Ignorance of the stress inherent in the language from which the word is borrowed: blinds,(French words in which the stress falls on the last syllable), genesis(from Greek genesis -"origin, emergence")

3. Ignorance of the grammatical properties of the word. For example, noun toast– masculine, therefore in the plural form it has stress on the last syllable toast(cf. tables, sheets).

4. Incorrect part-speech assignment of the word. So, if you compare the words busy and busy, developed And developed, then it turns out that the first of them are adjectives with a stressed ending, and the second are participles that are pronounced with an accent on the stem.

Norms of oral and written speech are norms characteristic of both forms of literary language. These norms regulate the use in speech of units of different language levels: lexical, phraseological, morphological, syntactic.

6.1. Lexical norms represent the rules for the use of words in a language and their lexical compatibility, which is determined by the meaning of the word, its stylistic relevance and emotional and expressive coloring.

The use of words in speech is governed by the following rules.

1. Words must be used in accordance with their meaning.

2. It is necessary to observe the lexical (semantic) compatibility of words.

3.When using polysemantic words sentences must be constructed in such a way that it is clear exactly what meaning is realized by the word in a given context. For example, the word knee has 8 meanings in literary language: 1) a joint connecting the femur and tibia; 2) part of the leg from this joint to the pelvis; 3) a separate joint, link, segment in composition of something., which is a connection of such segments; 4) a bend of something, running in a broken line, from one turn to another; 5) in singing, a piece of music - a passage, a separate thing that stands out. place, part; 6) in dance - a separate technique, a figure, distinguished by its effectiveness; 7) unexpected, unusual act; 8) branching of the clan, generation in the pedigree.

4. Words of foreign origin must be used justifiably; clogging speech with foreign words is unacceptable.

Failure to comply with lexical norms leads to errors. Let's name the most typical of these errors.

1. Ignorance of the meaning of words and their rules semantic compatibility. Wed: It was very experienced thorough engineer (thorough - Means "thorough" and cannot be combined with the names of persons).

2. Mixing of paronyms. For example: Leonov is the first rogue space(instead of pioneer). Paronyms(from Greek . para– near, nearby + onyma- Name) – words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning. Differences in the meaning of paronyms lie in private additional semantic shades that serve to clarify thoughts. For example: humane – human; economical - economical - economical.

Humane – attentive, responsive, humane. Human boss. Human – relating to a person, to humanity; characteristic of a person. Human society. Human aspirations.

Economical – one who spends something thriftily, who observes economy. Thrifty housewife. Economical – giving possibility of something. save money, profitable in economic terms, in operation. Economical loading method. Economic – related to economics. Economic law.

3. Incorrect use of one of the synonyms: The amount of work is significant increased (should be said increased).

4. The use of pleonasms (from the Greek. pleonasmos– excess) – expressions containing unambiguous and therefore unnecessary words: Workers again resumed work(again - superfluous word); most maximum (most– a superfluous word).

5. Tautology (from Greek. tautologia from tauto- same thing + logos– word) – repetition of words with the same root: united together, the following features should be attributed, the narrator told.

6. Speech insufficiency - the absence in the statement of components necessary for its accurate understanding. For example: The medicine is made on the basis of ancient manuscripts. Wed. corrected version: The medicine is made based on recipes contained in ancient manuscripts.

7. Unjustified use of foreign words in speech. For example: Abundance accessories burdens the plot of the story, distracts attention from the main thing.

In order to comply with lexical norms, it is necessary to refer to explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of homonyms, synonyms, paronyms, as well as dictionaries foreign words Russian language.

6.2. Phraseological norms – norms of use set expressions (from small to large; to kick the bucket; red as a lobster; salt of the earth; no year week).

The use of phraseological units in speech must comply with the following rules.

1. A phraseological unit must be reproduced in the form in which it is fixed in the language: it is impossible to expand or shorten the composition of the phraseological unit, replace some lexical components in the phraseological unit with others, change the grammatical forms of the components, change the order of the components. Thus, it is erroneous to use phraseological units turn the bank(instead of make a roll); play meaning(instead of play a role or matter); the main highlight of the program(instead of highlight of the program);work hard(instead of work hard); get back on track(instead of get back to square one);eat the dog(instead of eat the dog).

2. Phraseologisms should be used in their general linguistic meanings. Violating this rule results in errors like: The buildings are located so close to each other that they you can't spill water (turnover you can't spill water on anyone used in relation to close friends); On ceremonial lineup, dedicated to the holiday last call, one of the ninth graders said: “We have gathered today to carry out on the last journey their older comrades(to see off on the last journey - “to say goodbye to the dead”).

3. The stylistic coloring of a phraseological unit must correspond to the context: colloquial and colloquial expressions should not be used in texts of book styles (cf. the unsuccessful use of a colloquial phraseological unit in a sentence: The plenary session that opened the conference brought together a large number of participants, the hall was overcrowded - you can't hit it with a gun ). You need to use book phraseological units with caution in everyday colloquial speech (for example, it is stylistically unjustified to use a book biblical phrase in a phrase This gazebo in the center of the park - holy of holies youth of our neighborhood).

