Presentation on the topic Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov. Presentation on the topic “Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov Vavilov scientist biologist biography presentation

The entire amazing life of this man can be called a feat. The scientist's feat was his outstanding Scientific research, the traveler's feat is his scientific expeditions. Biologist and plant breeder, geneticist and agronomist, geographer and statesman, tireless researcher and academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov devoted his entire life to selfless service to the Motherland and the organization of agricultural science.

Already during his years of study at the Moscow Agricultural Institute (now known as “Timiryazevka”), Vavilov conducted his first student research, for which he was awarded the Moscow Polytechnic Museum Prize. In 1916, Nikolai Ivanovich went to Northern Iran, and then to Fergana and the Pamirs. Here he collects seeds of bread plants. The scientist is looking for forms and varieties with properties beneficial to humans - rye with large ears and grains, wheat that is not affected by diseases. This was the first of his trips around the globe. Vavilov collected the plant resources of our planet all his life. He collected almost everything that was created by mankind over the centuries-old history of agriculture, and discovered the wild ancestors of many cultivated plants.

Nikolai Ivanovich traveled to five continents. Traveled to more than 50 countries. Iran, Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Syria, Ethiopia, Greece, Italy, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba... And from everywhere parcels with seeds and plants were sent home. Tens of thousands of samples! In the fields of the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing near Leningrad, at many experimental stations in different regions of our country, these seeds were sown in plots. The plants grown from them were studied and the best were selected. On their basis, high-yielding varieties were created and introduced into collective and state farm fields.

A living collection of Vavilov and his followers still exists. It is replenished all the time. Breeders use it as a source material when developing new varieties. The scientist suggested that in old farming areas one can find many different forms of cultivated plants. Moreover, you will definitely find plants with valuable properties, for example, drought-resistant, non-lodging wheat, sweet large melons, starchy potatoes, high-protein beans, and cotton with long and thin fiber. Vavilov called such areas with an amazing diversity of plant forms centers of origin of cultivated plants. From here they began to spread to other places.

The centers of origin of cultivated plants are not the only discovery of N. I. Vavilov. The scientist developed the basics of plant breeding - the science of breeding new varieties. Vavilov published about 300 scientific papers on selection, agriculture, geography, organization Agriculture. Nikolai Ivanovich paid a lot of attention to the organization of agricultural science. He was the first president of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences named after V.I. Lenin. Under his leadership, institutes of grain farming, potato farming, vegetable growing, feed, cotton growing, etc. arose in our country. Nikolai Ivanovich liked to repeat that life is short, you need to hurry. It is safe to say that the scientist did not waste a single day. What they did would be enough for several lifetimes. For your scientific feat In 1926, N.I. Vavilov was among the first Soviet scientists awarded the V.I. Lenin Prize.

In the 1930s Vavilov paid more and more attention to the development of genetics - the science of the laws of heredity and variability of organisms. Soviet biologists occupied a leading place in world science in those years. But at the end of the 30s. N.I. Vavilov was unfairly accused of sabotage activities against Soviet power, and genetics is declared a pseudoscience. In 1940, the scientist was illegally arrested, and in January 1943 he died of illness in Saratov prison. In 1955, the honorable name of N.I. Vavilov was restored.

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov - Russian and Soviet geneticist, botanist, breeder, geographer. Organizer and participant of botanical-agronomic expeditions that covered most continents (except Australia and Antarctica), during which he identified ancient centers of the formation of cultivated plants. He created the doctrine of the world centers of origin of cultivated plants. Substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity, discovered the law homologous series in the hereditary variability of organisms. He made a significant contribution to the development of the doctrine of biological species. Under the leadership of Vavilov, the world's largest collection of seeds of cultivated plants was created. He laid the foundation for a system of state testing of field crop varieties. He formulated the principles of activity of the country's main scientific center for agricultural sciences and created a network of scientific institutions in this area.

