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Verb conjugations in Latin, table of endings. Getting ready for the exam. Dictionary form of recording nouns

Verb conjugations in Latin, table of endings. Getting ready for the exam. Dictionary form of recording nouns

Seminar-practical lesson No. 3

Verb. Four conjugations of Latin verbs. Imperative mood. Subjunctive mood in recipes.

Verbs in Latin, as in Russian, vary according to persons, numbers, tenses and moods.

The verb has 3 persons, two numbers, six tenses (we only need the present tense), three moods: indicative, imperative and subjunctive; 2 voices: active (genus activum) voice and passive (genus passivum)

Actual: when the action is performed by the person himself.

For example: A doctor treats a patient.

Passive: when an action on 1 person comes from another person.

For example: A patient is being treated by a doctor.

The verb has 2 persons: singular and plural:

numerus singularis (sing).

numerus pluralis (pl.)

The verb is conjugated in 3 persons singular and plural. But the peculiarity is that personal pronouns with verbs in Latin are not installed. How to determine the number? - at the end (and are called personal endings). Therefore, the person of verbs is determined by the personal endings of the active and passive voices. The endings are the same for verbs of all conjugations.

Personal endings



1. –o		1. – or
2. -s		2. – ris
3. –t		3. - tur

For the verb headset.

There are 4 conjugations in Latin. Whether a verb belongs to one conjugation or another is determined by the ending of the indefinite form - re and the nature of the stem.

I – ā re dare - give, issue (donate), signare - designate

II – ē re miscere – to mix

III – ĕ re(ĕ – connecting vowel, does not refer to the stem or ending) recipĕre – to take

IV – ī re audire – listen, hear

To find the stem of a verb, you need to look at verbs 1, 2, 4 conjugations, discard the ending – re, in the indefinite form of the verb, and in 3 discard conjugations –ĕ re, because . ĕ - connecting vowel sound.

On the desk:

I conjugation, the verb ends in –a (base) da, signa.

II - e (base) misce

III acc. sound recip

To conjugate a verb, you need to substitute the personal endings of the active and passive voices to the base of the verb. Only for verbs of the first conjugation the personal ending -o will merge with the final a (from the stem) o + a = o

In other cases there are no changes.

In dictionaries verbs are given in initial form, i.e. in 1st person singular the number of the active voice and, separated by a comma, the ending of the indefinite form with the end of the stem and the digital designation of the conjugation are given.

Open a dictionary and look it up.

Dare, do, are, - 1 – give, give out

Miscere, misceo, ere, - 2 - mix

Recipere, recipio, ere, 3 – take

Audire, audio, ire, 4 – listen.

For example: curo, are, 1 – curare (need to be translated into an indefinite form, find the stem and only then conjugate)

Imperative mood.

When writing a prescription, the doctor uses laconic verb formulas in the imperative mood.

Recipe. Take it.

Misce. Mix it up.

Sterilĭ sa! Sterilize!

Da. Give it, give it out.

Signa(Denote.)

Greeting: Be healthy. Live healthy (literally) Vive vale! Hello, goodbye!

I tell you: Vivite valete!

The use of the subjunctive mood in recipes.

In addition to forms of the imperative mood, forms of the Latin subjunctive mood of the passive voice can be used, which have almost the same meaning.

Misceā tur. Let it be mixed. (Mix.)

Sterilisē tur! Let it be sterilized! (Sterilize!)

Detur. Let it be given out (Give out.)

Denturtalesdosesnumĕ ro... Let such doses be given out in number... (Give out such doses in number...)

Signē tur. Let it be indicated. (Denote.)

Recipes often contain formulas containing the subjunctive mood of the verb turn out, which is translated into Russian using the particle let:

Fiat– 3 l. units h. - let it work out.

Mn. number: fiant- let them succeed.

Misce, fiat pasta. Mix to make a paste.

Ut fiat – to succeed (subjective clause of purpose).

Misce, ut fiat pasta Mix to make a paste.

Misce, fiant suppositoria. Mix and make candles.

Misce, ut fiant suppositoria. Mix to make candles.

Qui querit, reperit - He who seeks finds.

Veni, vidi, vici - came, saw, conquered (Julius Caesar)

Homework: learn the material from the notes. Additionally read: § 11, 13, 15, 17, 20 (Gorodkova Yu.G. Latin language. ROSTOV on Don, 2007) Complete tasks § 12, 14 (M.F). Learn vocabulary topic 4 (Shadrina Yu.V. Basics of the Latin language. Workshop, KhSU named after N.F. Katanov, 2010)

Control questions

The Latin verb is characterized by the following concepts:

modus - mood;
tempus - time;
genus - pledge;
numrus - number: singulris - singular, plurlis - plural;
persona - face;
conjugatio - conjugation.