Violations of phraseological norms are often found in works of fiction and act as one of the means of creating the writer’s individual style. In non-fiction speech, one should adhere to the normative use of stable phrases, turning to phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language in cases of difficulties.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Define a language norm, list the characteristics of the norm.

2. What is a variant of the norm? What types of options do you know?

3. Describe the degree of normativity of linguistic units.

4. What types of norms are distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language system and areas of use of linguistic means?

5. What do spelling norms regulate? Name the main groups of orthoepic norms.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of foreign words.

7. Define the concept of accentological norm.

8. What are the features of Russian word stress?

9. Define the accentological variant. Name the types of accentological variants.

10. What do lexical norms regulate?

11. Name the types of lexical errors, give examples.

12. Define the concept of phraseological norm.

13. What rules must be followed when using phraseological units in speech?

Lectures No. 4, 5

GRAMMAR STANDARDS

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Linguistic taste of the era

Introduction

1. Language taste

2. Language norm

3. Speech aggression

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Speech skill is a basic professional quality. It includes several components. The most important of them is the culture of speech, which is part of the general culture of a person. By the way a person speaks, one can judge the level of his spiritual development, his internal culture. The formation of speech skills presupposes mastery of expressive, logically clear, emotional literary speech.

Problems of speech culture are determined primarily by problems of language functioning in society. The subject of speech culture as an academic discipline is the norms of literary language, types of communication, its principles and rules, ethical standards of communication, functional styles of speech, the basics of the art of speech, as well as difficulties of application speech norms and problems current state speech culture of society. Speech culture is important for establishing contact between the storyteller and his listeners and is its main part.

In the culture of speech, several norms are defined, such as: language taste, language norm and speech aggression.

The purpose of this work is to study language taste, norms and speech aggression.

The main tasks include consideration of the concept of linguistic taste, the sense of language, the reasons for changes in language taste, the concept of language norms and its types, the reasons for changes in language norms, a set of signs of norms, various definitions of speech aggression, its causes, consideration of speech aggression as a type of speech strategy with the purpose of discrediting an opponent.

IN last years a series of works appeared devoted to the study of problems of speech culture in modern society. Such works include studies by Vinokur G.O., Kostomarov V.G., Rosenthal D.E., Golovin B.N., Sapunov B., Lapteva O.A., Nefedov N.V., Pleschenko T.P. , Fedotova N.V., Chechet R.G., Dantseva D.D., Vasilyeva A.N., Fomina M.I., Valgina N.S., Rozhdenstvensky Yu.V.. Problems of speech culture have been studied for a long time and Since society is constantly changing, culture is also changing, therefore new issues arise that require careful study.

1. Language taste

Linguistic taste is the norms and standards of linguistic behavior and speech culture adopted at a certain stage of development of a society by native speakers. The linguistic taste of the era is largely connected with historical, turning points in the life of the people. The linguistic taste of our time is characterized by the convergence of traditional bookish expressions with everyday colloquial speech, with social and professional dialects, with jargons. “In general, the literary and linguistic norm becomes less defined and binding; the literary standard becomes less standard” [Kostomarov 1999, p. 5].

Taste in general is the ability to evaluate, understanding what is right and beautiful; these are preferences and inclinations that determine a person’s culture in thought and work, in behavior, including speech. As V.G. Kostomarov said. in his work “Linguistic taste of the era”: “Taste can be understood as a system of ideological, psychological, aesthetic and other attitudes of a person or public group in relation to language and speech in this language." These attitudes determine a person’s attitude towards language, the ability to intuitively evaluate the correctness, appropriateness, and aesthetics of speech expression.

Taste is a complex amalgam of social requirements and assessments, as well as the individuality of the native speaker, his artistic inclinations, upbringing, and education. However, this individuality is formed in the course of assimilation public knowledge, norms, rules, traditions. Therefore, taste always has a specific social and specific historical basis. Manifesting individually, taste reflects the dynamics public consciousness and unites members of a given society at a given stage of its history.

The most important condition of taste is the sense of language, which is the result of speech and social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge about the language, the largely unconscious assessment of its tendencies, the path of progress. The very sense of language is a system of unconscious assessments, reflecting the systematic nature of language in speech and social linguistic ideals. A sense of language forms the basis for a global assessment, acceptance or non-acceptance of certain development trends, vocabulary, and for assessing the appropriateness of stylistic varieties under current conditions. In this sense, it is very dependent on the systemic and normative features of the language: its origin, history and ideals of progress, acceptable and desirable sources of enrichment, the originality of its structure and composition.

Changing ideas about the correct and effective use of language can be described as fashion. In other words, fashion is a manifestation of taste, more individual, quickly passing, conspicuous and usually causing irritation among the older and conservative part of society.

Cultural and speech taste and its changes are influenced by objective social functions language in this era.

2. Language norm

The concept of norm is usually associated with the idea of correct, literary literate speech, and literary speech itself is one of the aspects of a person’s general culture.

The norm, as a socio-historical and deeply national phenomenon, characterizes, first of all, the literary language - recognized as an exemplary form of the national language. Therefore, the terms “linguistic norm” and “literary norm” are often combined, especially when applied to the modern Russian language, although historically they are not the same thing.

