Environmental standards for the quality of the natural environment include: Standardization of environmental quality. Environmental standards. Standard qualities of the natural environment
Currently, different environmental quality standards are used. natural environment, and their functions are different. Some assess the human environment, others limit harmful impacts on nature. However, they are united by a commonality of goals, since they determine the quality not of the social, but of the natural environment.
The quality of the natural environment is understood as the state of its ecological systems, in which metabolic processes of energy and substances between nature and humans are constantly ensured at a level that ensures the reproduction of life on Earth. Before active human intervention, the quality of the environment was maintained by nature itself through self-regulation and self-purification from non-technogenic pollution.
The basis of such self-purification and self-regulation is the principle of non-waste processes occurring in natural cycles. This means that the final product of one serves as the raw material for the next natural cycle.
For example, anaerobic processes in the soil that contribute to the decay of organic residues, mineralization of solids or dissolution of minerals are a condition for ensuring its fertility. In the next cycle, in the presence of moisture and a certain gaseous state of the atmosphere, conditions are created for the intensive growth of plants, which are subsequently eaten by animals. The remains of plants and animals, getting into the soil, rot again and are a source of carbon accumulation and organic compounds in the soil, which also contribute to increasing its fertility. At the same time, all life on Earth is reproduced, from bacteria and fungi to flora and fauna. Moreover, the level of reproduction does not remain constant, but is self-regulated by climatic and other natural conditions.
Human production (agricultural, industrial, technogenic), unlike natural production, is built on waste technology. The final product obtained by a person as a result of the technological process is used irrationally by him. Of 100% of the main product, about 90%, and sometimes more, is thrown away by humans as waste, which cannot then be used as raw material for natural processes (cycles). This leads to the accumulation of inert (indigestible) or harmful materials on the Earth's surface.
The impact of man on the natural environment and the negative consequences of his activities have created in a civilized society the problem of regulating the quality of the environment in which man lives and manifests himself.
Standardization of the quality of the natural environment is the process of developing and giving legal norms to scientifically based standards in the form of indicators of the maximum permissible human impact on nature or the environment.
The norm is a measure of influence. The maximum permissible norm is the legally established permissible size of human impact on the environment.
Quality standards are the maximum permissible standards for the impact of anthropogenic human activities (economic, recreational, etc.) on the natural environment.
In accordance with the Federal Law "On the Protection environment"The following requirements apply to the content of the standards:
Environmental safety of the population;
Preservation of the genetic fund;
Ensuring rational use and reproduction natural conditions, sustainable development economic activity.
The purpose of these requirements is to ensure a scientifically based combination of environmental and economic interests as the basis for social progress.
Maximum permissible norms are a kind of forced compromise that allows both the development of the economy and the protection of human life and well-being.
Quality standards are not among legal norms. These are rules of a technical or technical-economic nature, and in themselves they do not have legal force. Such norms in the form of scientific recommendations, methodological developments exists in ministries, departments, scientific and design institutions. They help in resolving certain issues, but are not mandatory.
The standard becomes mandatory and has legal force from the moment it is approved by the competent authority. For environmental quality standards, such bodies are the Ministry of Health and social development RF and the Ministry natural resources.
The law legally establishes the basic requirements for quality standards, types of quality standards, bodies that approve them, responsibilities for their implementation and compliance, and consequences for non-compliance. As for the standards themselves as technical standards, they are not included in the content of the law, but are published in special regulatory reference books and publications.
All environmental quality standards are divided into three types (groups): sanitary and hygienic, industrial and economic, and comprehensive.
Sanitary and hygienic standards are standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances (chemical, biological); physical influences; sanitary protection zones; maximum permissible levels of radiation exposure. The purpose of the standards is to determine environmental quality indicators in relation to human health. Currently, this part of the standards is the most developed.
