When does daylight saving time begin? From winter to summer: Where and when the clocks are changed. When does the transition between winter and summer time occur?
Go to summer time allows you to more rationally use daylight hours and save energy. Typically, the clocks are moved forward an hour on the last Sunday in March (and moved back an hour on the last Sunday in October). But this is not done everywhere. A number of countries, including Russia, have refused to switch to daylight saving time, and the rest do not necessarily do it synchronously. The Village has figured out the intricacies of daylight saving time.
Text: Anastasia Kotlyakova
In the northern hemisphere
(daylight saving time is used almost everywhere)
Europe: Since 1996, European countries have had a system of moving the clock hand forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and one hour back on the last Sunday in October. The exceptions are Russia, Iceland and Belarus (these countries do not switch to summer time).
In 2018, the transition takes place on the night of March 24-25. The clock hands move at two o'clock in the morning - from 02:00 to 03:00. After this, the time difference with Moscow will be one hour.
USA, Canada (except Saskatchewan), Mexico:
USA: Transfer to the second Sunday of March at 02:00, back at 02:00 on the first Sunday of November. The only countries not crossing are Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Arizona does not change its clocks (but Americans from the northern part of the state do).
Other countries: The transition is also taking place in Cuba, Morocco, Iran, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Palestine.
In the southern hemisphere
Australia: In the states of South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, clocks are changed twice a year: to daylight saving time (October 1 at 02:00) and back (April 1 at 03:00).
In the states of Western Australia and Queensland, as well as in Northern Territory changing clocks to daylight saving time and winter time not produced.
Chile: The data is different everywhere! But RIA Novosti writes that since 2015 there has been no transition.
Brazil: There is almost no transition anywhere, except for the states of Campo Grande, Cuiaba, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro (where summer time begins on November 4 at midnight and ends at midnight on February 18).
Who gave up on daylight saving time?
Japan, China, India, Singapore, Turkey, Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Donetsk People's Republic, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lugansk People's Republic, Russia (since 2011), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia.
Strange countries
In the equatorial countries, the transition to summer and winter time was not introduced at all. Many agricultural countries, where the working day already determines the daylight hours, have abandoned the transition to summer time.
Illustrations: Anahit Ohanyan
Throughout almost its entire existence Russian Federation, namely, from October 23, 1991, a resolution of the Council of the Republic was in force on the territory of our country Supreme Council RSFSR from “On streamlining the calculation of time on the territory of the RSFSR.” This legal act established the annual introduction of summer time; the procedure and date for the transition to it were to be determined in accordance with the requirements of the European Economic UN.
Cancellation of the annual transfer of hands
In 2011, the then President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev signed a law that abolished the practice of changing the hands on the clock. However, this legal act was signed in June, that is, after the country's residents switched their clocks to daylight saving time on March 27, 2011.Thus, Federal Law No. 107-FZ of June 3, 2011 “On the Calculation of Time” actually established permanent summer time in Russia. The main factor that caused the refusal to change the clock hands twice annually was the negative impact of the change in time on the human body, expressed in an increase in morbidity and the country's population.
Discussion about the temporary regime in Russia
At the same time, the decision made several years ago cannot be called unambiguously popular: it had quite a lot of opponents. The main argument that is usually put forward to challenge the legality of fixing summer time on the territory of the country is the continued operation of the so-called maternity time.The fact is that back in 1930, by a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a temporary regime was introduced on the territory of all republics, one hour ahead of standard time. And although this decree was canceled in 1991, about a year later this temporary regime was restored on Russian territory.
The introduction of summer time actually represents the addition of one more hour to maternity time: thus, residents of the Russian Federation find themselves two hours ahead of standard time. In this regard, in last years There are periodic proposals to return to winter time.
At the moment, a draft law establishing the country's transition to permanent winter time has been adopted State Duma RF in the third reading. If it comes into force, the actual time in Russia will be closer to standard time.
1. Local time.
Time measured on a given geographical meridian is called local time this meridian. For all places on the same meridian, the hour angle of the vernal equinox (or the Sun, or the mean sun) is at any moment the same. Therefore, throughout the entire geographic meridian, local time (sidereal or solar) is the same at the same moment.
If the difference geographical longitudes two places available D l, then in a more eastern location the hour angle of any luminary will be at D l greater than the hour angle of the same star in a more western location. Therefore, the difference in any local times on two meridians at the same physical moment is always equal to the difference in the longitudes of these meridians, expressed in hourly measure (in time units):
those. the local mean time of any point on Earth is always equal to universal time at that moment plus the longitude of that point, expressed in hourly units and considered positive east of Greenwich.