The linguistic norm develops into real practice verbal communication, is worked out and consolidated in public use as usus (lat. usus - use, use, custom); The literary norm is undoubtedly based on usage, but it is also specially protected, codified, i.e. legitimized by special regulations, dictionaries, sets of rules, textbooks. [Lapteva 1983: p. 187]

Graudina L.K. Shiryaev E.N. distinguish in their book “Culture of Russian Speech” several types of language norms: orthoepic (pronunciation), orthographic (writing), word-formation (the use of derivative words established in the literary language, for example, nose-nose-“nosenok”), lexical (rules for the use of words in speech, for example, “biography of life”), morphological (grammatical forms of words, for example, delicious salami), syntactic (use of participial and participial phrases, prepositions, etc., for example, “come home from school”), punctuation, intonation [Graudina , Shiryaev 1999: p. 25-46].

A literary norm is the rules of pronunciation, word usage, and use of grammatical and stylistic linguistic means accepted in social and linguistic practice. The norm is historically mobile, but at the same time stable and traditional, it has such qualities as familiarity and universal obligatory nature. Peshkovsky A.M. said this convincingly and simply: “The norm recognizes what was, and partly what is, but is by no means what will happen" [Peshkovsky 1959: pp. 54-55].

The main reason for the change in norms is the evolution of the language itself, the presence of variation, which ensures the choice of the most appropriate variants of linguistic expression. The concept of exemplaryness and standardization of a normative language means increasingly includes the meaning of expediency and convenience.

The norm has a certain set of characteristics that must be present in it in its entirety. K. S. Gorbachevich writes in detail about the signs of a norm in the book “Word Variation and Linguistic Norms.” He identifies three main features: 1) stability of the norm, conservatism; 2) the prevalence of the linguistic phenomenon; 3) authority of the source. Each of the features individually may be present in one or another linguistic phenomenon, but this is not enough. In order for a linguistic device to be recognized as normative, a combination of features is necessary. So, for example, in highest degree Errors may be common and may persist over long periods of time. [Gorbachevich 2009: p. 94]

The quality (sign) of the stability of a norm manifests itself differently at different language levels. Moreover, this sign of the norm is directly related to the systemic nature of the language as a whole, therefore, at each language level, the relationship “norm and system” is manifested in varying degrees. As for the authority of literary artists, special difficulties arise in assessments, since the language of fiction, the artistry of which is often achieved precisely as a result of the free use of language.

Thus, a norm, having the listed characteristics, implements the following criteria for its evaluation: stability, prevalence, authority of the source.

In the modern Russian language, the norms of written and oral speech are moving closer together, and their active interaction is observed.

The present time is characterized by a reduction to a unified speech practice. Tom has serious social reasons- the spread of education and the increased role of the media. It is against this general background that the process of normalization takes place.

3. Speech aggression

There are several definitions of the term “speech (verbal, verbal) aggression.”

In the stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by M.N. Kozhina. Speech aggression is defined as “the use of linguistic means to express hostility, hostility; a manner of speech that offends someone’s pride or dignity.”

Basovskaya E.N. in the article “Creators of black and white reality: about verbal aggression in the media" writes about the ambiguous interpretation of this term. Thus, with its narrow understanding as aggressive, a speech act is considered that replaces an aggressive physical action." With a broad interpretation, this is “all types of offensive, dominant speech behavior.” [Basovskaya 2004: p. 257]

Another variation of this term is proposed by Enina L. in her article “Speech aggression and speech tolerance in the media.” Here she writes that verbal aggression is an area of speech behavior motivated by the aggressive state of the speaker. [Enina 2003: p. 2]

The authors of the article “Features of speech aggression” are V.V. Glebov. and Rodionova O.M. define this term as “conflict speech behavior, which is based on an attitude towards negative impact to the addressee." [Glebov, Rodionova 2006: p. 252]

Speaking about the causes of verbal aggression, Shcherbinina Yu.V. in his book “Verbal Aggression” he writes that one of the reasons is “the lack of awareness of one’s own verbal behavior in general and, in particular, the aggressive components in it.” [Shcherbinina 2006: p. 42]

Another reason that V. Tretyakova notes in her article is “inadequate defensive actions taken due to misinterpretation of words.” [Tretyakova 2000: p. 135]

It is also necessary to highlight the personal reason for verbal aggression in the media, which I.M. Dzyaloshinsky writes about. And he clarifies what was said: “This is, firstly, low intelligence and, accordingly, low speech culture, when a journalist does not know how to express his thoughts and replaces accuracy statements by emotional speech; secondly, a journalist, obsessed with an idea, strives to use all possible speech resources so that the idea with which he is sick becomes a universal disease.” [Dzyaloshinsky 2008: p. 2]

However, one should not lose sight of the fact that verbal aggression can be one of the types of speech strategy and is used consciously with the aim of discrediting the interlocutor.

The purpose of this strategy is to humiliate, insult, and laugh at the interlocutor. And the tactics will be insult, threat, ridicule, accusation, hostile remark, reproach, slander, etc. The speaker’s choice of certain speech actions depends on his communicative goals.