In accordance with the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, this group of standards includes standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances (MPC); maximum permissible levels (MPL) of exposure to radiation, noise, vibration, magnetic fields; standards for maximum permissible residual quantities of harmful substances in food products (nitrates in vegetables, salts in drinking water).
Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances, as well as harmful microorganisms and other biological substances, are established to assess the state of the natural environment.
Production and economic quality standards establish requirements for the source of harmful effects, limiting its activities to a certain threshold value. This group is headed by standards for emissions of harmful substances. This group of standards may also include other requirements, for example, sections of technological building codes and rules relating to environmental protection.
With the help of this group of quality standards, industrial and other emissions and discharges into the environment of harmful substances, microorganisms, biological substances that pollute the air, water and soil are monitored.
Using MPC standards, the ecological and sanitary-hygienic state of the natural environment is assessed. Source control harmful effects, regulation of its behavior is carried out by applying standards for maximum permissible emissions (discharges) of harmful substances (MPE).
Emissions refer to the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere.
Discharge is the entry of a substance along with wastewater into water bodies.
MPE is determined for each source of emissions (discharges), of which there may be several at one enterprise.
The social, public and legal meaning of the maximum permissible limit is that harm caused to human health and the natural environment is a consequence of exceeding permissible standards for the concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere, water bodies or soil. Exceeding MPC is a consequence of exceeding the maximum permissible limit by sources of emissions and discharges of harmful substances. Therefore, the task of environmental control and supervision authorities is to identify enterprises that pollute the environment and bring their managers to environmental and legal responsibility.
Unfortunately, practice does not always follow common sense. The statistics are contradictory. Currently, 15-20% of polluting industries meet the MPE standards. A significant proportion of enterprises pollute the environment based on limit emissions and discharges, which are determined by actual emissions and discharges over a certain time period.
The problem cannot be solved due to the fact that not a single polluting enterprise can be brought to criminal or administrative liability, since they operate on the basis of emission (discharge) permits issued by environmental protection authorities. The only form of liability is compensation for damage assigned to the polluter. Moreover, such compensation is carried out regardless of the degree of guilt and, therefore, takes the form of payments for pollution.
No less complex is the issue of regulating emissions from mobile sources of pollution. According to scientific research, 50~60% of air pollution comes from vehicles. Regulation of emissions of harmful substances from cars is carried out in three areas:
Improvement and development of standards for emissions of harmful substances and vehicle exhaust gases;
Increased engine efficiency;
Introduction of low-toxic, environmentally friendly fuel. Unfortunately, Russian industry has not yet reached the level of world standards in addressing these issues.
Comprehensive quality standards. Among this group of standards, the most developed are the maximum permissible load on the natural environment (MPL) and the standards for sanitary and protective zones. During the construction of industrial and agricultural enterprises, development settlements, the formation of territorial production complexes, designers and local administrations are guided by the PDN for the natural environment, taking into account its potential, the rational use of natural resources, ensuring favorable conditions life of the population, preventing irreversible changes in the environment.
PDN is the permissible amount of anthropogenic impact on natural resources or natural complexes, which do not lead to disruption of the ecological functions of the natural environment. To determine such loads, an important concept is the capacity of the natural environment. Its indicators indicate the potential capabilities of the natural environment.
The purpose of developing and applying PDN standards is to ensure a rational combination of economic and recreational activities with environmental protection. There are industry and regional PDN standards.
Industry norms of PDN relate to certain types of natural resources, for example:
The optimal number of hunters per number of wild animals or unit of hunting land;
The maximum number of livestock per unit of pasture land;
Maximum norms for visitors staying at one time on excursions in the reserve.
Regional PDN standards are developed taking into account economic activity or recreational load on natural complexes. For example, standards for permissible impacts on the ecosystem of Lake Baikal are known, which establish environmental restrictions on the use of water resources, fish stocks, forest resources, development of economic activities. These restrictions are linked to the interests of preserving the integrity of the lake ecosystem.