In astronomical calendars, the moments of most phenomena are indicated in universal time. T 0 . Moments of these phenomena in local time T t. are easily determined by formula (1.28).
3. Standard Time. IN Everyday life Using both local mean solar time and universal time is inconvenient. The first is because there are, in principle, as many local time systems as there are geographical meridians, i.e. countless. Therefore, in order to establish the sequence of events or phenomena noted in local time, it is absolutely necessary to know, in addition to the moments, also the difference in longitudes of those meridians on which these events or phenomena took place.
The sequence of events marked by universal time is easy to establish, but the large difference between universal time and the local time of meridians located at considerable distances from Greenwich creates inconvenience when using universal time in everyday life.
In 1884 it was proposed belt system of calculation of average time, the essence of which is as follows. Time is counted only by 24 main geographical meridians located from each other in longitude exactly 15° (or 1 h), approximately in the middle of each time zone. Time zones areas are called earth's surface, into which it is conditionally divided by lines coming from its north pole to the south and spaced approximately 7°.5 from the main meridians. These lines, or boundaries of time zones, accurately follow geographic meridians only in open seas and oceans and in uninhabited land areas. For the rest of their length they follow government, administrative and economic or geographical boundaries, retreating from the corresponding meridian in one direction or another. Time zones are numbered from 0 to 23. Greenwich is taken as the main meridian of the zero zone. The main meridian of the first time zone is located from Greenwich exactly 15° east, the second - 30°, the third - 45°, etc. until the 23rd time zone, the main meridian of which has an east longitude of Greenwich 345° (or west longitude 15°).
Standard timeT p is the local mean solar time measured at the prime meridian of a given time zone. It is used to keep track of time throughout the entire territory lying in a given time zone.
Standard time of this zone P connected with universal time by an obvious relationship
| Tn = T 0 +n h . | (1.29) |
It is also quite obvious that the difference between the zone times of two points is an integer number of hours equal to the difference in the numbers of their time zones.
4. Summer time. In order to more rationally distribute electricity used for lighting enterprises and residential premises, and to make the most complete use of daylight in the summer months of the year, in many countries (including our republic), the clock hands of clocks running in standard time are moved forward by 1 an hour or half an hour. The so-called summer time. In the fall, the clocks are again set to standard time.
Daylight saving time connection T l any point with its standard time T p and with universal time T 0 is given by the following relations:
| (1.30) |
On July 14 (July 1, old style), 1917, the transition from “winter” to “summer” time was carried out in Russia for the first time.
The expression “summer time” or “Daylight Saving Time” means shifting one hour ahead of the time in a given time zone. Introduced for the summer period in order to save electricity by the governments of a number of countries approximately north of 30° north latitude and south of 30° south latitude.
Changing the clock hands to “summer” time is not advisable everywhere. At tropical latitudes (less than 23.5°), the length of daylight hours varies little throughout the year. At polar latitudes (more than 66.33°) there is a polar day and a polar night. The effect of changing the clock hands to “summer” and “winter” time can occur in the latitude range from 30 to 55°.
Dates of summer time in different countries decreasing from north to south, amounting to 20-30 weeks in April-May, summer months and September-October (in the northern hemisphere) and about 20 weeks in November-March (in the southern hemisphere). With a significant decrease in daylight hours, the time is set back an hour. The mode of life according to standard standard time is commonly called “winter” time.
The idea of changing clocks first arose in the 18th century among the American public figure Benjamin Franklin in order to save candles for lighting, but was blocked by candle manufacturers.
In 1895, New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson submitted a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society in which he proposed a two-hour shift to preserve daylight.
The idea of introducing “summer” time found support in most economically developed countries at the beginning of the 20th century, during the period of mass electrification of industry and everyday life. More rational use of daylight hours should have reduced energy costs for indoor lighting.
In Great Britain, in 1909, a bill was drawn up to introduce “summer” time, which was repeatedly considered in Parliament, but was never adopted before the First World War.
Many states abandoned "summer" time immediately after the end of the war, others repeatedly introduced this time, then abandoned it, and some countries maintained this time shift throughout the year.
A change to "summer" time was introduced when crisis situations arose, for example, during the Second World War (USA, UK), during the oil crisis of 1973-1974 (USA, Germany and other countries).
In Russia, this transition was first carried out on July 1 (July 14, new style) 1917, when, in accordance with the decree of the Provisional Government, the hands of all clocks in the country were moved forward one hour.
They were transferred back on December 27, 1917 (January 9, 1918 according to the new style) in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 22, 1917 (January 4, 1918 according to the new style).