Stalin's repressions. On the basis of fabricated charges, he was arrested in 1940, in 1941 he was convicted and sentenced to death, which was later replaced by a 20-year prison term. In 1943 he died in prison. In 1955 he was posthumously rehabilitated.

Childhood and youth

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was born on November 25 (November 13, old style) 1887 in Srednyaya Presnya in Moscow.

Ivan Ilyich Vavilov (1863-1928) - merchant of the second guild and public figure, came from a peasant family in Volokolamsk district. Before the revolution, he was the director of the Udalov and Vavilov manufacturing company, which also had a branch in Rostov-on-Don.

Mother Alexandra Mikhailovna Vavilova (1868-1938), née Postnikova, daughter of an artist-carver who worked in the Prokhorovsky manufactory. In his autobiography, Sergei Vavilov writes about her:

In total, there were seven children in the family, but three of them died in infancy. Nikolai Vavilov had a younger brother, Sergei Vavilov (1891-1951), and two sisters, Alexandra and Lydia. Sergei Vavilov was educated as a physicist in 1914 at Moscow University; in the same year he was drafted into the army and participated in the First World War. In 1932, Sergei Vavilov became an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in the same year he headed the State Optical Institute, and is the founder scientific school physical optics in the USSR. He headed the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1945 to 1951. He died in 1951 from a heart attack. The elder sister Alexandra (1886-1940) received a medical education and was public figure, organized sanitary and hygienic networks in Moscow. The younger sister Lydia (1891-1914) received a specialty as a microbiologist. She died of smallpox while caring for the sick during an epidemic.

WITH early childhood Nikolai Vavilov was predisposed to the natural sciences. Among his childhood hobbies were observing the animal and plant world. My father had a large library, which contained rare books, geographical maps, and herbariums. This played a significant role in the formation of Vavilov’s personality.

Education

By the will of his father, Nikolai entered the Moscow Commercial School. After graduating from college, he wanted to enter the Imperial Moscow University, but, not wanting to waste a year preparing for exams in Latin, the knowledge of which was mandatory for admission to the university at that time, in 1906 he entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute at the Faculty of Agronomy. He studied with such scientists as N. N. Khudyakov and D. N. Pryanishnikov. In 1908, he participated in a student expedition to the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, and in the summer of 1910 he completed agronomic practice at the Poltava Experimental Station, receiving, by his own admission, “the impetus for all further work.” At meetings of the institute's circle of natural history lovers, Vavilov made presentations on “Genealogy of the plant kingdom”, “Darwinism and experimental morphology”. During his studies at the institute, Vavilov’s penchant for research activities manifested itself more than once; the result of his training was graduate work about naked slugs damaging fields and vegetable gardens in the Moscow province. He graduated from the institute in 1911.

Family status

Nikolai Vavilov was married twice. First wife - Ekaterina Nikolaevna Sakharova-Vavilova (1886-1964). The second is Elena Ivanovna Vavilova-Barulina, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. The marriage was officially registered in 1926. Children - Oleg (1918-1946, from his first marriage) and Yuri (from his second).

Scientific activity and future life path

1911-1918

In order to become more familiar with the taxonomy and geography of cultivated cereals and their diseases, during 1911-1912 Nikolai Vavilov completed an internship in St. Petersburg, at the Bureau of Applied Botany and Breeding (headed by R. E. Regel), as well as at the Bureau of Mycology and Phytopathology (supervisor A. A. Yachevsky).

In 1913, Vavilov was sent abroad to complete his education.

In 1915, Nikolai Vavilov began studying plant immunity. The first experiments were carried out in nurseries developed jointly with Professor S.I. Zhegalov.

1915 and early 1916 he passed the exams to obtain a master's degree. Thus, preparation for professorship at the department of D. N. Pryanishnikov was completed. Vavilov's doctoral dissertation was devoted to plant immunity. This problem formed the basis of his first scientific monograph, “Plant Immunity to infectious diseases”, containing a critical analysis of world literature and the results of his own research, published in 1919.