Setting up for conflict, i.e. The speaker’s choice of a strategy of speech aggression is characterized [Tretyakova 2000: p. 137]:

The choice of behavior with an active influence on the communication partner; speech language taste aggression

Using negative vocabulary;

With the dominant role of the speaker,

In violation of communicative norms of behavior,

With labeling

Using direct and indirect insults, etc.

The most “favorable” areas for the manifestation of verbal aggression are the following areas of life:

School and other educational institutions;

A sector of the economy that employs low-skilled workers and uses predominantly physical labor;

Contacts of sellers and buyers;

Parliamentary struggle;

According to scientists, aggressive speech demonstrates an authoritarian communication style, lack of professionalism and leads to alienation, hostility, and misunderstanding. Therefore, aggression is ethically unacceptable and ineffective from a communicative point of view. In this regard, it is necessary to learn to control, restrain, and overcome verbal aggression. There is scientific literature with practical recommendations on overcoming verbal aggression. Thus, Enina L. in her article calls on journalists to reduce verbal aggression by abandoning direct evaluative oppositions, from crude evaluative expressions of images of “strangers,” “through an analytical approach to this problem.”

Conclusion

In my abstract I used the article by E.N. Basovskaya. “Creators of black and white reality: about verbal aggression in the media,” Glebova V.V. and Rodionova O.M. “Features of speech aggression”, book by Gorbachevich K.S. “Word variation and language norm”, book by Graudin L.K. and Shiryaeva E.N. “Culture of Russian Speech”, article by Dzyaloshinsky I.M. “Psychology of Mass Communications”, article by Enina L. “Speech aggression and speech tolerance in the media”, stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language by M.N. Kozhina, article by Kostomarov V.G. “Language taste of the era”, article by Lapteva O.A. “General literary and specific elements in determining the status of oral public literary speech. The structure of linguistic stylistics and its main categories”, book by A. M. Peshkovsky “Selected Works”, article by V. S. Tretyakova “Inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words "and the book by Yu.V. Shcherbinina "Verbal Aggression".

Thus, after analyzing this literature, we can conclude that linguistic phenomena are in constant movement and change. The intensity of this movement is not the same either in time or in the scope of linguistic material. The replacement of one means of expression by another can occur both abruptly and gradually. However, it is moving towards unification.

Human aggression, including verbal aggression, is a multifaceted phenomenon. All considered definitions recognize that aggression is an integral dynamic characteristic of human activity and adaptability and therefore represents an object of serious study.

Concluding about verbal aggression, we can say that this is any action aimed at causing harm to an object. The causes of speech aggression are studied by linguists in various fields: political discourse, media discourse, aggression in teenage environment And so on. Speech aggression has a variety of both aggressive statements themselves and speech situations, and can be used as a discrediting strategy. It interferes with the establishment of contact and requires the use of a mitigation strategy to establish it.

Bibliography

1. Basovskaya E. N. Criticism and semiotics. "Creators of black and white reality: about verbal aggression in the media", Novosibirsk: 2004.

2. Glebov V.V., Rodionova O.M. RUDN University "Features of speech aggression", M: 2006.

3. Gorbachevich K. S. “Word Variation and Language Norm”, No. 2 - M: 2009.

4. Graudina L.K., Shiryaev E.N. "Culture of Russian Speech", Moscow: 1999.

5. Dzyaloshinsky I. M. MU. "Psychology of Mass Communications", M: 2008.

6. Enina L. Russian press in a multicultural society: tolerance and multiculturalism as guidelines for professional behavior. "Speech aggression and speech tolerance in the media", M: 2003.

7. Kozhina M.N. "Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language", No. 2 - Moscow: 2006.

8. Kostomarov V. G. “Language taste of the era”, Zlatoust: 1999.

9. Lapteva O.A. "General literary and specific elements in determining the status of oral public literary speech. The structure of linguistic stylistics and its main categories", Perm: 1983.

10. Peshkovsky A. M. “Selected Works”, M: 1959.

11. Tretyakova V. S. “Inadequate defensive actions taken due to misinterpretation of words,” Barnaul: 2000.

12. Shcherbinina Yu. V. “Verbal aggression”, KomKniga: 2006.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Course work

in the course “Russian language and culture of speech”

"About the language norm"

Introduction

1. Orthoepic norms

2. Lexical norms

3. Morphological norms

4. Syntactic norms

5. Stylistic norms

List of used literature

Introduction

The linguistic norm is defined and studied in at least two aspects.

Firstly, a linguistic norm is understood as stable variants of linguistic units fixed in the process of communication. In this case, the norm determines what is widespread in a given period of development of the national language and describes the variants that are often found in speech. With this approach, the language norm reflects the words actually used in the language, their forms and pronunciation features, as well as syntactic structures (sentences). Thus understood, the norm takes into account the frequency of pronunciation of the variant zvónit (compared to zvonút), the variant úkhniy (compared to theirs), but in no way evaluates the correctness or incorrectness of the options. An analogy can be drawn between this understanding of the linguistic norm and the indicator of central tendency in statistics. Just as the indicator of central tendency in statistics does not reflect the assessment of a phenomenon, the most common variants of linguistic units discovered by the language norm are not assessed. The main task of studying the language norm in the linguistic aspect is the selection and description of linguistic phenomena, the “inventory” of the current state of the language.