The mood of the verb characterizes the attitude of the action to reality. Indicative mood (mMdus indicat+vus), or indicative - is used if the action actually happened, is happening or will happen ( I walked, I walk, I will walk).

The voice of the verb shows whether someone (something) performs an action himself, or whether it is performed on him. Active voice of the verb (genus activum) - is used when a person or thing independently performs an action: Workers building a house(active voice).

The person of the verb shows who is doing the action:

· first person (persMna pr+ma) - the action is performed by the speaker or those with whom he unites himself: I walk, we walk ;

· second person (persMna secnda) - actions are performed by the interlocutor (interlocutors): you walk, you walk;

· third party (persMna tertia) - the action is performed by one or those who are not participating in the conversation: he, she, it walks, they walks .

Basics of the Latin verb (general information). Basis of infection

The Latin verb has 5 tenses. Various tenses of verbs (more precisely, tense forms) are formed from different bases the same verb (these stems may differ by alternating vowels, adding suffixes, etc.). One of these foundations is the basis of infection.

The basis of the infection serves to form forms of different times with the meaning of an action incomplete in time ( infectus - "unfinished ").

4 Latin verb conjugations

There are 4 conjugations in Latin. They differ in the final sound of the stem, to which the personal endings of the verb are added. The Latin verb forms a significant part of tense forms, like Russian: endings are added to the base of the verb (the so-called personal endings, because they distinguish between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person forms).

For verbs of the first conjugation, the stem of the infect ends in;

for II conjugation - on;

in III conjugation - on a consonant or on m ;

in IV conjugation - on + .

Among the forms formed from the base of the infect are infinit+vus praesentis act+vi (indefinite form of the present tense of the active voice), as well as praesens indicat+vi act+vi (present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice).

Infinite+vus praesentis act+vi

Infinit+vus praesentis act+vi is translated into Russian by an indefinite form of the verb (for example ., walk). It is formed from the base of the infection with the help of the ending - re :

I ref. orn-re decorate

II reference doc-re teach

At III sp. A connecting vowel is inserted between the base and the ending:

III reference teg--re cover

statu--re install

IV reference aud+-re listen

NB: It is necessary to distinguish between the infinitives of verbs II and III conjugations: in II sp. long and, therefore, stressed, in III reference. short and therefore the stress falls on the previous syllable: docre, But tegre .

Exercise 1

Praesens indicat+vi act+vi

N.B. The names of tenses should be memorized completely, because... all their characteristics are important.

Praesens indicat+vi act+vi corresponds in meaning to the Russian present tense. It is formed from the base of the infection using personal endings of the active voice:

Personal endings of the active voice:

Conjugation of the Latin verb in praesens indicativi acti:

Notes on the table:

For verbs I sp. in the form of 1 l. units h. the vowel of the base merged with the ending O :

orn-o -> orno

For verbs IV sp. in the form of 3 l. plural a connecting vowel u is inserted between the stem and ending: aud+ - u - nt .

For verbs III sp.:

· in the form of 1 l. units the ending is attached directly to the base. There is no connecting vowel: teg-o ;

· in all other forms (except 3 literal plural) a connecting vowel i is inserted between the base and the ending: teg-i-s, teg-i-t etc.;

· 3 l. plural a connecting vowel is inserted between the base and the ending m(as in IV conjugation): teg-u-nt .

Dictionary form of verbs

As mentioned above, the type of conjugation of a verb is determined by what sound its stem ends with. In practice, the basis of the infection can be obtained by discarding the ending infinit+vus praesentis act+vi from the form -re :

orn-re, the basis - orn -

Or from a 1 liter mold. units praesens indicat+vi act+vi - ending O :

tag - o, the basis - tag -.

However, it is not always possible to determine the basis of the infection using one of these forms (cf.: 1 l. unit. praes. ind. act. from ornre - orn-o, but the basis is orn; inf. praes. act. - teg--re, but discarding - re, we get tag-, and the basis - tag -).

Therefore, to accurately determine the type of verb conjugation, you need to know both of these forms: 1 l. units h. praesens ind. act. in dictionaries it is indicated first, inf. praes. act. - the last one. (Dictionaries also indicate other forms of verbs; see the lecture about them).