The practice of changing from "summer" to "winter" time continued until 1924.
By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 16, 1930, maternity time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. Then the clock hands were moved one hour ahead relative to standard time and after that they were not moved back, and the country began to live and work all year round, one hour ahead of the natural daily cycle. The transfer of clock hands to “summer” time was resumed on April 1, 1981, but this time relative to maternity time. Thus, in the country, “summer” time was two hours ahead of standard time.
In the USSR, and since 1991 in Russia, the introduction of “summer” time was carried out on the night of the last Saturday on the last Sunday of March, and “winter” time - on the night of the last Saturday on the last Sunday of September.
In 1996, the period of “summer” time in Russia was “in order to maintain a single time regime with other countries. The transition to “winter” time began to take place on the last Sunday of October, as in all of Europe.
At the same time, the majority of the Russian population opposed daylight saving time.
On July 21, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke about Russia’s transition to “winter” time from October 26, 2014. In most regions of the Russian Federation, the clocks were set back an hour, and in the future the seasonal change of hands was not carried out. Five regions of Russia (Udmurtia, Samara Region, Kemerovo region, Kamchatka region and Chukotka region autonomous region) have not switched to "winter" time.
After this, complaints began to be received from a number of regions about the lack of sunlight in the evenings. In 2016, the Russian authorities approved laws that made it possible to move the clock hands forward: in the Altai Republic, Altai and Trans-Baikal Territories, Sakhalin, Astrakhan, Magadan, Tomsk, Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk and.
Currently, there is no consensus among experts and the international community on significant savings in energy resources during the transition to summer time.
In 2017, more than 70 countries and territories switched to summer/winter time. Of the former Soviet republics, only Moldova, Ukraine and the three Baltic republics - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia - introduced summer time.
The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources
On March 27, 2011, Russia switched to daylight saving time for the last time. There will be no more seasonal shifts in the officially accepted time; Russians will begin to live with a constant shift of +2 hours relative to standard time. The 2-hour shift is caused by the fact that in Russia there is so-called “maternity time”, which differs from standard time by +1 hour. Daylight saving time adds another +1 hour to maternity time, for a total of +2 hours relative to standard time.
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Change to winter time always took place on the last Sunday of October (the night from Saturday to Sunday). In 2010, the last change to winter time was on October 31. On this day, at three o'clock in the morning, the hands were moved back an hour, to two o'clock in the morning. It started getting dark and dawn an hour earlier. |
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Daylight saving time always took place on the last Sunday of March (the night from Saturday to Sunday). In 2011, the last change to daylight saving time was on March 27. On this day, at two o'clock in the morning, the hands were moved forward an hour, to three o'clock in the morning. It started getting dark and dawn an hour later. |
what is winter and summer time
Daylight saving time is time shifted one hour ahead of the usual time in a given time zone. Similar to daylight saving time, standard time is also called winter time.
Why are winter and summer time introduced?
Summer time is introduced in many countries in the summer in order to save electricity for lighting. However, there is an opinion that the effectiveness of such a measure is insignificant, while the harm caused to human health caused by the forced displacement of natural biological cycles is great.
when winter and summer time were first introduced
Daylight saving time was first introduced in Great Britain in 1908. In Russia, the transition to summer time was first implemented in July 1917 and was in effect until 1930, when the clock hands were moved one hour ahead relative to standard time. This time was called “maternity leave”, as it was introduced by the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars on June 16, 1930. Since 1981, summer time has been regularly introduced again in the USSR.
Which countries use winter and summer time?
Currently, in the northern hemisphere, summer time is used in the USA, Canada, European countries, and throughout Russia. In the southern hemisphere, summer time is used in Australia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Brazil, and Chile. Countries near the equator do not use summer time.
When does the transition between winter and summer time occur?
In Russia and Europe, the transition to summer time is carried out on the night of the last Sunday in March at 2:00 by moving the clock hands 1 hour forward, and the reverse transition is carried out on the night of the last Sunday in October at 3:00 by moving the hands back 1 hour.
In the USA and Canada, since 2007, daylight saving time begins on the second Sunday in March at 2:00, and returns on the last Sunday in October, also at 2:00.
offset of winter and summer time relative to zone time
Due to the use of summer time in Russia, Russians live with a shift of +2 hours relative to standard time. The 2-hour shift is caused by the fact that in Russia there is so-called “maternity time”, which differs from standard time by +1 hour. Daylight saving time adds another +1 hour to maternity time, for a total of +2 hours relative to standard time.