Due to a visual defect (he damaged his eye as a child), Vavilov was released from prison. military service, but in 1916 he was brought in as a consultant on the issue of mass disease of Russian army soldiers in Persia. He found out the cause of the disease, pointing out that particles of intoxicating tares seeds got into the local flour ( Lolium temulentum), and with it the fungus Stromantinia temulenta, which produces the alkaloid temulin - a substance that can cause serious poisoning in people (dizziness, drowsiness, loss of consciousness, convulsions) with possible death. The solution to the problem was a ban on the consumption of local products; provisions began to be imported from Russia, as a result of which the issue with the disease was resolved.

Vavilov, having received permission from the military leadership to conduct an expedition, went deep into Iran, where he researched and collected samples of cereals. During the expedition, he, in particular, took samples of Persian wheat. Having sowed it later in England, Vavilov tried different ways infect it with powdery mildew (even to the point of using nitrogen fertilizer, which promotes the development of the disease), but all attempts were unsuccessful. The scientist came to the conclusion that plant immunity depends on the environmental conditions in which the species was originally formed. During the Iranian expedition, Vavilov began to think about the pattern of hereditary variability. Vavilov traced changes in the types of rye and wheat from Iran to the Pamirs. He noticed characteristic similar changes in species of both genera, which prompted him to think about the existence of a pattern in the variability of related species. While in the Pamirs, Vavilov concluded that mountain “isolators” like the Pamirs serve as centers for the emergence of cultivated plants.

In 1917, Vavilov was elected assistant to the head of the Department (former Bureau) of applied botany R. E. Regel. Regel himself gave the recommendation: “Over the past 20 years, many outstanding scientists from almost all countries of the world have worked on issues of [plant] immunity, but we can safely say that no one has yet approached the resolution of these complex issues with the breadth of views and comprehensive coverage of the issue with which Vavilov to him. In the person of Vavilov, we will attract a young talented scientist to the department of applied botany, of whom Russian science will still be proud.”.

In the same year, Vavilov was invited to head the department of genetics, selection and private agriculture at the Saratov Higher Agricultural Courses and in July he moved to Saratov. In this city in 1917-1921, Vavilov was a professor at the agronomic department of Saratov University. Along with lecturing, he launched an experimental study of the immunity of various agricultural plants, primarily cereals. He studied 650 varieties of wheat and 350 varieties of oats, as well as other non-cereal crops; A hybridological analysis of immune and susceptible varieties was carried out, their anatomical and physiological characteristics were identified. Vavilov began to summarize the data accumulated during expeditions and research. The result of these studies was the monograph “Plant Immunity to Infectious Diseases,” published in 1919.

1918-1930

In 1919, Vavilov created the doctrine of plant immunity.

In 1920, heading the organizing committee of the III All-Russian Congress on Selection and Seed Production in Saratov, he delivered a report on “The Law of Homologous Series in Hereditary Variation.” The report was perceived by the audience as a major event in world biological science and aroused positive feedback in the scientific community.

In 1920, the Agricultural Scientific Committee, headed by its chairman V.I. Kovalevsky, elected Nikolai Vavilov as head of the Department of Applied Botany and Selection in Petrograd, and in January 1921 he left Saratov with almost all his Saratov students. Scientific work in the new place began on a large scale.

In 1921, Vavilov headed the Department of Applied Botany and Selection in Petrograd, which in 1924 was reorganized into the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops, and in 1930 into the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing (VIR), the head of which he remained until August 1940.

The famine in the Volga region of 1921-1922 forced Russian scientists to change the direction of their research.

Having gone together with A. A. Yachevsky on behalf of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR to the USA to participate in negotiations on the purchase of seeds, Vavilov simultaneously examined the vast grain-growing regions of the USA and Canada and spoke at the International Congress on Agriculture with a report on the law of homologous series. The provisions of the law that developed the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin were positively assessed by the world scientific community. A branch of the Department of Applied Botany was founded in New York.