Secondly, the linguistic norm is considered not only as a linguistic, but also as a socio-historical category. In this case, the norm reflects the social aspect of communication, which manifests itself not only in the selection and description of linguistic phenomena, but primarily in the system of their assessment. Variants of linguistic units found in speech are considered not as frequent or rare, but as correct or incorrect, appropriate or inappropriate, beautiful or ugly. We can say that a linguistic norm, understood as a socio-historical category, evaluates the linguistic variants described by the linguistic norm, understood linguistically. The assessment of a linguistic phenomenon includes normative (right/wrong), situational (appropriate/inappropriate) and aesthetic (beautiful/ugly) components. The main task of studying a language norm in the social aspect is to establish rules for the use and evaluation of variants of linguistic units, and to identify trends in the development of the norm.

Understanding the linguistic norm as a linguistic and socio-historical category underlies the concept of the norm of a literary language.

A language norm has two constructive features: a functioning plan and a codification plan.

The functioning plan is the “reality” of the norm, i.e., the idea of speakers and writers (listening and reading) of what is correct and appropriate in speech, and what is erroneous. This “reality” of the norm is presented in people’s minds unformulated, as a skill. Functioning norms are embodied in everyday speech and do not exist outside the collective. As an example, let’s take a dialogue between schoolchildren standing in front of a store window: “Why, you can’t put a bag on the window, you’ll break the glass!” - “We must say not to lie, but to lie!” Both interlocutors use incorrect variants of the verb, but in the minds of one of them the variant lie represents a functioning norm, not being a codified norm (the codified norm recommends the variant to put). Functioning norms are formed on the basis of the frequency of the variant in speech experience.

A codification plan is an explanation and description of norms in specialized literature. Codification presupposes awareness of a norm and its consolidation in a set of rules. Such a set of rules may exist separately from speakers and rarely appear in everyday speech. For example, the normative version of the pronunciation "obspecheniya" is very rare even in official speech, being replaced by the not recommended colloquial variant "obespecheniya". The codified norm is established on the basis of an analysis of functioning norms, socio-historical and cultural conditions of communication.

A literary norm is codified.

A norm as a set of stable and unified linguistic means and rules for their use, which are specifically and consciously fixed in dictionaries and textbooks, is a specific feature of a literary language at all stages of its development. The standard of a literary language is developed by specialists based on the analysis of oral and written speech in various communication situations. It is described both in scientific and mass publications intended for a wide range of readers of different ages. Knowledge of the literary norms of the native language is one of the indispensable conditions for education. In dictionary linguistic terms a norm is defined as “the most common of the coexisting ones, entrenched in the practice of exemplary use, and best performing their function, language (speech) variants” (Rosenthal, Telenkova 1976: 210).

The literary norm is characterized by a number of features.

The first sign of a literary norm is stability. Stability implies: historical stability and tradition; relative territorial uniformity; limiting fluctuations and options. The stability of the literary norm ensures the accessibility and understandability of texts in a literary language to everyone who uses this language. National language, regardless of age and place of residence. Thanks to the stability of the literary norm, mutual understanding between people belonging to different generations and social groups is possible.

The degree of stability of a literary norm is largely determined by the cultural and historical situation in which a given literary language functions. In particular, the modern Russian cultural and historical situation determines the fluidity of the norms of the modern Russian literary language.

The second sign of a literary norm is variability. Variability provides the opportunity to use the literary language in various communication situations. Firstly, the variability of the norm is manifested in the functional styles of the literary language: statements that convey similar or even the same content may belong to different styles. Secondly, the variability of the norm is manifested in the difference between the written and oral forms of the literary language. Thirdly, territorial variability of the norm is also possible: in Russian literary speech, Moscow and St. Petersburg pronunciation norms are determined.

The third sign can be considered the changeability of the literary norm. Changeability is expressed in the gradual displacement of the old norm by the new. When an old norm is gradually replaced by a new one, two normative options coexist simultaneously for some time, one of which is preferable (an example is given in section 2.1.). The changeability of norms is due to social and cultural processes.

Literary norms regulate the use of linguistic means in communication in different ways.

A dispositive, relatively soft, norm offers a choice from several options that differ in the degree of preference; The dispositive norm recommends, but does not dictate.

An imperative, more stringent norm, offers one correct option, established by language researchers based on an analysis of the language system, frequency of use and distribution of options in various communication situations. Violation of an imperative norm leads to errors.

1. Orthoepic norms

The norms for the pronunciation of words and the intonation of phrases are determined by

orthoepia (from the Greek Orthos - correct, epos - speech). Quite often there are several variations of the same word. Orthoepic options, i.e. acceptable pronunciation options for the word usually belong to different areas of use:

1- national and professional. For example, the word production is pronounced with the stress on the second syllable, but in the professional speech of miners and geologists it is acceptable to pronounce it with the stress on the first syllable: production;

2- high style and colloquial speech. For example, the high style is characterized by okanye (pronouncing unstressed O) in borrowed words: poetic, nocture;

3- in the speech of the older generation and in the speech of young native speakers. The new pronunciation is gradually replacing the old one, but at a certain stage of development of the literary language both norms coexist, for example: the outgoing norm insisted on softening the consonant before the soft consonant ([z'v']ber, e[s'l']i), the new norm allows pronouncing a hard consonant in these conditions ([zve']ber, e[sl']i).

Basic spelling norms in the area of vowels

In the modern Russian literary language, moderate kanye is considered correct, i.e. non-distinction between A and O in unstressed positions: for example, in the word milk the vowel A is pronounced twice and only in the last stressed syllable the vowel O is pronounced; vowels in the pre-stressed position in the words milk (in place of the spelling O) and ram (in place of the spelling A) are pronounced the same.

In the modern Russian literary language, kanye dominates, i.e. coincidence in the first pre-stressed syllable after the soft consonants of all vowels, except U, in the sound I: we pronounce the river as [r'ika], we pronounce the nickel as [p'itak], we pronounce the saw as [p"ila].

Words that do not have independent stress, which in oral speech are adjacent to the preceding or subsequent word, do not obey the norms of vowel reduction. In other words, such words do not contain acanes or hiccups. Let's give examples. The phrase those forests should be pronounced [t'e-l'isa], although the word body is pronounced [t'il'isa]; the phrase loved he should be pronounced [l’ub’il-on].

The pronunciation of complex and complexly abbreviated words, as well as words with certain prefixes, does not comply with reduction norms. Here are some examples: compound word dr[e]non-Russian, compound abbreviated word str[o]yotryad, word with the prefix s[o]chairman.

Basic spelling norms in the area of consonants

The long soft consonant Shch in the Russian literary language is pronounced at the place of accumulation of the consonants сч, зч, Шч, Жч within one word: [ш':]astiye, ras[sh':]estka, perevo[sh':]ik, vesnu[ sh':]aty.

At the border of the prefix and the root, both local [sh’:]ast and local [sh’h’]ast are possible.

At the junction of a preposition and a significant word or two significant words, pronouncing Ш is not recommended, for example: emodana, but not i[sh’:]emodana; the weight of the suitcase, but not the weight of the suitcase.

The long soft consonant Ж in the modern Russian literary language, in accordance with the spelling zhzh, zzh, szh, zhd, is pronounced only at the root of the words yeast, splashes, squeal, rattle, crush, grumble, reins, ride, burns, later, glooms, burnt, pile up , buzz, rain, rain. The words are arranged in descending order of the frequency of the long soft J in them.

In place of the spelling h before n it is pronounced:

only H in words: eternity, exact, excellent student, stove maker;

only Sh in the words: mustard, poor student, of course, eyeglass student, laundry, trifling, birdhouse, boring, scrambled eggs and in female patronymics it is -ichna;

both Ch and Sh are acceptable in the words: bakery, shopkeeper, candlestick, decent, creamy, dog walker, switchman;

varies the pronunciation of the word in different combinations with other words: heart attack - heart friend; hat[h’] workshop – hat[sh] acquaintance; lactic acid – milky / milky porridge.

In place of a double consonant between vowels, a long consonant is pronounced in the position after the stressed vowel; in other positions, longitude is usually lost: gr[ýpp]a - but gr[p]ovoy, cl[ác:]ы - but cla[s']fication, col[ón:]a – but kolo[n]ada, s[ým:]a – but su[m’ú]rovat, tra[á:s]a – but traversing [s’ú]tracing, d[án :]y - but back[n]y, stacked [l'án:]y - but scattered[n]y.

At the junction of the prefix and the root, the longitude of the consonant is preserved regardless of the place of stress in the word: carefree, recreate, pickle, push away, support, give in.

Basic spelling norms of borrowed words

In some borrowed words and proper names, the pronunciation of unstressed O is allowed: adazi[o], b[o]a, b[o]lero, d[o]sie, kaka[o], cre[o], radio[o], r[o]k[o]ko, s[o]fedzhi[o], tri[o], f[o]ye, Fl[o]ber, Sh[o]pen, B[o]rne[o] .

In book words of relatively little use, the vowel E is pronounced at the beginning and after a solid consonant: [e]venk, [e]kiping, [e]excavator, [e]xtract, [e]mbryon, ast[e]roid, bizn[e] shifts, cord[e]ballet, tend[e]r, andante[e].

In foreign words that have been fully mastered by the Russian language, at the beginning of the word, in place of the orthographic e, it is possible to pronounce I: economy, emigrant, floor.

In borrowed words, only hard consonants are pronounced before the spelling e ([e]): antenna, business, beefsteak, delta, cabaret, cafe, muffler, codex, cocktail, model, hotel, parterre, pastel, poetess, puree, requiem, tarantella, dash, tunnel, brown-haired, masterpiece, highway, eczema, aesthetics, etc.

In a number of words, the pronunciation of both hard and soft consonants is acceptable: deduction, dean, congress, credo, terrorist, etc.

Finally, in some words only a soft consonant is pronounced: beige, brunette, museum, pioneer, rail, term, plywood, overcoat.

Basic orthoepic norms in the area of stress

The stress options in the words are equal: barge and barzha, branches and branches, flooded and flooded, spinning and spinning, otherwise and otherwise, zaseka and zaseka, frostbite and frostbite, johns and denim, peppered and peppered, aerate and aerate, rust and rust .

Options for stress in the word are more preferable and less preferable: amphora/amphora, harrow/harrow, gluboko/deeply loads/load, snowy/snow-covered, primavat/pervovat, torn/torn, teenage/teenage walls/ walls, moves/moves, weaved/weaved,.

Finally, one variant of stress in a word is assessed as correct, literary, and the rest - as erroneous. Here are the correct stress options: pamper, ballet, b[l'ý]da, in se[m'yý], include, smooth, citizenship, contract, leisure, waiting, bent, conclude, cork, call, catalogue, quarter, prettier , kitchen, forester, shop, massage, youth, garbage chute, start, nails, provision, wholesale, repeat, understood, funeral, bonus, sentence, for wool, shells, beets, customs officials, cakes, petition, syringes, expert, tongue.

2. Lexical norms

Lexical norms determine the rules for using words depending on their meaning, frequency and context of use.

3. Morphological norms

Morphological norms determine the correct options for forming the forms of a word when it changes (declension or conjugation), as well as the rules for using different forms in a statement. The source of information about morphological and, more broadly, grammatical norms are manuals on speech culture and special dictionaries.

4. Syntactic norms

Syntactic norms determine the rules for combining words and their forms in a construction and the use of phrases in a statement. Syntactic norms limit the order of words, establish the peculiarities of the use of participial and participial phrases, and stipulate the laws of association simple sentences into complex and complex ones. The source of information about syntactic norms are manuals on grammar, speech culture and special dictionaries.

5. Stylistic norms

As far as Table 1 allows us to judge, the identified functional styles have both common and specific features. The differences are due to the divergent areas of distribution of the style. Styles are called functional because they function in various spheres of social life. These spheres intersect and interact. For example, in the media it is possible to discuss and scientific article, and legislation, and religious preaching. Naturally, in each case, in addition to the characteristic features of the journalistic style, the features of other functional styles will appear.

Stylistic norms involve limiting the use of linguistic means that are not characteristic of a given style, if such use is not justified by the genre or situation of communication. For example, the use of dry, impersonal clichés of the official business style in journalism is certainly a mistake: “As the business weekly “New Companion” reports, the governor also stated that today there are a number of investment projects in the economy of the Kama region with a total volume of at least 12 billion rubles " In the above quotation from the note “It is better to unite at the expense of the Federation,” published on the second page of the twenty-seventh issue of the Perm weekly “Friday” (November 14, 2003), the cliche is used: there are a number of investment projects in the economy, which in this context is inappropriate and, Moreover, it is erroneous: various forms of grammatical management of projects → (what?) and investments → (in what?) collide.

Table 1

Specific features of functional styles of the book variety of literary language

Functional style of bookish literary language	Scope of use (and main speech genres)	Semantic features	Features of vocabulary	Features of grammar and syntax
Scientific	Science (article, monograph, dissertation, textbook, review, abstract review, etc.)	Abstractness, logic, striving for unambiguous and precise formulations	Bookishness, stylistic neutrality, abstractness, abundance of terms	Complex sentences with branched syntactic connections
Official business	Official business relations between people and institutions, the field of law and legislation (law, resolution, agreement, instruction, statement, protocol, etc.)	Precision of wording, impersonality, standardization	An abundance of stable phrases and cliches, an abundance of verbal nouns.	Impersonal and vaguely personal constructions, constructions with enumerations
Journalistic	Media (information, report, commentary, interview, etc.)	Thematic diversity, stimulating and informative, expressive, evaluative	Expressiveness, abundance of phraseological units and figurative means, abbreviations, use of terms from other styles and varieties of language	Variety of constructions, desire for simplicity and ease of understanding of syntactic constructions, use of direct speech
Religious and preaching	Religion (teaching, prayer, parable, confession, sermon, etc.)	Motivational, “elevated” themes	An abundance of archaisms and expressions of high style, expressiveness, an abundance of biblical words and book phraseological units	The use of incentive structures, stringing of similar constructions (“the greatest signs, the most amazing miracles”), postposition of definitions (“the human race”), frequency of second person pronouns

List of used literature:

1. Vasilyeva A.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1990.

2. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. Rostov-on-Don, 2003.

3. Verbitskaya L.A. Let's speak correctly (any edition).

4. A short guide to the modern Russian language. M., 1991.

5. Complete guide on spelling and punctuation / Ed. O.A. Sobolev. M., 1999.

6. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language (any edition).

7. Rosenthal D.E. Punctuation and management in Russian. M., 1988.

8. Cheshko L.A. Russian language. M., 1990.

9. Linguistics. Russian language. M., 1999.

Norms and standards of linguistic behavior and speech culture accepted by native speakers at a certain stage of development. I.. eras are largely connected with historical, turning points in the life of the people..

