2nd level of education. Principles of separation of basic and secondary general education. Secondary general education

"Basic general education“How many classes is this?” — similar question arises due to the large number of educational options for children.

In Russia, education is divided into general, vocational, additional and vocational education.

Each option also consists of several parts.

Basic general education

This is non-special and not professional education, which is the second level of school.

It lasts 5 years and includes grades 5-9 of a school, gymnasium or lyceum. During the learning process, the student receives basic (basic) knowledge in all subjects.

In front of him are:

1. 1. Before school education: this includes nurseries and kindergarten. In them children develop fine motor skills, give basic knowledge: the alphabet, numbers, seasons, etc.

It is worth noting: in some cases, training may take place in specialized centers with a more extensive program.

1. Primary education: first 4 grades of school. At this age, children receive basic knowledge that will be useful to them in the future assimilation of the material: they learn to write, read, count, learn the rules of behavior in a team, and get used to the duration of classes.

After finishing 9th grade, schoolchildren take exams (OGE or GIA), receive a diploma of completion of general education and have the right to continue it at the same school, change educational institution or go to college or technical school.

The latter options offer more specialized knowledge - this will help you enter a university later.

Secondary general education

This is the name given to the last 2 years of school, that is, grades 10 and 11.

During the training process, teenagers receive more deep knowledge in basic subjects, learn new ones (for example, economics and law), and prepare to take exams at a university or the Unified State Exam.

One of the goals is to develop independent learning skills.

It is important to know: in some countries, secondary general education lasts 3 or 4 years, which is why Russian schoolchildren have problems when entering European universities.

General education is mentioned in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in Article 43: it is the right and responsibility of all Russians. The right to receive general education is enshrined in many laws of countries.

Secondary complete education

It includes passing all 3 levels: primary, basic and secondary general education, that is, 11 grades of school.

After passing them, the student must pass final exams (USE) and receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Note: Exams in the Russian language and mathematics are mandatory (all graduates must pass them), the specialized ones (necessary for further admission to a university) are chosen by schoolchildren themselves.

In addition to school education, children and adolescents can receive additional education in sections or courses. These can be either specialized subjects necessary for further study at universities, or aimed at general development, for example, sports sections or music.

Basic general education is 5 years of school, from grades 5 to 9. This is the second stage that students have to go through, after which they must complete their studies for another 2 years and receive a complete secondary education. Basic education is a responsibility for all schoolchildren without exception.

Watch a video about an interesting non-standard model of basic general education:

As a computer scientist with a mathematical mindset, I decided to understand this problem from the point of view of mathematical logic and philosophical conclusions, formulating the following hypothesis: “You can get a quality education if and only if the quality of a person’s life is at a sufficiently high level” or to another: “The quality of education is equivalent to the quality of life.” However, for this hypothesis to become a theorem, it must be proven based on the laws of mathematical logic, statistics and personal experience.
To prove it, you need to clearly define the concepts: level and quality of education, level and quality of human life, indicators and factors of quality of life. The level of education is understood as a certain amount of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by a person in an educational institution. The quality of education is a person’s ability to implement a given amount of knowledge in practice. A person’s standard of living is a level of material well-being that is characterized by the amount of income and expenses this person. The quality of human life is a broader concept than just material security; it involves participation in the assessment of not only objective factors, such as living conditions, but also subjective factors, such as a person’s attitude towards his life and his moral satisfaction.
Thus, the quality of life directly depends on the state of human health; his social and family status; active social life; freedom of choice (political, religious); material well-being; guarantees of work and professional self-affirmation; level of education of a person.
According to the laws of mathematical logic, in order to prove the formulated hypothesis, you need to prove two statements: necessity - if education is high-quality, then life is high-quality; and sufficiency - if life is of high quality, then education is of high quality.
If the education is of high quality (that is, a person can put into practice the knowledge acquired in an educational institution), then the quality of life indicator “level of education” is quite high.
Consequently, the quality of life criterion of “getting a job and professional self-affirmation” is met, then the person will have “material well-being”, “health”, “social and family status”. After achieving all these indicators, the criteria “social life” and “freedom of choice” follow. Thus, the need has been proven.
However, we should not forget that there is a statistical error, all people are individual, their living conditions and upbringing are different, and therefore there is a so-called exception to the rule. For example, a person with good education may not find a job in his profession or the chosen profession does not bring in sufficient income, which in turn will lead to a decrease in his quality of life. Or, conversely, a person without education finds an interesting and profitable job, thereby increasing the quality of his life.
If life is of high quality, then all seven indicators are met. Each of the indicators affects the quality of the education received:
“human health” affects the productivity of learning;
the “social and family status” of the child’s parents plays an important role in the process of obtaining his education;
The quality of education is also influenced by “freedom of choice,” “active social life” of both the student and his family, and the professional self-affirmation of parents.
Of course, material well-being is one of the most important aspects in a person’s life, and even more so in obtaining a quality education; a person’s “level of education” (knowledge acquired in an educational institution) affects the quality of his education (a person’s ability to put all this into practice). Thus, sufficiency is proven.
Based on statistical data and individual characteristics people, you can find examples that refute this evidence. For example, when all the quality of life factors are met, the child may simply not have sufficient ability to learn. Or, conversely, with a fairly low quality of life, the student may have exceptional learning abilities. The so-called child prodigies, due to their low quality of life, cannot continue their studies in higher educational institutions, since the available this moment Scholarships cannot cover all of a student's expenses. However, such examples are few and can be neglected with a certain degree of error.
Thus, we can consider that the theorem has been proven. It can be paraphrased as follows: “The higher the quality of education, the higher the quality of life, and vice versa.” And it makes you think.

Yulia TITOVA, teacher of computer science and ICT KSU No. 3

Abstract: This article shows the impact educational process on the formation and development of personality, socialization, quality and standard of life, its duration. The advantages and disadvantages of the transition to a level education system in Russia are considered, a comparison is made with traditional programs training. Based on a comparative analysis, a conclusion is made about the complexity and contradictory nature of the reforms being carried out, and the need to adapt them to the national characteristics of the state.

Key words: education, level system, quality of life

THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION ON THE QUALITY AND STANDARD OF LIVING. SPECIFICITIES OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN RUSSIA.

Bakeev D.A., Berdysh I.A., Agafonova Y.O., Barycheva P.P., Belyaeva M.A.

Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Russian Federation, Moscow

Abstract: In this article the influence of educational process on the formation and development of personality, socialization, the level of quality of life and its duration is described. There are a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of transition to tiered system of education in Russia, a comparison with traditional training programs. On the basis of the comparative analysis the conclusion is made about the complexity and inconsistency of the reforms, the necessity of their adaptation to the national characteristics of the state.

Key words: education, level system, quality of life “The roots of education are bitter, but the fruits are sweet.”

This statement dates back to the 4th century. BC, belongs to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. However, it is still relevant today. The role of education in a person’s life cannot be overestimated. The process of education, i.e. Gaining new knowledge, skills, and experience about life is an integral part of a person’s successful existence. Whether we like it or not, education runs like a red thread through our entire lives, influencing the formation and development of personality, socialization, quality and standard of life, and even its duration.

Education helps a person to socialize in society, understand its ways and laws, and learn to establish contact with other people. The acquired knowledge, both theoretical and practical, contributes to the successful development of personality.

The concepts of “quality of education” and “quality of life” are in direct proportion to each other: if the quality of education improves, indicators in other areas will also increase. Only in this way can a person achieve a fundamentally different attitude towards his career and his life, since throughout its existence humanity has tried to improve its quality. This was achieved through the industrialization of society, improving human living and working conditions, and providing a variety of rights and freedoms. However, as history has shown, these measures were unsuccessful. The fact is that this concept of “quality of life” is often confused with the concept of “standard of living”. By providing a person with a higher-paying job or moving him from a village to a city, only his standard of living increases, but not his quality. The very concept of “quality of life” includes two aspects: the standard of living (material benefits) and the level of spiritual development of a person (intangible benefits). By satisfying a person’s housing needs, providing him with medical services, and increasing wages, we only improve his standard of living. To improve quality, it is necessary to diversify and provide an opportunity to satisfy also the spiritual needs of a person.

It should also be noted that education also affects life expectancy. Scientists from the Medical Research Council have proven that the mortality rate of people with a high level of education is four times lower than the mortality rate of those with little education. The influence of IQ level on a person’s health and life expectancy has been experimentally established. This is quite easy to explain: educated people better understand how to maintain their health, and therefore eat the right food, take better care of their health, and receive better medical care.

Based on the results conducted in different time sociological research, the impact can be assessed higher education for personal development in three areas:

1) in acquiring a profession; 2) in intellectual development; 3) in change social status. In the first direction, the most significant estimates are as follows:

· correspondence to vocation;

· opportunity intellectual work;

· obtaining knowledge for effective work;

· Opportunity to work in management. In the second direction:

· the opportunity to realize creative potential;

· formation of a scientific understanding of the world;

· development of skills in analyzing social life;

· mastering spiritual culture;

· work in the field of science. In the third direction:

· increase in social status;

· achieving a financial position.

The well-being of any country depends primarily on healthy and highly educated citizens, therefore, along with the healthcare sector, the education sector is extremely important for the development of the state. That is why the topic of education is always the subject of heated debate, which is no coincidence: reforms carried out in this sector are often controversial. Our country is no exception in this matter. IN Lately educational establishments Russian Federation“overwhelmed” by a wave of innovative transformations: the transition to the “bachelor” - “master” level system, new educational standards and programs, new textbooks, educational technologies, strict requirements for the educational process; practice expanded distance learning, a range of educational services and a number of other innovations that have significantly changed traditional methods teaching All these processes require serious coordination, and the results of activities require deep understanding, which is impossible without appropriate control and ongoing reforms. It is necessary, on the one hand, to coordinate the work of all structures, and on the other, to take into account the influence various factors taking into account national characteristics and the effectiveness of the methods used.

For many years, our country was dominated by the education system established back in the days Soviet Union. It was recognized by foreign countries and was rightfully considered one of the best in the world. The Soviet school was called upon not only to solve general educational problems, teaching students knowledge of the laws of development of nature, society and thinking, labor skills and abilities, but also to form on this basis the communist views and beliefs of students, to educate students in the spirit of high morality and patriotism. In the 1970s in the USSR, expenditures from the state budget on higher educational institutions amounted to 2.97 billion rubles; there were 856 universities (including 65 universities), where more than 4.9 million students studied; The state, through the distribution system, guaranteed employment and work in their specialty to every graduate of a secondary specialized and higher educational institution. Subsequently, after the collapse of the USSR, the education system in Russia underwent reform during the 1990s and 2000s.

In 2003, the Russian Federation signed the Bologna Declaration, the goal of which is to create a Single European Higher Education Area. Thus, the system Russian education began to transition to the existing two-level system for training professionals with higher education in Europe: bachelor's and master's degrees.

Bachelor's degree is a level of basic higher education that lasts 4 years and has practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the university graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with the qualification (degree) of “bachelor”. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization; he has the right to occupy all those positions for which the qualification requirements require higher education.

Master's degree is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after completing a bachelor's degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the field of study and focuses the student on research activities in this field. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - “specialty”, the program of which provides for 5 years of study at a university, upon completion of which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded a qualification (degree) in the relevant specialty. However, the “specialty” as an educational program is gradually being replaced by a two-level system, retaining the right to exist only in a few universities (as a rule, these are medical and some technical universities, as well as Moscow State University with a classical education system).

Thus, before applying to a university for one direction or another, an applicant should make a deliberate decision, based on his professional interests and personal plans for life, which program of study is best to choose.

The transition to a level education system has both supporters and opponents. In order to objectively understand the situation, you should study all the advantages and disadvantages of this system.

Table 1 below discusses the main aspects of the “specialist” and “bachelor’s” degrees, and also shows the advantages of the level education system.

Table 1

Advantages of a level education system

Specialty	Bachelor's degree
Available in selected countries	This type of qualification is accepted according to international classification and is welcomed by employers all over the world. One of the advantages new system education will recognize Russian diplomas in more than 50 countries, including almost all European countries that have signed the Bologna Convention
IN Western Europe there is no concept of a specialty, and Russian graduates often experience difficulties when applying for jobs in foreign companies	Having a bachelor's degree, a graduate can, without special problems getting a job abroad, for example, in Western Europe. In addition, there is an opportunity to obtain two diplomas (bachelor’s and master’s) during a one-time period of study.
Five years after entering university, a person receives a diploma and gains economic independence	After completing a bachelor's degree, a person has the right continue studying in a master's program, and in a different direction
Semester course of study, upon completion of the test and examination session	The modular training system promotes formation of a competent graduate, slightly lightening the student’s load (the session is taken not 2, but 4-5 times a year). Attendance at classes is strictly regulated, and each semester you must earn a certain number of points in order to be eligible to continue your studies.
More limited opportunities training for	Opportunities for international internships, training abroad to exchange experience
Most university graduates, before they even start labor activity, need retraining. Certified specialist,	During the first two years, training is conducted according to broad profile - students master and pass general disciplines, and in the third year future

for example, you have to get new profession according to the second higher education program for 2-2.5 years	bachelors need to decide on a specific
Postgraduate studies	Master's degree
Overall, it appears that master's and graduate schools must come closer together. On the one hand, students in this case have additional time to prepare a high-quality candidate’s dissertation. On the other hand, master's and postgraduate studies are contrasted with bachelor's degrees as two types of higher education intended for different tasks	A diploma that corresponds to the modern European education system, and, therefore, an opportunity to realize oneself, not limited by the boundaries of a region or country A two-level system allows a person to receive a master’s education different from a bachelor’s degree.
Prospects for continued advanced training, and therefore an opportunity for creative research activities as candidates and doctors of science	Ability to participate in international master's programs, and therefore – the opportunity for constant professional growth using advanced, including foreign, experience.

However, this system also has disadvantages, which it would be wrong not to mention. The fact is that for many years our education system had fundamental differences from the current one. By adopting the Western system, we did not take into account the provision of the Bologna Agreement, according to which it is called upon to PRESERVE the advantages and features of the national education system. That is, we are talking primarily about the unification of higher education documents. In Russia, they began to unify the systems and adopted the American one as a basis, which, by the way, is already being abandoned in the United States itself.

Critics note a number of features due to which our country cannot completely move to a level education system.

A bachelor's degree takes 3–4 years, and in Russia there are few universities that can graduate qualified specialists within this period without compromising the quality of education.

Russian teaching hours have nothing in common with Western ones, and in order to bring them into line, it is necessary to completely change the methodology of education in Russia. This happens by reducing study hours and allocating more time to self-training students. However, knowing the peculiarities of human psychology, it is easy to notice that most students need an incentive, a “push” that can be given specifically at a university.

The impossibility of transition of a number of educational institutions to the “bachelor” - “master” levels. We are talking, in particular, about students medical universities who will not have time to master all the disciplines necessary for a future doctor due to the large amount of information for such short time. The reduction curriculum may lead to the loss of certain knowledge, which is unacceptable, since people's lives depend on these students in the future.

Reduction budget places(especially for admission to master's programs). Since the majority of the population has low incomes, the lack of budget places deprives them of the opportunity to continue their studies at the next level of higher education.

We can talk for a long time about all the advantages and disadvantages of high-level education in Russia. This article discussed the most basic of them. Based on this, the conclusion follows: our country faces a long and rather labor-intensive transition to a new educational system. Certain significant changes have already been made, but we do not need to stop there. When adopting foreign technologies and methods, they should be adapted to the realities of Russian national characteristics, economics, psychology and human behavior. You should not destroy something old if it has not lost its relevance or had undeniable advantages; it is enough to modernize it.

In conclusion, it is worth mentioning the “human capital” hypothesis, according to which education is not something immediately consumed, but rather an investment in a person’s future. All the efforts spent in the past will be rewarded in the future. Therefore, it is on receiving a quality education that the further fate, both an individual and society as a whole.

Bibliography

1. Baranov S.P. Pedagogy. M.: Education, 1987. 368 p.

2. Federal state educational standards of the Russian Federation

3. Advantages of transition to a level education system. – [Electronic resource] URL http://pandia.ru

4. Youth scientific and technical bulletin//Electronic journal. – [Electronic resource] URL.

is a set of training programs and state standards, which are in constant interaction with each other. The levels of education that implement them consist of institutions that are independent of each other. Each level of institution has its own forms of organization and legal subordination bodies that control it.

Education in Russia

At all times, our country has paid special attention to education. However, with the change of centuries and political regimes, it has also undergone significant changes. So, in Soviet time the education system worked under a single standard. The requirements for educational institutions, the plans according to which training was carried out, and the methods used by teachers were uniform and strictly regulated at the state level. However, the revaluation of values ​​today has led to the fact that in the system education is underway democratization, humanization and individualization. All these terms, inapplicable in the past, have become commonplace for modern participants in the educational process. There is variability in educational programs, which allows each institution, regardless of its level, to develop its own training plan, provided that it is approved by the regulatory authority.

However, despite all the innovations, modern Russian system education remains federal and centralized. Levels of education and its types are fixed by law and are not subject to change.

Types and levels of Russian education

Today, in the Russian Federation there are such types of education as general education and vocational. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all others.

As for the level of education, this is an indicator of the mastery of educational programs at various levels, both by an individual and by the population. Educational programs, in turn, are stages of education. This indicator characterizes the real and potential capabilities of society, the state in general, and the individual in particular.

Education levels:

• general education;
• professional;
• higher.

General education

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to receive every level of general education free of charge in all government institutions. Levels of general education are:

• preschool;
• school.

School education, in turn, is divided into:

• initial;
• basic;
• average.

Each of the stages prepares for mastering educational program subsequent level.

The very first step in our country is preschool education. It prepares future students to master school curriculum, and also provides basic knowledge about hygiene, ethics and healthy lifestyles. At the same time, according to research, children who did not attend preschool, at the next level - school, they experience difficulties both in social adaptation and in mastering educational material.

All subsequent levels of education, like the preschool level, pursue a single goal - to prepare for mastering the next stage of education.

At the same time, the primary task of basic education is to master the basics of various sciences and state language, as well as the formation of inclinations to certain types of activities. At this stage of education, it is necessary to learn to independently understand the world around us.

Professional education

The levels of professional education are as follows:

• initial
• average;
• higher.

The first stage is mastered in institutions where you can obtain various working professions. These include vocational institutions. Today they are called vocational lyceums. You can get there either after 9th grade or after graduating from 11th grade.

The next level is technical schools and colleges. In institutions of the first type you can master a basic level of future profession, while the second type involves more in-depth study. You can also enter there either after the 9th grade or after the 11th grade. However, there are institutions that stipulate admission only after one specific level. If you already have primary vocational education, you will be offered training in an accelerated program.

And finally, higher education prepares highly qualified specialists in a variety of fields. This level of education has its own sublevels.

Higher education. Levels

So, the levels of higher education are:

• bachelor's degree;
• specialty
• master's degree

It is noteworthy that each of these levels has its own training periods. It should be taken into account that the bachelor's degree is the entry level, which is compulsory for obtaining the rest.

Specialists with higher qualifications in various professions are trained in such educational institutions, like universities, institutes, academies.

This level of education is also characterized by the fact that it has different forms of training. You can learn:

• in person, attending all classes and passing the sessions;
• in absentia, independently studying the course material and passing the sessions;
• part-time, when training can be carried out on weekends or in the evening (suitable for employed students, as it allows you to study without interrupting work);
• externally, here you can complete your studies whenever you see fit (this involves issuing a state-issued diploma, but it will have a note on it that you graduated from the educational institution as an external student).

Conclusion

Types of education and its levels look like this. It is their totality that makes up the education system of the Russian Federation. All of them are regulated at the legislative level by regulatory documents of various nature and content.

It should be borne in mind that the purpose of the educational system is not only that it allows one to master various professions. During the learning process, a personality is formed, which improves with each educational level overcome.