On the way back, Vavilov visited a number of European countries (England, France, Belgium, Holland, Sweden), where he met with scientists and established new scientific connections, got acquainted with scientific laboratories and breeding stations, organized the purchase of varietal seed material, books, and scientific equipment.

For example, in 1922, Vavilov in Holland met with Hugo de Vries (the founder of mutation theory). Having become acquainted with the scientific research of the Dutchman, Vavilov, having returned to Russia, advocated the involvement of science in the creation of the country's varietal resources, continued to expand the Department of Applied Botany, trying to turn it into a major center of agricultural science, and invited scientists from other cities. The work was aimed at identifying the global diversity of cultivated plants with a view to further using it for the needs of the country. In 1923, Vavilov was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the department of physical and mathematical sciences (in the biological category).

In 1923, Vavilov was elected director of the State Institute of Experimental Agronomy.

In 1924, under the leadership of a scientist, a network of experimental stations for variety testing of agricultural crops was founded and began to grow throughout the USSR. In 115 departments and experimental stations, in various soil and climatic conditions of the USSR - from the subtropics to the tundra - various forms of useful plants were studied and tested.

From 1924 to 1927, a number of intra-Union and foreign expeditions were carried out - Afghanistan (Vavilov, together with D. D. Bukinich, were the first Europeans to penetrate Nuristan - a high-mountainous province of Afghanistan, at that time closed to foreigners), the Mediterranean, Africa, during which Vavilov continued to expand the collection of samples and study the origins of cultivated plants.

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Vavilov Nikolay Ivanovich - an outstanding scientist and traveler Author of the presentation: Vera Aleksandrovna Bobina, geography teacher of the Municipal Educational Institution "Tevriz Secondary School No. 2" of Tevrizsky municipal district Omsk region Presentation competition “Great People of Russia” website “Teachers Mutual Help Community website”

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This fabulously productive man did, without a doubt, more for the genetic development of Soviet agriculture than anyone else has ever done for any country in the world. G. Meller. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov is a man of enormous power. An ascetic and fighter, he was one of the few who rose to the pinnacle of the human spirit, and the planetary scale of his personality allowed him to combine science and culture with service to people in his works. One of his main concerns was the fight against hunger. And here he thought and created on a global scale.

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“Life is short, but there is so much to do,” said academician Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov. What he accomplished in science would be enough for several lifetimes. An outstanding geneticist, immunologist, plant breeder and breeder, Nikolai Ivanovich was the greatest traveler of our time. It was not for nothing that in 1931 he was elected president of the All-Union Geographical Society.

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Family Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was born on November 25 (November 13, old style) 1887 in Srednyaya Presnya in Moscow. Father Ivan Ilyich Vavilov (1863-1928) - a merchant of the second guild and public figure, came from a peasant family in the Volokolamsk district. Before the revolution, he was the director of the Udalov and Vavilov manufacturing company. Mother Alexandra Mikhailovna Vavilova (1868-1938), née Postnikova, is the daughter of an artist-carver who worked in the Prokhorovsky manufactory. In total, the family had seven children, but three of them died in childhood. Younger brother Sergei Vavilov (1891-1951) - physicist, participated in the First World War; Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932), founder of the scientific school of physical optics in the USSR; headed the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1945-1951; died of a heart attack. The elder sister Alexandra (1886-1940) was a doctor and organized sanitary and hygienic networks in Moscow. The younger sister Lydia (1891-1914), a microbiologist, died of smallpox, which she contracted during the expedition.

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Family Brothers Nikolai (left) and Sergei Vavilov with their mother, Alexandra Mikhailovna, 1915.