If the form is 1 l. units h. praesens indicat+vi act+vi differs from other forms of the verb indicated in the dictionary only by the final part, then the dictionary lists only their final elements - those that bear the difference: orno, re. Instead of orno, ornare Before getting acquainted with other basics, we will consider the dictionary form of recording verbs: orno, re decorate .

Verb sum, esse to be. Praesens indicativi of the verb esse

Verb sum, esse be- one of the most common Latin verbs. Its present tense forms are formed from different bases:

sing.	plur.

NB: Latin personal forms of verbs, unlike Russian ones, carry a clearly expressed meaning of person and number. Therefore, personal pronouns in the form N. sing. (i.e. in the role of the subject) are usually not used (for their use, see the lecture.), and verbs should be translated into Russian “together” with the pronoun corresponding to its person and number:

orno - I decorate,

ornas - you decorate etc.

Exercise 2

III conjugation verbs in -io

Verbs of III conjugation in - io(or verbs of III conjugation) end in 1 l. units h. praes. ind. act. on - io(hence the name). Infinit+vus praesentis act+vi ends in -ere (like all III sp. verbs). In praes. ind. act. they have the following conjugation system:

capio, re take

sing	pl

Formally, verbs of III conjugation change in the same way as verbs of IV conjugation, but for verbs of IV conjugation. sound + before the ending it is long, stressed, and for verbs of the third conjugation it is short, unstressed: aud+mus, But cap-mus .

Verbs III reference on - io few, but they are very common. The most common ones should be memorized:

capio, re - take
facio, re - to do
fugio, re - to run
jacio, re - throw(not to be confused with jaceo, here lie)
conspicio, re - to review .

Exercise 3

General information about latin noun

The Latin noun is characterized using the following concepts:

genus - gender (not to be confused with genus - voice of the verb):

o mascul+num - male (denoted by the letter m)

o femin+num - female (denoted by the letter f)

o neutrum - average (denoted by the letter n),

numrus - number

casus - case

Latin has 6 cases:

Nominat+vus (N) - Nominative case, nominative.
Genit+vus (G) - Genitive, genitive
Dat+vus (D) - Dative, dative
Accusat+vus (Acc) - Accusative case, accusative.
Ablat+vus (Abl) - Ablative.
Vocat+vus (V) - Vocative case, vocative.

The meaning of the Latin ablative includes the meaning of the Russian instrumental prepositional case, and also, partly, the genitive. When characterizing a noun in the ablative form, you need to call the case “ablative”, and not try to give a Russian analogue.

The vocative case is used when addressing someone. In modern Russian the vocative has been lost, but in Old Russian it existed; its remains are preserved in the form of words father! God! God! and etc.

The form vocat+vus in almost all words coincides with the form nominat+vus (with the exception of words of the 2nd cl. in - us, about which see below), so it is necessary to distinguish between them: filia cantat - daughter sings, And Filia mea! O my daughter!

I and II declension of nouns

In the Latin language of noun declensions, the first declension includes nouns ending in the form nominat+vus singulris in a. This:

 nouns female: terra earth ;

 masculine nouns with the meaning of male persons (including names): nauta sailor, Catil+na Catilina(name of an ancient Roman statesman).

The basis of words of the first class. ends in a.

NB: gender Latin noun and the corresponding Russian may not coincide! (this is typical for all declinations): silva(f)- forest(masculine).

The II declension includes:

Masculine words ending in -um in N. sing: bellum war .

masculine vir husband, man, person .

Exceptions:

Names of trees, countries, cities, islands (peninsulas) belonging to the II class. and ending in N. sing on -us, are feminine: laurus (f) laurel, Corynthus (f) Corinth(name of a Greek city), Aegyptus (f) Egypt .

Word humus soil, earth- female.

Word vulgus mob, crowd- neuter.

The stem of the second declension ends in M .

Notes on the table

Word vir husband, man, person inclines like this: G. sing. viri, D. sing. viro etc. Vocat+vus coincides with the nominative.

The concept of ending (endings are separated by hyphens in the table) in in this case quite conditionally, since the final sound of the base (directly or modified) is included in the endings. Thus, when we say, for example, that the stem of the first declension ends in, we mean that this is manifested in the endings of the case forms of words of the first declension (and not that case endings are added to the stem on).

As can be seen from the table, the I and II declensions have historically been characterized by the same endings; the differences between them come from the subsequent fusion of endings and stems.

Analogies in endings of the 1st and 2nd declensions:

· ending G. pl. in class I - rum, at II class. - Mrum. D. pl. = Abl. pl.; in both declensions this form ends in -is .