"Linguistic taste of the era." The word “taste,” which seems not to be related to linguistics, is nevertheless amazingly accessible and accurately explains what the author actually wants to say.

Such a feeling of freedom of scientific creativity and a change in research topics gives rise to a whole “fan” of non-traditional works in the field of modern Russian language.

The norm as an integral part civilized society exists in different areas of an individual’s life and is important for many types of human activity. There are various norms as requirements that must be met by the various products of human activity. Norms are regulators of relationships between people. They are established by society, and each individual of a given society develops an idea of what is normal for human communication and what is abnormal and, therefore, goes beyond the established norm.

The norm is also established in language; it is constantly present in a person’s statements. And this is quite natural, since language is an integral part, a product, not only of a civilized society, but of any human society in general. Norm is one of the central linguistic concepts. The norm in language is one of those problems of linguistics that have constantly been and are in the focus of attention for several generations of researchers. And depending on the level of development of linguistics, the theoretical views of researchers and the needs of society, it is solved very differently.

The normative approach to language has dominated in absolutely all linguistic traditions, from antiquity to our time. In absolutely all linguistic traditions, either from the very beginning or over time, the concept of a strict norm appears, from which it is impossible to deviate. In the European tradition, it appears already in late antiquity. The norm became even stricter in the Middle Ages. IN early stages development of individual traditions (antiquity, Ancient China), when there were no big differences between the spoken and written styles and there was no special sacred (sacred) language, the problems of the norm, although they were vital, were solved purely empirically, without separating any strict body of normative texts.

None of the linguistic traditions was characterized by the idea of historical change in language and its norms. In turn, everything new in the language, which is constantly included in speech practice, brings with it a fleeting inconvenience and therefore, naturally, causes defensive feedback (anger).

In any norm, including the literary style, doubts, doublets, and variant actions occur. In addition, there is always a certain uncertainty in the recognition of specific linguistic facts normative or non-normative, there are always “areas of doubt”.

The norms of writing language are fixed in dictionaries, reference books, and grammar books.

Language norms

* Orthoepic
* Lexical
* Morphological
* Syntactic
* Stylistic
* Spelling
* Punctuation

“Literary language feels the powerful influence of colloquial (including slang) vocabulary, which often breaks into the language under the slogan of emancipation and “democratization.” (D. E. Rosenthal)

The representation of the norm gradually begins to change into some special linguistic representation, reflecting the project of linguistic implementation and in different ways compared with the views of the schema (L. Elmslev), or the organization of language (E. Coseriu), in which the idea of its internal organization is reflected. Highlighting the social side of the definition of a norm, which is formed from the selection of linguistic components - existing ones, formed again and extracted from a passive reserve, S. I. Ozhegov focuses on the fact that norms are maintained by social speech practice ( fiction, theatrical speech, radio broadcasting).

At a certain stage of their formation, literary works and radio broadcasts could in fact serve as a standard for normative use. Currently, the situation has changed. Not everything literary work and not every radio and television broadcast can serve as a standard for the normative use of language. The area of strict adherence to syllable norms has narrowed significantly. The literary norm, as a result of not only tradition, but also codification, presupposes a set of rather strict regulations and prohibitions that promote the unity and stability of the literary style. The integrity and universality of the norm is found in the fact that agents of different social strata and companies that make up a given society must adhere to the classical methods of linguistic formulation, as well as those laws and regulations that are found in grammars and dictionaries and are represented as a result of codification. Deviation from linguistic tradition, from dictionary and grammatical laws and advice is considered a violation of the norm and is usually assessed negatively by speakers of a given literary syllable. But the degree of obligatory language norms is not the same. Distinguish between imperative language norms, the pathologies of which are regarded as a sign of not mastering the culture of speech, as gross oversights, and, on the other hand, not strictly mandatory language norms that allow certain deviations.

Taste in general is the ability to evaluate, understanding what is right and beautiful; these are preferences and inclinations that determine a person’s culture in thought and work, in behavior, including speech. As V.G. Kostomarov said. in his work “Language Taste of the Epoch”: “Taste can be understood as a system of ideological, psychological, aesthetic and other attitudes of a person or social group in relation to language and speech in this language.” These attitudes determine a person’s attitude to language, the ability to intuitively evaluate the correctness, appropriateness, and aesthetics of speech expression.

Taste is a complex amalgam of social requirements and assessments, as well as the individuality of the native speaker, his artistic inclinations, upbringing, and education. However, this individuality is formed in the course of assimilation of social knowledge, norms, rules, and traditions. Therefore, taste always has a specific social and specific historical basis. Manifesting individually, taste reflects the dynamics of social consciousness and unites members of a given society at a given stage of its history.

Cultural and speech taste and its changes are influenced by the objective social functions of language in a given era.

Linguistic taste of the era. In the stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by M.N. Kozhina. verbal aggression is defined as “the use of linguistic means to express hostility, hostility; a manner of speech that insults someone

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Course work

"About the language norm"

1. Orthoepic norms

2. Lexical norms

3. Morphological norms

4. Syntactic norms

5. Stylistic norms

1. Orthoepic norms

2. Lexical norms

3. Morphological norms

4. Syntactic norms

5. Stylistic norms

Table 1