PDN standards are approved and developed, as a rule, by industry and local environmental organizations. Thus, PDN for forests is established by forestry authorities; through nature reserves, national parks- the administration of these organizations. Most often, such standards are determined taking into account scientific recommendations. They can change in one direction or another depending on the state of the natural environment and its individual resources.
The relevance of the development and application of PDN indicators is obvious. Neglecting such requirements is fraught with serious consequences. The irrational placement of chemical and oil refineries in the cities of Ufa and Sterlitamak led to negative environmental consequences - pollution atmospheric air and waters of reservoirs of these regions. Reluctance to take into account the objective standards of livestock load per unit of pasture land in Kalmykia was the cause of desertification.
The law does not provide for any special liability. Enterprises and officials guilty of non-compliance with traffic rules must be held liable in the form of compensation for damage caused, unless they prove that the damage occurred as a result natural disaster or if the causer of harm could not know about the harmful consequences of his actions due to objective circumstances.
Standards for sanitary and protective zones are established for the purpose of protecting reservoirs, water supply sources, resort and health-improving areas, settlements and other territories from pollution and other harmful effects.
The standards for sanitary and protective zones are determined by the nature of their goals and objectives. These zones perform basic interconnected functions - protective and health-improving. Sanitary and health zones include zones around nature reserves, natural monuments, national parks, protective zones around rivers and reservoirs, zones of environmental disaster, zones of environmental emergencies and disasters. Within the framework of security and health functions, each of the existing zones has its own tasks.
Thus, the sanitary and protective zone of water bodies is defined as a territory or water area in which a special sanitary and epidemiological regime is established to prevent deterioration in the quality of water in sources of central household and drinking water supply and the protection of water supply facilities.
To improve the hydrological regime, improvement of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and their coastal territories, a water protection zone is created, within which a special regime of protection from pollution, depletion, clogging, and siltation of water is established. Its length depends on the length of the river bed, and its width ranges from 100 to 500 m.
After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the territory, depending on the degree of damage and the severity of the regime, is divided into four zones: exclusion, resettlement, residence with the right of resettlement, residence with preferential socio-economic status.
Used for environmental assessment different kinds monitoring. This allows us to determine the quality of not only individual ecosystems, but also the biosphere as a whole, namely the natural environment. To do this, the state of the various shells of the earth is studied in terms of changes in metabolic processes between people and nature, the reproduction of life on the planet and the self-purification of the environment from all kinds of pollution. All this is carried out within the framework of natural cycles.
Standard qualities of the natural environment
In order to study the state of the environment, it is necessary to develop certain legal and technical quality standards, scientific standards, according to which certain acceptable indicators are established according to which people impact the ecology and the environment as a whole. For these standards in the Russian Federation the following requirements are imposed:
- saving the genetic fund;
- environmental safety for people;
- rational use of natural resources;
- anthropogenic activities within the framework of environmental safety.
All these requirements allow the population to carry out economic activity, minimizing destruction and pollution of the environment. As a result, normative qualities are a kind of compromise between people and nature. They do not have full legal force, but are mandatory for use and compliance. Technical and economic standards for the quality of the natural environment are issued in the form of recommendations, which are especially used in various institutions, ministries, industrial facilities, scientific and laboratory organizations. For them, environmental quality standards are mandatory.
Types of normative qualities of nature
All standards and qualities of the living environment can be divided into the following groups:
- industrial and economic – regulate the activities of various enterprises in order to reduce their impact on the environment;
- comprehensive - must be observed at all levels of population activity;
- sanitary and hygienic – regulate the permissible amount of harmful substances entering the biosphere and the level of physical impact.
Thus, the quality of the environment and the state of the earth’s biosphere are regulated by special standards. Despite the fact that they do not have significant legal force, they are nevertheless required to be observed by various enterprises and organizations in order to prevent excessive anthropogenic impact on nature.