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Education From early childhood, Nikolai Vavilov was predisposed to the natural sciences. Among his childhood hobbies were observing the animal and plant world. My father had a large library, which contained rare books, geographical maps, and herbariums. This played a significant role in the formation of Vavilov’s personality. By the will of his father, Nikolai entered the Moscow Commercial School. After graduating from college in 1906, he entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute at the Faculty of Agronomy. He studied with such scientists as N. N. Khudyakov and D. N. Pryanishnikov. In 1908, he participated in a student expedition to the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia. From there he brought his first collections. In the summer of 1910, he completed agronomic practice at the Poltava Experimental Station, receiving, by his own admission, “an impetus for all further work.” At meetings of the institute's circle of natural history lovers, Vavilov made presentations on “Genealogy of the plant kingdom”, “Darwinism and experimental morphology”. He graduated from the institute in 1911.

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Scientific activity and further life path In 1916, N.I. Vavilov, already a well-known specialist in plant immunity, sent by the military department to Iran to find out the causes of mass poisoning of bread in Russian troops, began studying the sources of origin of cereals. On the way back, traveling through Fergana and the Pamirs, he discovered the original forms of cereals and received important data about the origin of cultivated rye. In 1921-1922 he explored the vast grain growing regions of the United States and Canada. The length of the expedition's routes through the main agricultural regions of Afghanistan in 1924 was about 5 thousand km. More than 7 thousand samples of seeds and ears of cultivated plants and about 1 thousand herbarium sheets were collected here. This enormous work was completed by just two researchers in less than six months. It provided rich material for the development of Vavilov’s theory of geographical centers of origin of cultivated plants. For the research done, the All-Union Geographical Society awarded N. I. Vavilov a gold medal named after. N. M. Przhevalsky.

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Scientific activity and further life path In 1925, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov studied the agricultural regions of Uzbekistan. In 1926-1927, he traveled to the Mediterranean countries, Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea, and became acquainted with agriculture in the mountainous regions of Germany (Württemberg). Again, thousands of kilometers and thousands of samples. In 1929, Nikolai Ivanovich studied the features of agriculture in Xinjiang (Northwestern China), Japan, Taiwan and Korea. In 1930, Vavilov explored the mountainous and lowland areas of Mexico, Guatemala and the southern states of the USA. In 1931 - Nikolai Ivanovich in Denmark and Sweden. In 1932-1933 - in El Salvador, Brazil, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and other countries of Central and South America. During 1934-1939, his expeditionary research covered all agricultural regions of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia.

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Scientific activity and further life path In 1940, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov began a comprehensive study of the western regions of Belarus and Ukraine. This was his last expedition. The habitual search for ears of corn in an effort to comprehend the “philosophy of agriculture”, in in this case Carpathians, were interrupted by arrest. The monstrous “baldness” of science that occurred at this time destroyed this genius too. N. I. Vavilov, like many other scientists who were disliked by J. V. Stalin’s favorite “people’s academician” T. D. Lysenko, who did not tolerate opponents, was declared an “enemy of the people.” Nikolai Ivanovich lived only 55 years. But his life was extremely filled with work. There were about 200 expeditions and trips alone, organized and led by him. He and his staff visited more than 60 countries. The words often repeated by N. I. Vavilov now seem prophetic: “Life is short, we must hurry!” And he was in a hurry. His working day lasted 14-16 hours. He got up at dawn and went to bed after midnight. And so on day after day.

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Manuscripts of Nikolai Vavilov. The date on the lower left notebook is August 8, 1914. (From the collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Growing named after N.I. Vavilov)

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In 1939, while working on the book “Five Continents”, reflecting on the expeditions, N. I. Vavilov wrote: “Each of us sees different things depending on what filter the facts pass through and where the researcher is striving.” He himself “tried to connect the difficult to connect - geography, botany, agronomy, cultural history.” And he succeeded brilliantly. He learned the agricultural culture of many countries, penetrated into the “philosophy” of their agriculture, studied the plant resources of the Earth in their evolution, tracing the paths and stages of the dispersal of cultivated plants from the centers of initial speciation. “The deeper and wider the researcher covers the facts, the more vast the scope for further work - both analytical and synthetic” (“Five Continents”). This is the scientist’s general conclusion about the results of his travels.

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Back in 1920, relying on extensive field studies of varieties of various agricultural plants (primarily cereals) and simultaneous experimental genetic studies on many crops, the young scientist formulated the law of homological series in hereditary variability. This became an event of global significance: thanks to the new law, breeders could no longer blindly, as before, but purposefully carry out breeding work. Having established the parallelism of variability of closely related genera and species, N.I. Vavilov connected it with the commonality of their origin. And already by the mid-20s. Lenin's study of the geographical distribution and intraspecific diversity of various agricultural crops led to important ideas about the main geographical centers of origin of cultivated plants. They were set out in the book “Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants” (1926), which K. I. Vavilov himself considered as “the first plan of search work” (see: Vavilov N. I. Five Continents. M.: Mysl, 1987. P. 23). For this work he was awarded the V.I. Lenin Prize.

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So, N.I. Vavilov’s expeditions successively covered five continents, almost all the main agricultural regions of the globe. The program research was based on “an evolutionary idea, directing attention primarily to the area of ​​​​the initial formation of species, tracing distribution with the fullest possible coverage of each species in its evolution... The study of the geography of these species and their origin in connection with certain territories... discovered that the vast majority of cultivated plants are associated with seven main geographical centers of their origin” (ibid., pp. 20-21). These centers are distinguished by a special richness of flora and are usually confined to development areas ancient civilizations

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Centers of origin of cultivated plants: 1. Central American 2. South American 3. Mediterranean 4. Western Asian 5. Abyssinian 6. Central Asian 7. Hindustan 7A. Southeast Asian 8. East Asian Based on materials from the book “The Living Fields: Our Agricultural Heritage” by Jack Harlan

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The office of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov in All-Russian Institute crop production (Photo 2009)

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Collection of corn cobs in Nikolai Vavilov’s office at the All-Russian Institute of Plant Growing

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The memorial office-museum of Academician N.I. Vavilov at the Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences was organized in 1987, on the 100th anniversary of the scientist. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov worked in the greenhouse building of the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1936 until the fall of 1940. The atmosphere in the office that was here under N.I. Vavilov was recreated. Here are the scientist's original belongings: a desk, a table lamp, bookcases, a chess table; N.I. Vavilov’s typewriter and books from his personal library. The ink device on the table belonged to N.I. Vavilov’s friend and collaborator T.K. Lepin.

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While in Saratov prison, Vavilov fell ill with pneumonia and suffered from dysentery, which he contracted during an epidemic in 1942. IN Last year During his life, N.I. Vavilov suffered from dystrophy. The result of all the diseases was a decline in cardiac activity, which resulted in death. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov died in Saratov prison on January 26, 1943. There is no individual grave of Vavilov, only the place of the common burial with other prisoners is known. Prison photo of Vavilov

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Toponymic names and astronomical objects Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh named after the Vavilov brothers the asteroid he discovered in 1977 from the main asteroid belt - 2862 Vavilov. The crater on the far side of the Moon and the Vavilov glacier on Severnaya Zemlya bear the name of Vavilov. Another glacier, located near the Darvaz wall (ridge of the Academy of Sciences, Pamir), was named after Vavilov in 1931 by decision of the All-Union Geographical Society. The Vavilov Pass is located next to it. The village of Vavilovo (former Experimental Agricultural Station, founded by Vavilov) is located in the Derbent region of Dagestan.

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Scientific and educational organizations In 1965, during the period of revival of genetic research, the All-Union Society of Genetics and Breeders named after. N. I. Vavilova. The society operated under this name until 1992, when its successor was the Vavilov Society of Genetics and Breeders. In 1967, the name of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was given to the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Growing (now the All-Russian Institute of Plant Growing named after N. I. Vavilov), which he headed from 1921 to 1940. In 1981, the Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (now the Saratov State Agrarian University named after N. I. Vavilov) was named after Vavilov. In 1983, the name of Nikolai Vavilov was given to the Institute of General Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences). In 2001, the name of N. I. Vavilov was given to secondary school No. 66, located in the village of Yubileiny, Volzhsky district of Saratov.

Shevchenko Yana

9th grade student

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“I don’t mind giving my life for the smallest thing in science...”

N. I. Vavilov was born on November 26, 1887 in Moscow. By the time he graduated from commercial school, he already knew for sure that he would be a biologist. In 1906, Nikolai Ivanovich entered the Moscow Agricultural Institute. Already in his student years, his remarkable qualities began to appear.

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In 1913 N.I. Vavilov was sent abroad for scientific work. In Merton (England), in the genetic laboratory of the Horticultural Institute. There he continued his research into the immunity of cereals.

Nikolai Ivanovich worked for several months in the laboratory of genetics at the University of Cambridge; in France, he visited the largest seed company Vilmorin, where he got acquainted with the latest achievements selection in seed production, in the susceptibility of various plant varieties.

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The results of these studies, with extensive use of experiments, were summarized in the monograph “Plant Immunity to Infectious Diseases” (1919). In 1917, N.I. Vavilov received an invitation to head the department of genetics, selection and private agriculture at the Saratov Higher Agricultural Courses and moved to Saratov. At the same time, he continued extensive field study of varieties of various agricultural plants, primarily cereals.

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He accepted Active participation in organizing the first All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow in 1923. Vavilov's authority as a scientist and organizer of science grew. In 1924, the Department of Applied Botany and Selection was transformed into the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops under the Council of People's Commissars (since 1930 - the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing VIR), and N. I. Vavilov was approved as its director. By the end of the 20s, the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops had become one of the largest and most famous in the world scientific centers on the study of cultivated plants.

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All-Union Institute of Applied Botany

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Vavilov actively organized and participated in expeditions. As a result, from 1923 to 1940. N. I. Vavilov and other VIR employees made 180 expeditions, of which 40 were in 65 foreign countries. By 1940, the institute’s world collection consisted of 250 thousand samples, of which 36 thousand were wheat, 10 thousand were corn, 23 thousand were fodder, etc.

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Advances in science

In the works of N.I. Vavilov, the variability of traits in the cereal family was traced. He describes the most important morphological characteristics, characteristic of species of this family, such as awned and awnless ears, different colors of spikelets and floral scales and grains, filmy and bare grains, grain shape, its consistency, leaf structure, seedling color, winter and vernality, early ripening, cold resistance, etc. P. Of the 38 different characters characteristic of all species of the family, N.I. Vavilov discovered 37 in rye, 37 in wheat, 35 in barley and oats, 32 in corn and rice, and 27 in millet.

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N.I. Vavilov was repressed and died in prison in 1943.

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Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, geneticist The work was carried out by: Kristina Tsvyk, a student of grade 9 “A” at Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 106” in Saratov Supervisor: Valentina Nikolaevna Pushkareva, geography teacher.

He could be called an encyclopedist of the twentieth century. Genetics, botany, with its many branches, agronomy, selection theory, plant geography - this is far from the full range of his scientific quests. N.I. Vavilov owns several fundamental discoveries in biology and a number of wonderful ideas that are still being developed by modern scientists. He was the first to put into practice a completely new, global approach to the study flora as a single whole on a planetary scale. Outstanding Russian geneticist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov

The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that it contains the mysteries of this Outstanding geneticist. After all, by getting to know others, we get to know ourselves. The purpose of the work is to get to know Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov not only as a geneticist, but also as a person. Find out his entire range of interests and scientific achievements. Find out what threads are connected between Saratov and N.I. Vavilov. Understand how enormous the contribution of this person is.

