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Presentation on the topic "The world of antiquity: distant and near." Message on the topic: “The beginning of human history. The world of antiquity, distant and close" Presentation on the surrounding 4 world of antiquity

Presentation on the topic "The world of antiquity: distant and near." Message on the topic: “The beginning of human history. The world of antiquity, distant and close" Presentation on the surrounding 4 world of antiquity

Let's discuss!

1. Question: compare sources on the history of primitiveness and the history of the Ancient World. Which period is more difficult to study? Why?

Answer: it is more difficult to study the period of primitive history, because There is very little information about the life of primitive people; there is no common view among scientists about how man lived at the time he was. Conclusions on the period of primitive history are mainly based on hypotheses. The history of the Ancient World is easier to study because the level of development of human society has increased immeasurably, and there remains evidence of the organization of society, both at the social and everyday levels. Writing appeared, after reading and studying which, scientists learn about the life of people in ancient times; buildings, sculptures, paintings, and household items remained. The history of the States appeared.

check yourself

1.Question: what states of the Ancient World do you know?

Answer: Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome.

2. Question: give examples of famous buildings of the Ancient World.

Answer: the pyramids of Cheops in Giza (ancient Egypt), the Lighthouse of Alexandria (ancient Egypt), the Colosseum (another Rome), the Roman Forum (another Rome), the Pantheon (another Rome), the Acropolis of Athens (another Greece), temple Apollo in Delphi (other Greece), Temple of Demeter in Eleusis (other Greece)

3. Question: how did they write in Ancient Egypt, Ancient Phenicia, Ancient Greece?

Answer: the Egyptians wrote special signs- hieroglyphs. Each hieroglyph could represent an object or several sounds. There were no signs for vowel sounds in Egyptian writing.

The Phoenicians created an alphabet in which each letter conveyed a specific consonant sound.

The ancient Greeks improved the Phoenician alphabet and added signs that represent vowel sounds.

Homework assignments

Task 2. try to come up with a “business card” of one of the ancient countries.

Answer: business card The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens could rightfully be considered ancient Greece.

Antique monument Parthenon in the Acropolis of Athens (Greece)

The Parthenon, dedicated to the goddess Athena-Parthenos (Virgin), was built as part of the Pericles program. The temple was intended as a new sanctuary for Athena. Inside, the temple was divided into two unequal parts. In the main, eastern one, there was the famous statue of Athena, made of gold and ivory. Precious stones were inserted into the eye sockets of the statue, and on the chest in the center of the shell was the deadly head of the Gorgon Medusa, made of ivory. The statue carved by Phidias was installed in the twilight of the hall intended for it - the cella, and it remained there until the 5th century BC.

The Parthenon, like other classical temples, stood on a stylobate, each of the steps of which had a height of 0.55-0.59 meters. But its grandeur does not overwhelm the viewer; this is a feature of Greek architecture, its deep humanism. The Parthenon is a classic example of a Greek temple of the Doric order, but at the same time its architecture is distinguished by a number of unique individual characteristics. The proportions of the columns and entablature, the ratio of the number of columns on the sides of the temple (the number of columns on the longitudinal side is one more than twice the number of columns of the facade, that is, 8 and 17) strictly correspond to the standards developed by classical Greek architecture. Techniques such as slight thickening and inclination of the corner columns towards the center, entasis - swelling of the column trunk, and slight bending of the stylobate step were skillfully used.

All these features were supposed to compensate for errors visual perception, since absolutely straight lines are perceived at a distance by the human eye as slightly concave. As a result, the Parthenon appears before your eyes as an ideal building with clear, harmonious lines and proportions. The Parthenon looked festive and elegant with its white marble columns and walls, topped with sculptural friezes and pediments, in which polychrome was widely used: the background of the pediments and markers was painted dark red, the frieze - blue. Against this colored background, the figures stood out especially clearly, retaining the color of marble. Their parts were also painted or gilded. The entire sculptural decor of the Parthenon was subordinated to one goal - the glorification of the native city, its gods and heroes, its people.

The temple was decorated with a frieze of fine workmanship. The theme of the frieze is the glorification of the Athenian people on the day of the celebration of the Great Panathenaia. The main, eastern pediment of the Parthenon was decorated with a composition depicting the myth of the birth of the goddess Athena. The western pediment depicts an Attic legend - about the dispute between Athena and Poseidon for power over Attica.

The statue of Athena has not survived to this day, but numerous later copies have survived, including a remarkable Roman copy exhibited in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Most of the pediment, central columns and scella were destroyed in 1687, when the Acropolis of Athens was besieged by the Venetians. The best examples of surviving sculptures are now in British Museum London are the so-called “Elgin Marbles”. Several original sculptures and fragments, along with a model of the temple, can be seen in the Acropolis Museum.

Next lesson

Question: remember which cities and states of Europe you know.