Environmental quality standards are standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators for assessing the state of the environment and, if observed, ensure a favorable environment. This group of environmental standards is one of the criteria for determining the favorable quality of the environment and is used to protect environmental rights citizens in court. 1
In our country, this group of standards was one of the first in the world, establishing maximum permissible concentrations for hundreds of harmful substances in the atmosphere, soil, water, etc. The first standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances for drinking water were established in 1939, and by 1991 there were 1925 of them. Maximum concentration limits for harmful substances for atmospheric air were established in 1951 for 10 harmful substances, and by 1991 there were already 479 MPC standards for soil were introduced in 1980, and by 1991 there were 109 of them.
This group of environmental standards was introduced to assess the state of the environment for the preservation of natural ecological systems, the genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms. However, until recently, when determining the MPC value, specifically authorized bodies focused on environmentally determined indicators of human health protection, without taking into account the specifics of protecting flora and fauna. In this regard, the environmental quality standards developed and adopted were more hygienic than environmental.
The system of environmental quality standards distinguishes the following subgroups:
Firstly, standards established in accordance with chemical indicators of the state of the environment, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals, including radioactive substances. There are maximum one-time and average daily MPC values for each pollutant. If the MPC standard, according to monitoring data, is exceeded, then as a result of the corresponding measurements it is determined by how many times, for example, 1.3 MPC, 5 MPC, 10 MPC, etc.
Secondly, standards for maximum permissible impacts, including harmful physical impacts (noise, heat, vibration, magnetic fields etc.) and radiation effects.
Thirdly, standards established in accordance with biological indicators of the state of the environment, including species and groups of plants, animals and other organisms used as indicators of environmental quality, as well as standards for maximum permissible concentrations of microorganisms.
Fourthly, other environmental quality standards.
In the absence of maximum permissible concentrations for substances contained, for example, in the wastewater of enterprises being designed or under construction, at the stage of preventive control, ODLs for the content of these substances in water are established, developed on the basis of calculation and express experimental methods for predicting toxicity. Now, for example, for water bodies More than 1,600 harmful substances and more than 200 substances have been developed for household, drinking and cultural purposes.
As follows from Art. 6 of the Law on Environmental Protection, authorities state power subjects of the Russian Federation now have the right to establish environmental quality standards containing relevant requirements and standards not lower than the requirements and standards established at the federal level.
Environmental quality standards, along with the Law on Environmental Protection, are also provided for by acts of natural resource legislation.
So, according to I. 5 tbsp. 13 of the Land Code for assessing the condition of the soil in order to protect human health and the environment, the Government of the Russian Federation establishes standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances, harmful microorganisms and other biological substances polluting the soil. To check the soil's compliance with environmental standards, soil, geobotanical, agrochemical and other surveys are carried out. In order to prevent land degradation, restore soil fertility and contaminated areas, conservation of lands with their withdrawal from circulation is allowed in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Criteria for the safety and (or) harmlessness of water bodies (as well as air) for humans, including maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals, biological substances, microorganisms in water, and background radiation levels are established by sanitary rules.
According to Art. 47 of the Law on Fisheries, water quality standards for water bodies of fishery importance, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the waters of objects of fishery importance, are developed in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation. The discharge of harmful substances into water bodies of fishery importance and fishery protection zones, the maximum permissible concentrations of which have not been established in the waters of water bodies of fishery importance, is prohibited.
When establishing environmental quality standards, the natural features of territories and water areas, the purpose of natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, specially protected areas, as well as natural landscapes of special environmental significance are taken into account. Thus, several decades ago, due to the deterioration of the condition of forest species in the memorial park of the L. N. Tolstoy museum-estate "Yasnaya Polyana", which was located in the zone of influence of industrial emissions from the Shchekino Azot production association, more stringent MPC standards were established for a number of pollutants than before.
Accounting natural features territories and water areas is directly provided for by a number of modern regulatory legal acts. Among them, one can note the Rules for the development and approval of standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances and standards for maximum permissible harmful effects on the marine environment and natural resources of internal sea waters and the territorial sea of the Russian Federation (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 10, 2000 No. 208 “On approval of the Rules for the development and approval of standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances and standards for maximum permissible harmful effects on the marine environment and natural resources of internal sea waters and the territorial sea Russian Federation").
Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the marine environment are established in order to assess the state of the natural environment in the interests of protecting human health, preserving the genetic fund, and protecting flora and fauna. Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances are developed and approved by specially authorized federal executive authorities based on the intended purpose of the water body. Thus, for water bodies used for drinking and domestic water supply, they are approved by a specially authorized federal body executive power in the field of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance; for water bodies of fishery importance - by a specially authorized federal executive body in the field of protection, control and regulation of the use of water biological resources and their habitats in agreement with the specially authorized federal executive body in the field of environmental protection.
- See: Environmental protection: article-by-article commentary to the Law of Russia. M., 1993. P. 66.
- Cm.: Kolbasov O. S. Rationing as a legal measure for environmental protection // Soviet State and Law. 1987. No. 3. P. 75.
Quality standards (sanitary and hygienic):
- - maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of harmful substances;
- - maximum permissible level (MPL) of harmful physical influences: radiation, noise, vibration, magnetic fields, etc.
Impact standards (production and economic):
- - maximum permissible emission (MPE) of harmful substances;
- - maximum permissible discharge (MPD) of harmful substances.
Comprehensive standards:
Maximum permissible ecological (anthropogenic) load on the environment.
Functions of environmental quality standards:
- 1. establish limit values for harmful chemical, physical and biological effects on the natural environment;
- 2. also serve to assess the state of atmospheric air, water, soil according to chemical, physical and biological characteristics;
- 3. serve as one of the legal criteria for determining the favorable state of the environment;
- 4. taken into account when assessing the impact of planned economic activities, the implementation of which will be associated with a negative impact on nature, during the development of cities and other populated areas;
Maximum permissible concentration (quantity) (MPC) - the amount of a pollutant in the environment (soil, air, water, food), which, with permanent or temporary exposure to a person, does not affect his health and does not cause adverse consequences in his offspring. MPCs are calculated per unit volume (for air, water), mass (for soil, food products) or surface (for workers’ skin). MPCs are established on the basis of comprehensive studies. When determining it, the degree of influence of pollutants is taken into account not only on human health, but also on animals, plants, microorganisms, as well as on natural communities as a whole.
Currently, in our country there are more than 1,800 maximum permissible concentrations for harmful chemicals for water bodies, more than 400 for atmospheric air and more than 140 for soils.
The maximum permissible concentration of a harmful substance in the air of a working area (MPCrz) is the maximum concentration that, during daily (except weekends) work for 8 hours or for another duration, but not more than 41 hours per week, throughout the entire working experience should not cause diseases or health conditions detectable modern methods research, in the process of work or in the long term of the life of the present and subsequent generations. A working area should be considered a space up to 2 m high above the floor or area where workers permanently or temporarily reside.
Maximum permissible single concentration (MPCm) is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in the air of populated areas that does not cause reflex (including subsensory) reactions in the human body (sense of smell, change in light sensitivity of the eyes, etc.) when inhaled for 20 minutes. ).
The maximum permissible average daily concentration (MADC) is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in the air of populated areas, which should not have a direct or indirect effect on a person if inhaled for an unlimited period of time (years).
The maximum permissible concentration of water in a reservoir for domestic, drinking and cultural water use (MPCv) is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in water, which should not have a direct or indirect effect on the human body throughout his life and on the health of subsequent generations, and should not worsen hygienic conditions water use.
When regulating soil quality, an indicator such as the maximum permissible concentration of a harmful substance in the topsoil is used. The maximum permissible concentration in the arable layer of soil (MACp) is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in the upper, arable layer of soil, which should not have a direct or indirect negative effect on human health, soil fertility, its self-purifying ability, the environment in contact with it and not leading to to the accumulation of harmful substances in agricultural crops.
When standardizing the quality of food products, an indicator such as the maximum permissible concentration of a harmful substance in food is used. The maximum permissible concentration (permissible residual amount) of a harmful substance in food (MACpr) is the maximum concentration of a harmful substance in food that does not cause diseases or deviations in human health for an unlimited period of time (with daily exposure).
The maximum permissible level (MAL) is the maximum level of exposure to radiation, noise, vibration, magnetic fields and other harmful physical influences, which does not pose a danger to human health, the condition of animals, plants, or their genetic fund. MPL is essentially the same as MPC, but for physical impacts.
There are cases when maximum permissible concentrations or maximum permissible limits are only at the development stage. Then such indicators as TAC - approximately permissible concentration, or TAC - approximately permissible level are used.
It should be noted that there are several approaches to regulating environmental pollution. Firstly, it is possible to standardize the content of pollutants in environmental objects; on the other hand, the degree of change in the environment as a result of its pollution. IN Lately attention is increasingly being paid to the shortcomings of the first approach, in particular, the use of maximum permissible concentrations for soils. However, the approach to standardizing the quality of the environment based on indicators of its transformation is practically undeveloped. Therefore, most the best option is to use a combination of two approaches.
Maximum permissible emission (MPE) or discharge (MPD) is maximum amount pollutants that, per unit of time, a given specific enterprise is allowed to emit into the atmosphere or discharge into a body of water, without causing them to exceed the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants and adverse environmental consequences.
If in the air or water of populated areas where enterprises are located, the concentrations of harmful substances exceed the maximum permissible concentration, then for objective reasons the values of the maximum permissible concentration and maximum permissible concentration cannot be achieved. For such enterprises, the values of temporarily agreed upon emissions of harmful substances (TSE) and temporarily agreed upon discharges of harmful substances (ATD), respectively, are established, and a gradual reduction in the indicators of emissions and discharges of harmful substances to values that ensure compliance with the maximum permissible limits and maximum permissible limits is introduced.
Currently in Russia, only 15-20% of polluting industries operate at MPE standards, 40-50% operate at VSV standards, and the rest pollute the environment based on limit emissions and discharges, which are determined by actual emissions over a certain period of time.
A comprehensive indicator of environmental quality is the maximum permissible environmental load.
The maximum permissible ecological (anthropogenic) load on the environment is the maximum intensity of anthropogenic impact on the environment that does not lead to a violation of the stability of ecological systems (or, in other words, to the ecosystem going beyond its ecological capacity).
The potential ability of the natural environment to tolerate one or another anthropogenic load without disrupting the basic functions of ecosystems is defined as the capacity of the natural environment, or the ecological capacity of the territory. The resistance of ecosystems to anthropogenic impacts depends on the following indicators: 1) stocks of living and dead organic matter; 2) efficiency of organic matter formation or vegetation production; and 3) species and structural diversity. The higher they are, the more stable the ecosystem.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a type of activity to identify, analyze and take into account the direct, indirect and other consequences of the environmental impact of a planned economic and other activity in order to make a decision on the possibility or impossibility of its implementation.
Standards and methods for their determination are approved by environmental authorities and sanitary and epidemiological supervision authorities. However, science and production do not stand still, but are constantly expanding and improving, and the development of new standards uses the developments of international research and environmental world standards.
If quality standards are violated, emissions, discharges and other harmful impacts may be limited, suspended, or terminated. An order for this is given government bodies in the field of environmental protection and sanitary and epidemiological surveillance.
31.Answer. Environmental quality, environmental quality standards, their classification.
The quality of the natural environment refers to the degree to which natural conditions meet the needs of people or other living organisms.