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was born on November 25, 1887 in Moscow into the family of an entrepreneur. His father went from a peasant in the Volokolamsk district to a major Russian industrialist. It must be said that all of his children became famous specialists, each in their own field of activity. But the most famous were two brothers, Nikolai and Sergei, who became presidents of two academies. The Vavilovs, in a large house on Srednyaya Presnya, had a rare collection of books.

Nikolai Vavilov was married twice. First wife (from 1912 to 1926) - Ekaterina Nikolaevna Sakharova-Vavilova (1886-1964). In this marriage, in 1918, the first son of Nikolai Vavilov, Oleg (1918-1946), was born, who later graduated Faculty of Physics Moscow State University, defended his Ph.D. thesis, but soon after that he died while climbing in the Caucasus. In 1917, in Saratov, Nikolai Ivanovich met student Elena Barulina, who participated in many of her teacher’s initiatives. As a result, in the spring of 1926, Vavilov dissolved his marriage with his first wife and registered his marriage with Elena Barulina. Elena Ivanovna Barulina was a biologist, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. In this marriage, the second son of Nikolai Vavilov was born (1928), Yuri, a nuclear physicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, who subsequently did a lot to search and publish information about his father.

In 1913, Vavilov went to England and spent several months in the laboratory of the famous biologist W. Betson. In Merton and on the Cambridge University farm, he sowed samples of wheat, oats and barley he had brought with him, which he had already examined for immunity at the institute in 1911-1912. In this way he checked the results obtained in the Moscow region.

Publications about N. I. Vavilov Postage stamp of the USSR, 1977 Postage stamp of the USSR, 1987

Since 1939, with tacit support Stalin, Lysenko and his supporters carried out a real destruction of genetic science in the USSR. And in 1940, Vavilov, who at that time was on a scientific expedition, was also arrested. The investigation into his case lasted a long time. But Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov did not stop scientific work even in prison. The difficult conditions in prison (no walks, a ban on using the prison kiosk, receiving parcels, soap, etc.) undermined his health. The scientist died in prison on January 26, 1943.

The Great Vavilov Collection The Vavilov Collection of seeds of cultivated plants is a collection collected by the Soviet botanist N.I. Vavilov and his collaborators as a result of 110 botanical and agronomic expeditions around the world, which brought “results of paramount importance to world science.” The result of the Vavilov scientific expeditions was the creation of a unique, richest collection of cultivated plants in the world, numbering 250 thousand specimens in 1940. This collection has found wide application in breeding practice and has become the world's first important gene bank.

Vavilov's awards 1925 - Large silver medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky Russian Geographical Society; 1926 - V.I. Lenin Prize - for the work “Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants”; 1940 - Big Golden medal VSKhV - for work in the field of selection and seed production.

Saratov remembers and loves Vavilov. In Saratov in 1969, at the request of Saratov scientists, one of the central streets was named after Nikolai Vavilov. Saratovsky Agrarian University and Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School No. 66" proudly bear the name of N.I. Vavilov. In 1997, a monument was erected in the center of Saratov at the beginning of Vavilov Street. At the entrance to the Resurrection Cemetery in Saratov, where Vavilov was buried in a common grave of prisoners, a monument was also erected.

Survey. To the question: “Do you know who N.I. was? Vavilov? 38.5% of respondents answered yes. 61.5% answered no. To the question: “Do you know what N.I. is connected with?” Vavilov from Saratov?” 18.5% of respondents answered yes. 81.5% answered no. To the question: “Do you know what is named in Saratov after N.I. Vavilov? 67% of respondents answered yes. 33% answered no.

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov loved life in all its manifestations. He was a cheerful, kind and inquisitive person with an open heart. Quite often, for such a busy man, he went to the theater, read a lot, voraciously, quickly, as his father had once taught him, not being content with just scientific literature. Nature does not often gift people the way it gifted Vavilov, endowing him not only with a powerful talent as a researcher, but also with the ability to work most of the day.