Germany (Berlin, Cologne, Bremen, Dresden, Munich...);

France (Paris, Le Havre, Rouen, Bordeaux, Nice, Toulouse, Lille...);

Austria (Vienna, Salzburg, Graz, Innsbruck...);

Italy (Rome, Milan, Naples, Verona, Venice...);

Netherlands (Amsterdam, The Hague, Gouda);

Belgium (Brussels, Antwerp, Bruges...);

Greece (Athens, Corinth, Kilkis...);

Sweden (Stockholm, Malmo, Gothenburg...);

Norway (Oslo, Stavanger, Lillehammer...);

Denmark (Copenhagen, Preste, Bramming...); and etc.

Sections: Primary School

introduce students to ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome;
develop oral speech;
cultivate interest in the subject.

Equipment:

physical map;
slides and drawings depicting famous buildings of Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome;
reproduction of the painting “The Last Day of Pompeii” by K. P. Bryullov.

During the classes

1. Organizing time, communicating the topic and objectives of the lesson.

The long-awaited call was given -
The lesson begins.
To find out the story
We need to read books.

We continue our journey through history, transporting ourselves to the Ancient World. The topic of the lesson is “The world of antiquity: distant and near.”

2. Checking homework.

The task is checked in workbook No. 4 p.4

Students tell what interesting objects they saw in the local history museum.

Several students are given written assignments using cards:

1. Describe what ancient man looked like.

2. What did primitive man do?

The rest listen to the retellings, and the assignment in their notebooks is checked.

And now we will summarize and find out where the road of history will lead us. To do this you need to solve a crossword puzzle.

Questions for the crossword.

1. One of the activities that man mastered towards the end of primitive history.

2. People learned... pottery.

3. Women and children did this.

4. What is another name for the oldest person.

5. Lighting of primitive artists.

6. The main occupation of ancient man.

(Answers: 1. Agriculture. 2. Make. 3. Gathering. 4.Primitive. 5. Torch. 6. Hunting. Keyword: EGYPT.) (slide2)

Today we will talk about the world of antiquity: ancient Egypt, ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

3. New topic.(slide3)

Who knows on the banks of which river the state of Egypt arose? (On the banks of the Nile River.)

Yes, that's right. Egypt is one of the most ancient states on earth. This ancient state arose on the banks of the Nile River, which originates in the mountains Central Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

Locate the continent of Africa and the Nile River on the map. (Children work with the map.)

Where does the Nile River flow? (Through the Sahara Desert.)

The Nile flows through the desert, but is life possible in the desert without water? (No.)

Life in the Nile Valley.

Rain in the Nile Valley is so rare that 10-12 year old children may never have seen rain in their lives. Life on the banks of the Nile was possible only because every year it overflowed and overflowed its banks. The coastal land was well saturated with water, and the water contained a lot of black silt (small rock particles and rotted plants). This silt settled on the yellow sands of the desert, and plants grew well on it - wheat, barley. The word “Egypt” itself means “black land”. Over thousands of years, thanks to the floods of the Nile, a thick layer of rich black soil formed in Egypt.

The ancient Egyptians did not yet know the explanation for many natural phenomena, including the Nile floods. Therefore, if we had asked an ancient Egyptian about the causes of floods, he would have told us about the river god Hapi, who sits in a cave guarded by a sacred serpent. Hapi holds two vessels with water. He tilts the vessels and water pours out of them. In the summer, he tilts the vessels strongly, water pours out of them in streams and ends up in the Nile. The river swells, overflows its banks and floods the entire country.

Read the text on p. 8-9 textbook. What new did you learn from this story? (The Egyptians wrote with special characters - hieroglyphs.)

Hieroglyphs are ancient pictorial signs of Egyptian writing. What else did you find interesting? (The ancient Egyptians knew how to build grandiose buildings - temples and pyramids.)

You may have already heard about the Egyptian pyramids. Which ones? (Pyramids of Tutankhamun, Pyramid of Cheops.)

In Ancient Egypt.

In Egypt, not far from Cairo, there is the largest pyramid in the world and it weighs about seven million tons. This miracle - the pyramid is the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops, its height is 148 meters. The Pyramids of Giza are one of the recognized wonders of the world. They were built without the help of any machines or mechanisms. They were built not by slaves, but by peasants who worked for the pharaoh during the Nile flood. As payment for this work, they received food, in particular, vegetable oil and clothing. Perhaps these peasants believed that by helping the pharaoh prepare for death, they would earn the approval of the gods and receive a reward upon their arrival in the kingdom of the dead. In ancient Egypt, the most famous statue of a fantastic creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man is the gigantic (length - 57 m, height - 20 m) “Great Sphinx” in Giza, carved out of rock (1st half of the 3rd millennium BC). BC) The Sphinx guarding the pyramids of Giza was one of the incarnations of the ancient Egyptian sun god. It is possible that the model for the face of this sphinx was Pharaoh Khafre. Everything that the deceased should need in the kingdom of the dead was placed next to the sarcophagus inside the tomb. Then the priests left, covering their tracks on the floor of the tomb. Sarcophagus is a coffin made of wood, stone and other materials, often in the shape of a person. (slide4)

4. Physical education minute.

Two birds flew
They're not big.
How they flew
All the people were looking.
How they sat down
All the people were amazed.