· Acc. pl. in the first class ends with -as, in the IInd on -os .

· Accusat+vus singulris in words of the I and II declensions (and in all Latin words, except neuter words of the III and IV declensions) ends in m: terram, lupum etc.

· Ablat+vus singulris of both declensions represents the basis of the inflected words “in its pure form” (ends, respectively, with - and on -M).

· Genit+vus sing. = Nominat+vus plur. (except for words of the second declension of the neuter gender).

This is an ancient ending, inherent in the common origin of Latin and Russian words cf. genders of both languages: compare window(w.r.): I.p. plural window; V.p. plural window .

In words of the 2nd class. masculine to - us form vocat+vus sing. ends with: lupus(N. sing.) - lup(V. sing.).

For proper names of the 2nd declension ending in N. sing. on - ius, as well as for words filius son And genius genius(in meaning guardian spirit) Voc. sing. ends with i : Ovidius Ovid(name of a Roman poet) - Ov-di, filius - fili .

Exercise 4

Most nouns of the second class. on - er have a fluent vowel: in indirect cases it disappears: N. sing. ag e r- G. sing. agri(cf. Russian vet e p - wind). However, there is a small group of words in which the declension is preserved (cf. Russian. evening e r - evening e ra): these are words

puer(G. sing. puri) - boy
socer(G. sing. socri) - father-in-law
vesper(G. sing. vespri) - evening
gener(G. sing. genri) - son-in-law

NB: short, therefore the stress in oblique cases is placed on the 3rd syllable from the end: puri, puro etc. (except puerMrum).

Formally D. sing. and Abl. sing. words of the II declension are the same, but they differ in the length / brevity of the final O: D. sing. ends in O (short), Abl. sing. - on M (long).

Exercise 5. Exercise 6

Dictionary form of recording nouns

In Latin, it is not uncommon for nouns referring to different types declinations, have the same endings in N. sing. (For example, lupus - wolf II declension, tempus time- III class , A fructus fruit- IV class). Therefore, to determine the type of declension of a word, along with the form N. sing., it is also necessary to know the form G. sing., because endings G. sing. differ for words of all declensions (each declination has its own ending G. sing.). Ending G. sing. is a practical sign of declination; for example, words of the first declension end in G. sing. on -ae, II declination - on i.

The system of case endings of a word is also influenced by its gender (cf.), which should also be remembered.

Thus, in order to correctly inflect a word, you need to know:

 its form N. sing.

 form of G. sing.

All these three elements are reflected in the dictionary form of recording nouns. In addition, it includes the Russian translation of the word: lac, lactis n milk(this is a word of the 3rd century).

If the form G. sing. differs from the form of N. sing. only ending, then the word is written like this: terra, ae f earth (ae- ending G. sing.). The entry is read as follows: “terra, terre, femininum” (the form G. sing. and the genus designation are reproduced in full).

If the form G. sing. has any other differences from N. sing. (except for the ending), then the final part of the form G. sing., which has undergone changes, or the entire word in G. sing. is written in the dictionary. : consuetkdo, tud-nis f habit; lex, legis f law .

Nouns are singular and only plural

In Latin, as in Russian, there are nouns that have only a singular form (including a significant part of proper names): Ovidius, ii m Ovid, or only plural: liberi, Mrum m children; castra, Mrum n(military) camp. Unlike the Russian language, words that have only plural forms have a gender (see examples), which affects their case endings: N. sing. castr(n), but libri(m).

Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions. Dictionary form of writing adjectives
I - II declensions

Like Russian, Latin adjectives change according to gender. There is a large group of adjectives that are inflected in the masculine and neuter forms according to the 2nd declension, and in the feminine form in the 1st declension. N. sing. such adjectives in the masculine gender end in - us or - r, in feminine - on - A, on average - by -um: bonus, bona, bonum good, good, good.

In the dictionary, these adjectives are written as follows: the masculine form is given in full, and then the endings of the feminine and neuter gender are given, separated by a comma (or the final elements of these forms, if they differ from the masculine form not only in the ending). Only the form mascul+num is translated: bonus, a, um good(we read “bonus, bona, bonum”), pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful(we read “pulkher, pulkhra, pulchrum”).