In a broader sense, the quality of the natural environment is not limited only to the degree of compliance of natural conditions with the needs of populations, since a change in the quality of one element of the natural environment inevitably disrupts the natural balance and entails changes in other elements of the biosphere. Thus, changes in the climatic characteristics of the atmosphere can lead to landscape changes (desertification, flooding, etc.).
The assessment of environmental quality is carried out differentiatedly in a number of areas, in which the quality of the air basin, water environment, soil layer, food, etc. is analyzed.
Environmental quality standards, their classification The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” establishes requirements for regulating the quality of the living environment and levels of impact on the environment. Environmental quality standards define a scientifically based measure of the combination of society's strict environmental requirements for the quality of the living environment and the ability of natural resource users to comply with them in economic activities.
The environmental quality standards are based on three indicators:
honeyici English(threshold level of threat to human health, his genetic program);
technological(the ability of the economy to ensure compliance with the established limits of exposure to humans and their living conditions);
scientific and technical(ability technical means ensure compliance with exposure limits for all parameters). Environmental impact standards establish requirements for the source of harmful impact, limiting it to a certain threshold value. These standards include maximum permissible standards for discharges and emissions of harmful chemical substances
32.Answer. Environmental quality regulation, basic principles and practical approaches.
, physical, biological, radiation and other effects. Standardization of environmental quality -
This establishment of standards for the maximum permissible human impact on nature is the central idea of the Law “On Environmental Protection” - Section 4 (Articles 25-34). Under influence
refers to anthropogenic activities related to the implementation of economic, recreational, cultural and other human interests, making changes to the natural environment. The development of standards is carried out in three
main directions:
1. hygienic regulation of environmental quality;
2. environmental regulation of permissible loads on the ecosystem;
3. regulation of the volumes of pollution entering the natural environment. General requirements for quality standards:
environmental safety of the population; preservation of the genetic fund; ensuring rational use and reproduction of natural conditions for sustainable development of economic activity. The task of environmental regulation
- ensuring the well-being of ecological systems in general and human health, i.e. maintaining the equilibrium established in nature within the limits of possible self-regulation. Standards for objects of protection merge into:
1. three groups sanitary and hygienic standards aimed at protecting human health ( MPC standards aimed at protecting human health ( for water bodies for sanitary, hygienic and cultural purposes,
2. air in the working area and populated areas, standards for sanitary protection zones, levels of radiation exposure, etc.); production and economic standards
3. (MPV, PDS, OBUV, various building codes and regulations); actually environmental – standards PDN standards aimed at protecting human health (- maximum permissible loads on ecosystems,
for reservoirs used for fishing purposes, standards for the withdrawal of natural resources (mineral, animal and plant), and mining. By principles of imposed restrictions are subdivided
into groups:
1. standards for the quality or condition of the natural environment or object; 2. standards for impact on the natural environment, natural object
or ecosystem. are established in the interests of protecting human health and preserving the genetic fund of certain species of flora and fauna.
Established and approved standards are mandatory throughout the Russian Federation (and CIS countries).
Environmental quality standards - maximum permissible concentrations (maximum concentration) harmful substances in natural environments and objects.
Under standards aimed at protecting human health ( understand the maximum permissible concentration of various types of pollutants in air, water or soil, the excess of which has a harmful effect on humans, plants or animals.
MPE(maximum permissible emissions) is the mass of emissions of harmful substances per unit of time from a given source or set of sources of air pollution.
PDS (maximum permissible discharge) - the mass of a substance in wastewater, the maximum permissible for discharge at a given point per unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point.
MDV and MPD are the basis for planning activities and conducting expertise to prevent pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
EDC - environmentally acceptable concentrations of harmful substances in the environment that do not violate the homeostatic mechanisms of self-regulation of ecosystems. Based on the EDC, the EDN can be calculated.
EDN– a measure that will ensure a balance of environmental and socio-economic interests of a person - an instrument for sustainable development of society.
Pollution rate - the maximum concentration of a substance entering or contained in the environment, permitted by regulations.
As criteria for quantitative assessment of pollution levels environment are used:
Ø pollution index (FROM) - an indicator that qualitatively and quantitatively reflects the presence of a pollutant in the environment and the degree of its impact on living organisms;
Ø background concentration (FC) - substance content in an environmental object, determined by the sum of global and regional natural and anthropogenic contributions;
Ø under toxic concentration understand the concentration of a harmful substance that is capable of causing the death of living organisms at different durations of exposure or the concentration of a harmful substance that causes the death of living organisms within 30 days as a result of exposure to harmful substances.
Harmful substance- it is a foreign ingredient uncharacteristic of natural ecosystems that has a negative effect on them and living organisms living in these ecosystems.
By chemical nature harmful substances or toxicants there are inorganic origin(mercury, lead, chromium, zinc, etc.) and organic(phenols, petroleum products, pesticides, etc.) origin.
The highest priority are heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc), which have high toxicity and migration ability. The degree of environmental pollution by toxicants is determined by their chemically active migratory forms and migration mechanism.
Migration of elements- is the transfer and redistribution of chemical elements in earth's crust and on the surface of the Earth.
Indicators of the negative impact of elements and compounds on living organisms are toxicity and carcinogenicity - these are the properties of elements and compounds that negatively affect living organisms and lead to a decrease in their life expectancy.
Environmental factors influencing for toxicity: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, water hardness and alkalinity.
Carcinogens divided into three categories: metal-containing particles; water-soluble metal compounds; fat-soluble compounds.
To carcinogenic substances These include substances whose exposure reliably increases the incidence of tumors in human or animal populations.
Chemical carcinogens are divided into groups:
· polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic compounds;
· aromatic nitrogen compounds;
· aromatic amino compounds;
Nitrosoamines and nitroamines;
· metals, metalloids and inorganic salts.
The most widespread classification of pollutants according to the degree of danger. In accordance with GOST in the Russian Federation, all harmful substances are divided according to the degree of danger for 4 classes:
1 – extremely dangerous
2 – highly dangerous
3 – moderately dangerous
4 – low-risk.
The danger of chemical compounds is characterized by the minimum effective concentration:
· threshold dose concentration a substance that, with a single (acute) or repeated (chronic) exposure, causes obvious irreversible changes in human life;
· lethal (lethal) LD indicators 50 – average lethal dose, causing death of experimental animals in 50% of cases;
· absolutely lethal dose, LD 99 , causing 100% death of animals.
33.answer. Sanitary and hygienic standards for environmental protection and their practical use.Sanitary and hygienic standards. Sanitary and hygienic standards regulate the conditions and characteristics of areas of drinking water supply sources, water use facilities, sanitary protection zones of enterprises and are intended to protect human health and reduce the harmful effects of pollution sources on elements of the natural environment.
Sanitary and hygienic standards, in turn, include independent groups: hygienic standards and sanitary and protective standards.
Hygienic standards reflect the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air, aquatic environment, soil, as well as the levels of harmful physical effects (acoustic vibrations, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation), the values of which do not have any harmful effects on the human body at the present time and in the future. in the distant future, as well as on the health of subsequent generations.
If a substance has a harmful effect on the environment in lower concentrations than on the human body, then the standardization is based on the threshold of the effect of this substance on the environment.
Hygienic standards also include toxicometric indicators, which are concentrations, doses of harmful substances or physical factors that cause recorded reactions in the body. These standards are the most widespread and uniform throughout the country. Along with them, where necessary, more stringent standards for harmful effects are established for individual areas.
Sanitary protection standards are designed to protect human health from the harmful effects of pollution sources and ensure sufficient cleanliness of water use points. They are used in the formation of sanitary zones of water supply sources, water use points, sanitary protection zones of enterprises.
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