5. Work on the topic.

1. Continuation of a new topic.

Much later, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome arose. Greece is a mountainous country on the Balkan Peninsula. Show on the map.

The teacher talks about ancient Greece.

Ancient Greece. (slide5)

There is a high mountain in northern Greece called Olympus. The ancient Greeks settled their main gods on the top of this mountain. The Greeks imagined the life of the gods on Olympus as the life of a noble family that seized power over other gods and people. Zeus, the thunderer, was considered the main god among the Greek gods; the god of the sea, Poseidon, the god of the underworld, Hades, and others were subordinate to him. The Greeks depicted their gods as similar to people. For example, the god of wine Dionysus was represented as a beautiful young man, and the goddess of love Aphrodite was represented as a beautiful girl. The relationship between the gods is in many ways reminiscent of the relationship between people: they quarrel with each other, use foul language. And what happens is they fight and steal. Ancient Greek myths (tales about the gods) tell how Hermes (the god of trade) once stole cows from Apollo (the patron of art). And when Hephaestus, the blacksmith, began to intercede for his mother, the goddess Hera, who had been offended by Zeus, the thunder god pushed the blacksmith god so hard that he fell from Olympus to the ground and remained lame forever. As we see, the religion of the ancient Greeks reflected nature, on which people’s lives, occupations, and relationships between them depended. The ancient Greeks had many gods. Athena was the goddess of wisdom and just war; Poseidon was in charge of “sea affairs.” One day the Greeks decided to build new town, but couldn’t decide what to call it. The gods knew that this city would have a very long life, so Athena wanted to give the city her name, and Poseidon his. They decided to name the city after the god who would give the townspeople the best gift. Poseidon hit the rock with his trident - a spring gushed out of the rock. Greece is a hot, mountainous country, and water is very necessary there. The Greeks rushed to the source - and the water was sea, salty. The gift from the god of the seas turned out to be unusable. Then Athena struck the ground with her spear and an olive tree grew. The fruits of this tree - olives (they are also called olives) were eaten by the Greeks fresh, salted, pickled, and oil was squeezed out of them. The olive tree lives for 250 years, but produces fruit only for 16-18 years... The gift of the goddess Athena was recognized as the best, and the city was named in her honor, Athens. They say that to this day tourists are shown the mark of Poseidon’s trident and “that same” olive tree that grew from the spear of Athena. And the city of Athens still exists today. It is the capital of modern Greece.

Find on the map the capital of Greece - the city of Athens. (Children themselves find this city on the map.)

Now find the capital of Italy, the city of Rome, on the map.

Read the text on pp. 10-13

The teacher supplements the textbook material about Ancient Rome.

Ancient Rome.

Ancient Rome, the Roman Empire is the name of one of the most famous states in human history. The name of Rome is associated with the name of its founder - Romulus. We didn't know how the city of Rome actually came to be, but the legend tells it like this. In ancient times, a Latin tribe lived on the territory of modern Italy. In a small city - the state of Alta - Longa, King Numitor ruled. He was overthrown from the throne by his younger brother Amulius. To prevent Numitor's descendants from being able to claim their legal rights to the throne, Amulius ordered Numitor's son to be killed and his daughter to be made a vestal. Vestals are servants of Vesta, the Roman goddess of the hearth. They had to live at the temple and keep the fire burning in the sacred hearth. The Vestals could not marry, and Amulius hoped that Numitor's daughter would not have children. But soon the Vestal Virgin gave birth to two sons - twins. She said that their father was the god Mars. Amulius ordered the execution of the young woman, and ordered the twins to be thrown into the Tiber River. The man who carried out the order was too lazy to enter the water and left the basket with the babies on the shore. The children got hungry and cried, the she-wolf heard their cry - she fed them. Later they were picked up by a shepherd and raised as his own children. When Romulus and Remus - that's what the shepherd called the boys - grew up, they learned the secret of their birth, killed Amulius and returned the throne to their grandfather Numitor. The brothers did not stay in Alta Longa, they decided to found a new city. Each of the brothers wanted to name the city by their own name, they quarreled, and Romulus killed Remus in anger. And then he founded a city, which he called Rome (in Latin Roma) and became its first king. Legend says it happened in 375 BC. The city of Rome has stood for more than two thousand years; even in ancient times it was called the “eternal city” for its long life. (slide 6)

Work in workbooks.

S.4, No. 1

Read it.

What name for the history of the ancient world can you choose? Come up with a name. Write it down.

S.4, No. 2

Read it.

Remember the history of Ancient Egypt. What doesn't apply to her in the first line? Prove it. (Acropolis is the heart of Athens. Greece.)

Which word from the second line is the title ancient city? Prove it. (Pompeii. Karnak is a temple, the Colosseum is an amphitheater in Rome.)

Mark the correct answer with a “+” sign.

What is not an architectural structure? Prove it. (Vesuvius is the name of the volcano.)

Find a geographical name among these words. (Nile is a river.)

Mark the correct answer with a “+” sign.

And in what ancient country was the god of the desert and sandstorms, Set?

Prove it. (Ancient Egypt. If you look at the physical map of the world, we will see that Egypt is located in the desert.)

Mark the correct answer with a “+” sign. (Seth, in ancient Egyptian mythology, the god of the desert and foreign countries, brother and killer of Osiris.)

P.5 No. 3

Read it.

Come up with and draw a “business card” of one of the ancient countries.

Students complete the task. Then they tell you what they depicted on the business card.

P.6, No. 3

Read it.

Find the letters of the ancient Greek alphabet. Circle them in red. Use a hint.

Circle the letters of the Latin alphabet in a blue circle.

We continue to fill out the table.

What is the name of the era that was discussed in class? (Ancient world history).

Write the name of this era in the table.

What can be said about the duration of this era? (It goes back several thousand years.)

Enter in the table.

Find the pictures for this task in the appendix. Which of the drawings is suitable for this era? (Image of Egyptian pyramids.)

Cut out the picture and paste it into the table.

6. Consolidation of what has been learned.

On the banks of which river did the Egyptian state arise? (On the banks of the Nile.)

What is a hieroglyph? (Special characters for writing.)

Was it easy to learn this type of writing? (Not everyone could learn such writing; one hieroglyph could mean several consonant sounds, and there were no signs to indicate vowel sounds in Egyptian writing. Therefore, the Egyptians respected those who mastered sophisticated literacy.)

What do you know about the gods Ra, Sebek, Thoth? (Ra is the god of the sun, Sebek is the god of water, Thoth is the god of wisdom, counting and writing.)

Who is Pharaoh? Pharaoh - king of Egypt.)

What grandiose buildings could the Egyptians build? Temples and pyramids.)

What is the name of the largest pyramid in Egypt? (The Pyramid of Cheops.)

Name the capital of Greece. (The capital of Greece is Athens.)

The capital of which country is Rome? (Rome is the capital of Italy.)

What is the name of a high hill with steep slopes and an architectural ensemble located on it? (Acropolis is the heart of Athens.)

Name the most famous temple of the Acropolis (Parthenon is the most famous temple.)

Name the ancient buildings in the city of Rome that have survived to this day. (The Roman Forum was the center of the city’s public life. Temples, bank offices, and trading shops were located here. The Pantheon was the temple of all gods. The Colosseum was an amphitheater, served for gladiator fights and other spectacles, and could accommodate about 50 thousand spectators.)

Which city was buried under a layer of ash when Mount Vesuvius erupted? (Pompey.)

Name the artist and the painting that depicts this tragic event. (K.P. Bryullov “The Last Day of Pompeii.”)

The teacher shows a reproduction of the painting and talks about the events depicted in it.

The last day of Pompeii.

The event that the painter talks about took place in 79 AD. e., when the flourishing cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Statium were destroyed as a result of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Bryullov painted the picture over six years in Italy, after visiting the ruins of the famous Pompeii. A thorough study of excavations and literary sources, rich creative imagination helped him create a masterpiece in which the theme of death and destruction is intertwined with the theme of the high human spirit opposing it. Without losing moral strength, dignity and courage, the inhabitants of Pompeii, doomed to death,

They think not so much about themselves as about their loved ones. On the right side of the picture we see a son persuading his old mother to gather strength and run away with him; nearby a warrior and a boy are in a hurry to carry out a weak old man, and the groom saves the unconscious bride. The painting was warmly received by the artist’s contemporaries both in Italy and France, and at home. Shown in Odessa, Moscow and St. Petersburg, it aroused universal delight.

A. S. Pushkin, impressed by what he saw, wrote: “Vesuvius opened its mouth - smoke poured out in a cloud - the flame developed widely, like a battle flag. The earth is shaking - idols are falling from the shaky columns! The people, driven by fear, under the rain of stones and inflamed ashes, in crowds, old and young, are fleeing from the city.”

This painting is in the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg.

7. Summing up the lesson.

Name the states of the Ancient World.

Name some remarkable ancient buildings.

No. 4 in the workbook. Prepare a report about interesting facts about one of the states of the Ancient World (p. 5).

Bibliography.

1. Altynov P.I. A short reference book for schoolchildren. - M.: Bustard, 1997.

Millard E. History. Ancient world. - M.: Rosmen, 1997.
Papadakin V. Egypt: the land of the pharaohs. - M.: Teugra, 1997.
Chudokova N.V. I'm exploring the world. History. - M.: AST, 1997.

Ancient Egypt

Egypt, which means “black land”, is a country of mysteries. Indeed, Egyptian civilization arose suddenly, as if by magic, and this raises many questions. How did this country move from savagery to civilization?

Quite unexpectedly, developed agriculture, a high level of writing, crafts, arts, and religion appeared here after 3500 BC. The Egyptians created a perfect mythology and unique architectural monuments. Egypt attracts close attention of scientists around the world.


	Ancient buildings Pantheon in Rome
	“temple of all gods” in Rome, a monument of centric-domed architecture from the heyday of the architecture of Ancient Rome, built in 126 AD. e. under Emperor Hadrian, the architect Apollodorus of Damascus in 125 AD. Karnak, Egypt
	The largest temple complex of Ancient Egypt, the main state sanctuary of the New Kingdom. The ensemble includes temples dedicated to the Theban triad - the supreme god Amun-Ra, his wife Mut and son Khonsu. Colosseum in Rome

The amphitheater, an architectural monument of Ancient Rome, is the most famous and one of the most grandiose buildings of the Ancient World that has survived to this day. The construction of the Colosseum dates back to the reign of the Flavian dynasty of Roman emperors. Gladiator fights and baiting of animals took place in the Colosseum, the largest amphitheater in Ancient Rome. There were places for spectators around the arena. Below them were powerful vaulted galleries made of brick and concrete.
Select the correct answer and mark it with a “+”
What does NOT apply to the history of Ancient Egypt:

pharaoh, nile, + Acropolis
Find the name of the ancient city:

+Pompeii, Karnak, Colosseum
What is NOT an architectural structure:

Parthenon, +Vesuvius, Pantheon
Find the geographical name:

hieroglyph, pyramid, +Nile
Write down what chronology system existed:
a) in Ancient Egypt - solar calendar

b) in Ancient Rome - from the “foundation of Rome”

Write down the century we live in in Roman numerals: 21st century

Preview:

Topic: The world of antiquity: distant and near Target:

introduce students to ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome.Formed UUD:educational - build consciously and voluntarily speech utteranceorally and in writing;communicative - express your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication, work in a group; formulate educational objectives, determine the sequence of intermediate goals taking into account the result, anticipate the result, evaluate the quality and level of mastery of the material; personal - show a desire to learn more.

Equipment: media projector, textbook, additional literature, crosswords, cards for group work.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

The cheerful bell rang. Are you ready to start the lesson?

Let's listen, talk,

And help each other.

II. Updating basic knowledge.

Solve the puzzle:

1=T

(Pages of history)

4=P

What does this phrase tell you?

(In the last lesson we began to study the pages of history.)

What eras do scientists divide human history into?

(Primitive history, history of the Ancient world, history of the Middle Ages, history New and Contemporary times)

What is the name of the first and longest era in human history?( Primitive)

When and where did the first people appear?(About 2.5 million years ago in East Africa)

Who was man's greatest helper?(Fire)

How did primitive people live?( Together)

What were the names of these primitive groups?(Human herd)

Name the main activities of primitive people.(Hunting, gathering)

What were the first tools made of?(Stone)

What was the name of the painting that appeared at this time?(rock)

What inventions of primitive people have survived to this day?( Hammer)

The answers appear on the screen. The word ANTIQUE stands out.

III. Setting a learning task.

What word did you get?

What is antiquity?

lat. ant i quitas - antiquity, antiquity;

TO What do you think we will talk about in class today? (We will continue to talk about ancient world).

Why do you think? (To find out how a person lived, what he did, what discoveries people made).

That's right! Today we will get acquainted with the eras of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Let's learn about some of the achievements of people at this time.

IV. Solving a learning problem. Work in groups.

Here are three images. How do you think they can be related to the topic of today's lesson?

Today you will visit three Ancient States and receive new information. And I hope you can find the answer to my question. I suggest you work as correspondents in groups.

(The class is divided into groups. Each group receives a state to study. Students use a textbook, additional information, cards with questions.)

Your task is to answer the questions and then tell the main thing about the country according to plan. You look for answers in the textbook, on cards, and discuss them in a group. Choose several people from the group who will talk about the country. Determine who in the group will be the time keeper. Remember the rules of working in a group. Operating time - 10 minutes.

Card for work 1

Ancient Egypt (pp. 8-10)

1. When and where did the Egyptian kingdom appear?

Why was life possible on the banks of the Nile?

2.Who ruled the world, according to the Egyptians? Name the Egyptian gods.

What was the name of the god of wisdom, counting and writing? How was he portrayed? What do the Egyptians consider the gifts of Thoth?

3. How did the Egyptians write?

4. What structures did the Egyptians build and for whom?

Card for work 2

Ancient Greece (pp. 10-12)

1. Where is Greece? What was its name in ancient times?

Where did the ancient Greek gods live? How were they portrayed? Who was the main god?

2. Which city is the capital of Greece? Why was he called that?

3. What is the heart of Athens? What is the Acropolis?

Name the most famous temple of the Acropolis. What sculpture was in the center of the Parthenon?

4.What were the ancient Greeks interested in? What happened in the city of Olympia?

How did the ancient Greeks change writing?

Card for work 3

Ancient Rome (p. 12-13)

1. Give the date of the founding of Rome. How, according to legend, did Rome come into being?

2. How did the Romans relax? What is the Colosseum?

3.What is the Roman Forum? What is the Pantheon?

V. Group reports

Our story about one of the most ancient states on earth - Egypt . This ancient state arose on the banks of the Nile River about 5 thousand years ago. Life on the banks of the Nile was possible only because every year it overflowed and overflowed its banks. The coastal land was well saturated with water, and there was a lot of black silt in the water. This silt settled on the yellow sands of the desert, and plants grew well on it - wheat, barley. The word itself Egypt means "black land" " Over thousands of years, thanks to the floods of the Nile, a thick layer of fatty black soil.

The ancient Egyptians believed that the world was ruled by gods. Supreme God Ra - Sun God, Anubis - deity with headjackal and the human body, the guide of the dead to the afterlife, Amon - the god of air and wind, the harvest, the creator of the world, Sebek - the god of water and the flood of the Nile - a man with the head of a crocodile. Thoth was the god of wisdom, writing and counting. He was depicted with the head of an ibis bird. He invented months and years, taught him to keep track of time, and also gave arithmetic calculations and a letter.

An amazing plant grew on the banks of the Nile - papyrus. From its stems people obtained writing material, which was also called papyrus. Not all Egyptians could read and write. People called scribes wrote letters for them. Scribes were highly respected in ancient Egypt. They wrote with special characters - hieroglyphs. The hieroglyph could represent an object or represent several consonant sounds. There were no signs for vowel sounds.

The Egyptians built temples for the gods: complexes in Karnak and Luxor. The gates to the temple were in the form of high walls. Inside the temple there are courtyards with statues of gods.
Egyptian rulers, called pharaohs, were revered as gods. The land of Egypt belonged to them. Pharaoh ordered the construction of a “house of eternity” for himself during his lifetime - a tomb in the form of stone pyramids.

And now the direct inclusion of our freelance correspondents in Egypt. Attention to the screen.WATCHING A CARTOON.

The pyramids of Giza are one of the recognized wonders of the world.

The Pyramid of Cheops is the most famous, largest,its height is 148 meters. Near one of the pyramids there is a statue of a fantastic creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man, carved out of rock - Great Sphinx . This is the guardian of the eternal peace of the pharaohs.

Thanks for the interesting story.

What image is associated with Egypt?

CONCLUSION : The civilization of Ancient Egypt, one of the most ancient, lived for about 3000 years. She left architectural monuments as a legacy for descendants, scientific knowledge and much more.

VI. Exercise for the eyes.

Let's relax a little more in Egypt and then continue our journey.

VII.Group reports.

- What will the correspondents from group 2 tell us?

Much later than Ancient Egypt, the civilization of Ancient Greece arose.

Greece is a mountainous country on the Balkan Peninsula. In ancient times, this country was called Hellas, and its inhabitants were called Hellenes. It was here that the sciences and arts known today were born. There is a high mountain in northern Greece Olympus . The ancient Greeks settled their main gods on the top of this mountain. The Greeks depicted their gods as similar to people. Zeus, the god of sky and thunder, was considered the main one among the Greek gods; the god of the sea, Poseidon, and the god of the underworld, Hades, were subordinate to him.

One day the Greeks decided to build a new city, but they could not decide what to call it. The gods knew that this city would have a long life, so Athena, the goddess of wisdom and just war, wanted to give the city her name, and Poseidon his. Poseidon hit the rock with his trident - a spring gushed out of the rock. Greece is a hot, mountainous country, and water is very necessary there. The Greeks rushed to the source, and there was sea, salt water. Poseidon's gift turned out to be worthless. Athena struck the ground with her spear and an olive tree grew. The Greeks ate the fruits of this tree - olives - fresh, salted, pickled, and squeezed out oil. Athena's gift was recognized as the best and the city was named in her honor. Athens is still the capital of Greece.

The heart of Athens is the Acropolis - a high hill with beautiful ancient buildings. The temple of the goddess Athena, the Parthenon, was located here. In ancient times inIn the center of the temple stood a 13-meter statue of Athena, made of gold and ivory. The real statue has not survived to this day. But in museums around the world you can see copies recreated according to descriptions.

The Greeks took sports very seriously. Every four years sports festivals were held, called games The most important games were in the city Olympia . This is where they were bornOlympic Games.

The Greeks came up with a simpler and more convenient writing system, and letters for vowel sounds appeared for the first time. Slavic writing was also formed from the Greek alphabet.

What picture is associated with Hellas? Why?

CONCLUSION: Ancient Greece is the basis of European Culture. It was here that poetry, discoveries in medicine, science and technology, theater, and the first schools developed.

We will introduce you to history Ancient Rome.

The Romans come from that part of Europe now called Italy. The founding date of the city of Rome is considered to be 753 BC. The legend tells how this city arose: the king of Long Numitor was overthrown from the throne by his younger brother Amulius and, so that no one would lay claim to the throne, he ordered his son to be killed, and his daughter was made a servant at the temple. Soon she gave birth to two sons - twins. Amulius ordered the mother to be executed, and ordered the twins to be thrown into the Tiber River. The man who carried out the order was too lazy to enter the water and left the basket with the babies on the shore. The children got hungry and cried, the she-wolf heard the cry - she fed them. Later, the brothers were picked up by a shepherd and raised as his own children. When Romulus and Remus, as the shepherd called the boys, grew up, they learned the secret of their birth. They killed Amulius and returned the throne to their grandfather Numitor, and they themselves decided to found a new city. Everyone wanted to call it by their own name. The brothers quarreled, and Romulus killed Remus in anger. And then he founded a city, which he called Rome (in Latin Roma) and became its first king.

The Romans had about 120 national holidays a year. During these days, the Romans visited theaters. The Romans enjoyed great success in chariot racing and gladiator fights, when they fought with each other or with wild animals. The Colosseum, an amphitheater, has survived to this day.(round theater without a roof), one of the largest arenas, an architectural monument of Ancient Rome, the construction of which took 8 years. MThe Colosseum's multiple entrances are located throughout the building, allowing the public to fill the theater in 15 minutes and leave in 5.

Roman forum - a square in the center of Ancient Rome along with adjacent buildings. Temples, bank offices, and trading shops were located here. Here laws were passed, winners were awarded, money was changed. Here stood imperial palaces with marble statues, pools and frescoes.

Pantheon - “temple of all gods” in Rome. One of the features of the Pantheon is the hole in the roof. At noon, the strongest light column penetrates through it and illuminates the building from the inside.
-How is the image of twins connected with Ancient Rome?

Over time, the Romans created a powerful state.They conquered new cities, laid roads, built temples.The empire lasted until 476 AD, when the last Roman emperor was overthrown. ( Romulus Augustulus)

VIII. Consolidation of what has been learned.

1. I invite each group to solve a crossword puzzle and repeat what they heard.

Questions for the crossword:

1. King of Egypt.

2. Material for writing in Ancient Egypt.

3. The river on the banks of which the Egyptian state arose.

4. Special characters for writing.

5. Pharaoh's tomb in Ancient Egypt.

6. Capital of Greece.

7. High mountain in northern Greece.

8. Greek god of the sea.

9. The main Greek god.

10. The famous Acropolis Temple.

11. Heart of Athens.

12. An amphitheater in Ancient Rome, which served for gladiatorial fights.

13. Capital of Italy.

14. Temple of all gods in Ancient Rome.

15. God of water and the flood of the Nile in Ancient Egypt.

Read what happened? This is the name of Karl Bryullov’s painting depictingan event that occurred in 79, when the flourishing cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiae were destroyed as a result of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Bryullov painted the picture over six years in Italy, after visiting the ruins of Pompeii.

We will also take a trip to this city.(SLIDE SHOW)

Vesuvius - active volcano on South Italy . Over the entire history of its existence, it has 80 major eruptions. According to geologists, Vesuvius was silent for 15 centuries before significant date in '79. After this tragedy, the volcano fell silent again for more than 1,500 years. But on August 24, 79 residents of nearby cities were doomed. Hot lava and poisonous gases hit Pompeii at rapid speed. Everything that came in the way instantly burned.

As archaeologists determined, 54 residents took refuge in the basement of a large wholesale warehouse on the day the death of Pompeii occurred. The shelter was safe. But people did not take into account that the air was filled with gases harmful to breathing. People suffocated with hot air. Death was hastened by dust. It entered the lungs and turned into cement there. Two thousand years later these bodies were found.

Excavations of the city began in the 19th century. During the excavations it became clearthat in the cities everything has been preserved as it was before the eruption. Under multi-meter thicknessashes Streets, houses with complete furnishings, and the remains of people and animals that did not have time to escape were found.Almost the entire population died. This is approximately 16 thousand people. These days, the once beautiful city has been turned into an open-air museum. The ruins look quite peaceful. Vesuvius also looks peaceful. For now the volcano is “sleeping”, and let’s hope that the next activity will not come soon.

VIII. Summing up the lesson

The history of the Ancient World lasted several thousand years and ended in the 5th century AD.

Look at the topic of the lesson and say: why can the world of antiquity be close?(Many buildings and knowledge of antiquity have survived to this day.)

What knowledge have we discovered? (Children's statements.)

IX. Reflection

Homework

1. Page 14 holes to questions 2. RT pp. 5-6 No. 1-5.

Plan

1.Ancient Egypt
2.Ancient Greece
3.Ancient Rome.

The history of the Ancient World goes back several thousand years. During this era, there were such states as Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece.

1. Ancient Egypt

Egypt - one of the most ancient states on earth. This ancient state arose on the banks of the Nile River about 5 thousand years ago, which originates in the mountains of Central Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.

The majority of the population were farmers who worked in the fields all year round to provide food for the cities. Peasants grew wheat and barley, fruits and vegetables, as well as flax, from which they made linen.

In Egyptian cities, people could buy everything they needed for life at the bazaar. Money did not exist then, so the townspeople exchanged some goods for others.

The main transport in Ancient Egypt There were ships that sailed along the Nile River. The boats were built from papyrus, a reed that grows along the banks of the Nile. They moved with the help of wooden oars or long poles. Later, the size of the ships increased, and rectangular sails began to be installed on them.

Rainfall in the Nile Valley is so rare that 10-12 year old children may never have seen rain in their lives. Life on the banks of the Nile was possible only because every year it overflowed and overflowed its banks. The coastal land was well saturated with water, and the water contained a lot of black silt (small rock particles and rotted plants). This silt settled on the yellow sands of the desert, and plants grew well on it - wheat, barley. The word “Egypt” itself means “black land”. Over thousands of years, thanks to the floods of the Nile, a thick layer of rich black soil formed in Egypt.

Ancient Egyptians We did not yet know the explanations for many natural phenomena, including the floods of the Nile. They believed that the world was ruled by gods. Many Egyptian gods looked like animals. The sun god Ra was depicted as a man with the head of a bird. The god of water and the flood of the Nile, Sebek, was represented as a man with the head of a crocodile. The god Thoth was the god of wisdom, calculation and writing. He was depicted as a man with the head of an ibis bird. The Egyptians believed that Thoth invented months and years and taught people to keep track of time. Thoth's miraculous gifts also included arithmetic calculations and writing.

The Egyptians considered many animals sacred. They revered the lion, bull, dog, cat, kite, falcon, ibis, crocodile, cobra, scorpion, and beetle.

The Egyptians wrote with special characters - hieroglyphs . In one case, a hieroglyph could depict and mean some object. But in another case, the same hieroglyph could serve to designate one or more consonant sounds. There were no signs for vowel sounds in Egyptian writing. Not everyone could learn such writing. The Egyptians treated those who mastered literacy with respect.

The ancient Egyptians knew how to build grandiose buildings - temples and pyramids.

Pyramids were built about 4,500 years ago to serve as tombs for the pharaohs. By order of the pharaoh (king of Egypt), thousands of people worked for many years to build the pyramid. First, it was necessary to level the construction site. Each building block was then hand-cut from the quarry and transported by boat to the construction site. 2.5 million stone blocks were used to build the largest pyramid.

In Egypt, not far from Cairo, there is the largest pyramid in the world and it weighs about seven million tons. This miracle - the pyramid is tomb of Pharaoh Cheops , its height is 148 meters. Pyramids of Giza - one of the recognized wonders of the world. They were built without the help of any machines or mechanisms.

In ancient Egypt, the most famous statue of a fantastic creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man is gigantic (length - 57 m, height - 20 m) " Great Sphinx ” in Giza, carved out of rock (1st half of the 3rd millennium BC), the Sphinx guarding the pyramids of Giza was one of the incarnations of the ancient Egyptian sun god. It is possible that the model for the face of this sphinx was Pharaoh Khafre. Everything that the deceased should need in the kingdom of the dead was placed next to the sarcophagus inside the tomb. Then the priests left, covering their tracks on the floor of the tomb.

Sarcophagus - a coffin made of wood, stone and other materials, often in the shape of a person.The ancient Egyptians knew how to build grandiose temples in honor of the gods. The temple complex had halls for rituals, wide passages for processions, and was served by thousands of servants and slaves. The priests in the temples were among the most powerful people in the country. They were believed to have a special relationship with God.

The temples of Egypt are wonderful architectural monuments. Karnak Temple - without any doubt, the largest in area in the entire ancient world, - was connected to the Luxor Temple on the banks of the Nile by a paved avenue of sphinxes.

Much later than Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome arose.

2. Ancient Greece

Greece is a mountainous country on the Balkan Peninsula.

In northern Greece there is high mountain , it is called Olympus . The ancient Greeks settled their main gods on the top of this mountain. The Greeks imagined the life of the gods on Olympus as the life of a noble family that seized power over other gods and people. The main among the Greek gods was considered Zeus - the thunderer , the god of the sea was subordinate to him Poseidon , god of the underworld Hades etc. The Greeks depicted their gods as similar to people. For example, god of wine Dionysus - in the form of a beautiful young man, goddess of love Aphrodite presented as a beautiful girl. The relationship between the gods is in many ways reminiscent of the relationship between people: they quarrel with each other, use foul language. And what happens is they fight and steal.

Athens - the capital of modern Greece. The heart of Athens is temple complex on Mount Acropolis . Once upon a time there was a paved road leading up the hill. On the day of the holiday in honor of the goddess Athena, city residents climbed up it. The main events of the holiday took place on the Acropolis.

The center of the complex is Mount Acropolis was, marble temple Parthenon, dedicated to the city's patron goddess Athena

In every big city there was a theater and theatrical performances were very popular.

Greek athletes trained in preparation for sports festival, which was held in Olympia, located in Southern Greece, every 4 years. This holiday was the predecessor Olympic Games, carried out in our time. During the Olympics, any military actions were prohibited.

Already in antiquity, a simpler and more convenient writing appeared than the writing of the ancient Egyptians. The inhabitants of Phenicia came up with an alphabet in which each sound (letter) conveyed a specific consonant sound. The ancient Greeks created their alphabet based on the Phoenician script. In Greek writing, letters appeared for the first time to represent vowel sounds. The letters of the modern Russian alphabet are derived from ancient Greek letters.

3. Ancient Rome.

Ancient Rome, Roman Empire is the name of one of the most famous states in human history. The name of Rome is associated with the name of its founder - Romulus.

The Romans come from that part of Europe now called Italy. Date founding of the city of Rome counts 753 BC . Over time, the Romans created a powerful state. They conquered new cities, laid roads, built temples.

The Romans had about 120 national holidays a year. During these days, the Romans visited theaters, went to chariot races or gladiator fights. Chariot racing was a very dangerous sport. Gladiators were slaves or criminals who were trained to fight to the death in front of crowds.