Among the adjectives that have N. sing. ending - r, most lose the vowel in N. sing forms. feminine and neuter. This is reflected in the dictionary form of the entry: niger, gra, grum black(read "Niger, Nigra, Nigrum"). However, among them there is a group of words in which the declension is preserved (cf. the same phenomenon in the II cl. nouns); This:

liber, ra, rum - free
miser, ra, rum - unhappy
asper, ra, rum - rough, difficult(figuratively)
tener, ra, rum - tender

singularis
m	f	n	m	f	n

pluralis

singularis			pluralis

Notes on the table

Vocat+vus sing. for masculine adjectives - us has an ending. In all other cases, the vocative coincides with the nominative.

Vowel sound in adjectives like liber- short, unstressed; the stress falls on the previous syllable, i.e. 3rd from the end of the word (except for forms of G. plur. on - Mrum): libri, librum etc.

N.B. It is necessary to distinguish the following words that are similar in spelling and sound, but different in meaning:

libr, ra, rum - free(adj.)
libri, Mrum m - children(noun, plural word only)
librum, i n - scales(noun)
liber, libri m - book(noun)

Conversion of adjectives into nouns

Some nouns are adjectives in origin (cf. Russian. "bathroom" -> "bathroom"): Romnus, a, um Roman -> Romnus, i m Roman , Romna, ae f Roman. Neuter adjectives especially often turn into nouns: bonum good -> bonum, i n good, good .

Possessive pronouns

Latin possessive pronouns

meus, mea, meum - mine
tuus, tua, tuum - yours
noster, nostra, nostrum - ours
vester, vestra, vestrum - yours
suus, sua, suum - yours

like adjectives, they change according to gender, are declined according to the 1st - 2nd declension and are written in the dictionary: meus, a, um my etc.

The pronoun meus in Voc. sing. takes the form mi: O mi fili! O my son!

Unlike Russian, in Latin the pronoun suus, a, um your used only in relation to the third person ( he, she, it, they) both numbers; with first person ( me, we) the pronoun is used meus, a, um my(singular) and noster, stra, strum our(with plural). With a second person ( you you) used tuus, a, um yours(with units) and vester, stra, strum yours(with plural parts).

In all cases these pronouns

References

Miroshenkova V.I., Fedorov N.A. Textbook of the Latin language. 2nd ed. M., 1985.

Nikiforov V.N. Latin legal phraseology. M., 1979.

Kozarzhevsky A.I. Textbook of the Latin language. M., 1948.

Sobolevsky S.I. Latin grammar. M., 1981.

Rosenthal I.S., Sokolov V.S. Textbook of the Latin language. M., 1956.

General information about the Latin verb

The Latin verb is characterized by the following concepts:

modus - mood;
tempus - time;
genus - pledge;
num_rus - number: singul_ris - singular, plur_lis - plural;
persona - face;
conjugatio - conjugation.

The person of the verb shows who is doing the action:

first person (persMna pr+ma) - the action is performed by the speaker or those with whom he unites himself: I walk, we walk;
second person (persMna secnda) - actions are performed by the interlocutor (interlocutors): you walk, you walk;
third person (persMna tertia) - the action is performed by one or those who are not participating in the conversation: he, she, it walks, they walks.

Basics of the Latin verb (general information). Basis of infection

The Latin verb has 5 tenses. Different tenses of verbs (more precisely, tense forms) are formed from different stems of the same verb (these stems can differ by alternating vowels, adding suffixes, etc.). One of these foundations is the basis of infection.

The basis of the infection serves to form forms of different times with the meaning of an action incomplete in time ( infectus - "unfinished").

4 Latin verb conjugations

For verbs of the first conjugation, the stem of the infect ends in;

in II conjugation - on _ ;

in III conjugation - on a consonant or on m;

in IV conjugation - on + .

Infinite+vus praesentis act+vi

Infinit+vus praesentis act+vi is translated into Russian by an indefinite form of the verb (for example ., walk). It is formed from the base of the infection with the help of the ending - re:

I ref. orn_-re decorate

II reference doc_-re teach

At III sp. a connecting vowel is inserted between the base and the ending _ :

III reference teg-_-re cover

statu-_-re install

IV reference aud+-re listen

NB: It is necessary to distinguish between the infinitives of verbs II and III conjugations: in II sp. _ long and, therefore, stressed, in III reference. _ short and therefore the stress falls on the previous syllable: doc_re, But tag_re.

Exercise 1

Praesens indicat+vi act+vi

N.B. The names of tenses should be memorized completely, because... all their characteristics are important.

Praesens indicat+vi act+vi corresponds in meaning to the Russian present tense. It is formed from the base of the infection using personal endings of the active voice:

Personal endings of the active voice: