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Abram Petrovich Hannibal short biography. Hannibal Abram Petrovich - biography. Statesman Russian military engineer. Abram Hannibal: the story of the famous naturalization

Abram Petrovich Hannibal short biography. Hannibal Abram Petrovich - biography. Statesman Russian military engineer. Abram Hannibal: the story of the famous naturalization

Memories are the strongest ability of our soul. I extremely value the name of my ancestors, the only inheritance I inherited from them.

A. S. Pushkin

Alexander Sergeevich could not see his great-grandfather - his great-grandfather died 18 years before his birth. But he met his two sons. They were his great-uncles. Pushkin was brought to meet Ibrahim's eldest son, Ivan Hannibal, at the age of one in 1800, a few months before Ivan's death.

He met the second son of the Hannibals, Peter, who died in 1826, several times. The conversations with him were very interesting, and from them he learned a lot about his African relatives.

But how could African Arab blood appear in the veins of the original Russian nobles? Perhaps there must have been some kind of mysterious dramatic story leading up to this? Let's give the floor to Pushkin himself, who was keenly interested in his ancestors.

He could ask old people, his grandmother, the wife of one of Hannibal’s sons, who died in 1818. Could use “family legends.” His nanny, Arina Rodionovna, could tell him something; she was 23 years old when her great-grandfather died. For some reason, Pushkin’s parents avoided talking about this topic. Perhaps you were embarrassed? Nevertheless, Pushkin in 1826 wrote a lengthy note to the first chapter of Eugene Onegin. It states that on his mother’s side he is of African descent. His future great-grandfather, Ibrahim, was born in Ethiopia on the shores of the Red Sea. In the eighth year of his life, the boy is kidnapped, put on a ship, taken by sea, by land, by sea again and brought to Istanbul - to the court Turkish Sultan. Pushkin could not understand why the boy was taken away? But they explained to him that at that time children from the most noble families were brought to the supreme ruler of all Muslims. Ibrahim was the youngest of 19 brothers - the sons of one of the powerful, rich and influential Abyssinian princes. Kidnapped children became hostages, killed or sold if their parents “behaved badly.”

In 1703, Ibrahim found himself in the capital of Turkey. A year later, he is kidnapped again and taken out of there on the orders of the Russian ambassador in Istanbul, Pyotr Andreevich Tolstoy. (It is curious that this Tolstoy is the great-grandfather of the great Leo Tolstoy.) Of course, all this was done secretly on the orders of Tsar Peter and for Peter himself. With all precautions, the boy is transported overland through the Balkans, Moldova and Ukraine. This route seemed safer than the sea route through the Black and Sea of Azov: there the Turks could overtake the fugitives.

But why did Tsar Peter need a dark-skinned boy? It must be said that in those days it was “fashionable” to have a court little Arab. Peter not only for the sake of this fun sent secret instructions - “to get a better and more skillful black child.” He wanted to prove that dark-skinned blacks were no less capable of science and business than many stubborn Russian teenagers. In other words, the purpose here was educational. At that time, blacks were considered wild people. Tsar Peter broke prejudices and customs, he “valued heads by their abilities, and hands by their ability to create things, and not by the color of their skin!”

And now Ibrahim is being taken to Russia. On the way, he sees snow for the first time in his life! He arrived in Moscow on November 13, 1704. Further Pushkin writes: “The Emperor baptized the boy Ibrahim in 1707 and gave him the surname Hannibal. At baptism he was named Peter. But since Ibrahim cried and did not want to bear a new name, he was called Abram until his death.” (This is consonant with Ibrahim.) And by his patronymic he was called Petrovich - in honor of Peter. This is how Abram Petrovich Hannibal appeared in Russia. The famous Arab of Peter the Great!

Ibrahim's elder brother came from Abyssinia to St. Petersburg and offered Tsar Peter a ransom for him. But Peter kept his godson with him. He loved it. Until 1716, Hannibal was inseparably with the sovereign, slept in his lathe, and accompanied him on all campaigns. But even in his old age, Ibrahim still remembered Africa, luxurious life father, 18 brothers, who were taken to their father with their hands tied behind their backs so that they “would not learn to encroach on their father’s authority.” He also remembered his beloved sister Lagan, sailing in tears from afar behind the ship on which they were taking him away from Abyssinia.

In 1717, the tsar and his retinue, including the blackamoor, visited France. There they got acquainted with its sciences, art, generals and King Louis XV himself, who ascended the throne at the age of five and was already ruling the country for the second year. About this meeting, Peter amusingly writes to Empress Catherine I: “...I announce to you that last Monday I was visited by the local king, who is two fingers taller than Luka, our dwarf, a child of considerable size and stature and quite reasonable in age, who is seven years old "

Abram Hannibal was left for training in Paris. Leaving a smart dark-skinned student in France - in the center of European culture, the tsar expected a lot from him. The Tsar himself personally recommended him to the Duke of De Men, a relative of the King and the commander of all French artillery. In Paris, Ibrahim studied at a military school and was released from it as an artillery captain. Then he joined the French army. During the Spanish War he distinguished himself at the front, but was seriously wounded in the head and returned to Paris. And, as Pushkin writes, “for a long time he lived in the scattering of the great light.” Peter I repeatedly called him to himself, but Hannibal was in no hurry, making excuses under various pretexts.

Parisian life fascinated Ibrahim. Ibrahim's appearance in Paris, his appearance, natural intelligence and education (he knew four languages) aroused everyone's attention. All the ladies wanted to see the “royal blackamoor” at their place. He was invited to fun evenings and attended many dinners. And finally, the young officer fell in love. He was 27 years old. He fell in love not with anyone, but with the countess, who was famous for her beauty. Her house was the most fashionable in Paris. The cream of Parisian society gathered with her. And, as Alexander Sergeevich writes, “the countess little by little got used to the appearance of the young black man. She liked his curly head, blackened among his powdered wigs. Ibrahim did not wear a wig due to a wound on his head.” The Countess fell in love with Ibrahim!

But the tsar finally wrote a letter to his favorite, after which he immediately returned to St. Petersburg. Peter wrote to him that he “does not intend to captivate him and leaves him to his own free will - to return to Russia or stay in France. But that, in any case, he will never leave his pet.” The moved Hannibal immediately returned to St. Petersburg. The Emperor granted Hannibal a captain-lieutenant status in the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Peter was its captain. This was in 1722.

He dies three years later Tsar Peter. After his death, Hannibal's fate changed. Since 1730, the country has been ruled by the niece of Peter I, Anna Ioannovna. Together with her favorite Biron, she instills fear with executions, torture, and exile. Historians write: “Dashing winds rocked the great country, took thousands of lives, raised and toppled cheerful favorites.” They also attacked Pushkin’s great-grandfather savagely. In Pushkin’s notes we read: “Menshikov found a way to remove him from the yard. Hannibal was renamed major of the Tobolsk garrison and sent to Siberia with the task of measuring the Chinese Wall.” He was not given any serious assignments - Pushkin writes ironically about the “Chinese Wall”. But it is known that in Siberia, the experienced and conscientious engineer Hannibal erected excellent fortifications.

Having learned about the fall of Menshikov, he returned to St. Petersburg without permission at the end of 1730. There, Field Marshal Minich miraculously saves him and secretly sends him to the village of Revel - thirty kilometers from present-day Tallinn, where, as Pushkin writes, “he lived in constant anticipation of arrest.” Nevertheless, Abram Hannibal entered the service there and for two years - from 1781 to 1783 - taught at the garrison school in the Pernov fortress, that is, in Pärnu. And then he spent seven years in the village.

During this time, Hannibal managed to get married twice. The first time in 1731 was unsuccessful. He lived only a few months with the beautiful Greek woman Evdokia Dioper. Pushkin’s notes say: “My great-grandfather was unhappy in his family life. His first wife, a Greek by birth, gave birth to a white daughter. He suspected her of treason, divorced her and forced her to take monastic vows. And he kept her daughter Polixena with him, gave her a careful upbringing, a rich dowry, but never let her into his eyes.” According to the materials of the divorce proceedings, it was discovered many years later that “the husband fatally beat the Greek woman in an unusual way, accusing his wife, and, it seems, not without reason, of adultery and of trying to poison him. He kept her on guard for several years on the verge of starvation.” You can read about this tragic epic in David Samoilov’s beautiful poem “The Dream of Hannibal.” Here is one stanza from it:

O Hannibal, where is the intelligence and nobility?

Do the same with a Greek woman!

Or simply

Has a wild temper come together with a wild temper?

I still feel sorry for the Greek woman!

(And I am not a judge of a woman or a century).

His second wife, the German Christina Regina von Schaberch, married him when he was chief commandant in Reval and bore him many black children of both sexes - there were eleven of them in total. Pushkin ironically remembers her, admiring his colorful ancestors. He writes: “My own grandfather, Osip Abramovich Hannibal, my mother’s father, was born in 1744, and his real name was Januarius. My great-grandmother, his mother Khristina, who spoke Russian poorly, did not agree to call him difficult for her German pronunciation named Januarius. She said: “Shorn shorts make me shorn shorts and give them a Shertofsky name.” And instead of Januarius, she assigned the name Osip to her grandfather.”

We again learn about the further fate of Abram Hannibal from the notes of Alexander Sergeevich: “When Empress Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1741, Hannibal wrote her the gospel words: “Remember me when you come to your kingdom!” Elizabeth immediately called him to court, promoted him to brigadier, and soon afterwards to major general and, finally, to chief general. She granted him a dozen villages in the Pskov and St. Petersburg provinces. In the first - Zuevo (this is the current village of Mikhailovskoye), Bor and Petrovskoye. And in the second - Suidu, Kobrino and Thais. And also the village of Ragolu, near Revel. In 80 years, some of them will become “Pushkin places”.

Under Elizabeth, Hannibal is the most important person in the empire. In 1732 he was one of the leaders of the engineering corps. All fortification work in the Kronstadt, Riga, Pernovskaya, Peter and Paul and other fortresses is carried out “according to his judgment.” Since July 4, 1756, he has been a general engineer, that is, the chief engineer of the country! The rank of general-in-chief awarded to him in 1759 is associated precisely with this activity. He builds Kronstadt docks, Siberian fortresses, Tver canals and Estonian ports.

And yet, in June 1762, already under Peter III, Hannibal, full of energy, suddenly resigns prematurely. The emerging favorites and upstarts tried to talk down to him and even shout at him! But he was not the kind of person to tolerate this! In addition to building canals, houses, and fortresses, Hannibal was especially good at doing one more thing - quarreling with his superiors. Abram Hannibal did not want to “sit”, he wanted to “do business”! His absolute honesty, conscientiousness and uncompromisingness were especially evident under Elizaveta Petrovna. Pushkin wrote about him: “He is diligent, incorruptible and not a slave!”

Tired of complex intrigues, in 1762 he submitted his resignation. After retiring, he settled in his manor in Suida. He lived there for two decades in peace and quiet with his wife Christina, who was not only loved, but also respected by her wayward husband. She was smart, educated and well brought up. At the end of the 18th century, retired general-in-chief Abram Petrovich Hannibal was living out his days.

Alexander Sergeevich writes about him:

In the village where Petra is a pet,

My great-grandfather, the Arab, was hiding,

Where, having forgotten Elizabeth

Feasts and sumptuous vows,

Under the shade of linden alleys

He thought in the chilled years

About your distant Africa!

He is 85 years old and has outlived seven emperors and empresses. A testamentary disposition has already been made: 1,400 serf souls, many villages donated by the empress and acquired by him, and 60,000 rubles are divided among the heirs. Ibrahim Hannibal died on April 20, 1781, and was buried in Suida, near the Church of the Resurrection, next to his wife Christina, who died two months before him.

Historians write with regret that in this way he “will never know that 18 years later a child will appear in his family who will lead his descendants, friends, and ancestors into immortality!”

What was the fate of the “chicks of Hannibal’s nest”? The fate of his four sons? About the eldest son, Ivan Abramovich, who inherited the Suida manor, we will only say that he was a famous general, one of the main heroes of the naval battle with the Turks in 1770 near Navarino. Pushkin was proud that in Tsarskoye Selo the name of Ivan Hannibal was engraved on a special column in honor of Russian victories.

The second son of his great-grandfather, Pyotr Abramovich, an artillery major general, was by nature a rude, hot-tempered, unrestrained man. The life of the village of Petrovsky, which he inherited, was serfdom, full of cruelty and tyranny. Peter Abramovich’s valet recalls: “When the Hannibals were angry or if Peter Abramovich lost his temper, people were carried out on sheets.” In other words, they flogged him to death! In Petrovskoye there were serf musicians and dancers for a long time. Here for more than three decades, the landowner Peter Hannibal, the owner of one and a half thousand dessiatines of land and about 300 serf souls, lived continuously.

When Pushkin visited his great-uncle in 1817, his grandfather was 75 years old, and he lived with pleasure. His wife did not interfere with him: 30 years have passed since he drove her away and did not reconcile. They said about him that, like the Turkish Sultan, he kept a serf harem. That’s why there are a lot of dark-skinned, curly-haired arapats running around his villages.

His favorite pastime was “raising tinctures to a certain degree of strength.” He tirelessly and passionately prepared vodka and liqueurs. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin found him doing this when he first appeared in Petrovsky in 1817. Pushkin says: “Grandfather asked for vodka. Vodka was served. He poured himself a glass and told me to bring it to me. I drank and didn’t wince, and thus, it seems, I did the old arap a huge favor. A quarter of an hour later he again asked for vodka and repeated this five or six times before lunch. Then the appetizers were served.”

And then the conversations began, which Pushkin followed, Pyotr Abramovich began to talk “about an unforgettable parent”! Finally, a notebook covered in ancient German Gothic letters lies on the table in front of the grandson. This is a detailed biography of his great-grandfather, written 40 years ago. My great-grandfather saved it, then it went to his eldest son Ivan, and after his death Pyotr Abramovich received it. Now Pushkin was finally holding her. And this had considerable consequences for Russian literature. Alexander Sergeevich wrote the famous, although unfinished novel “Arap of Peter the Great”. Pushkin visited his grandfather in Petrovsky more than once. The last time he visited him was in 1825, shortly before his death.

Let us now turn to Pushkin’s own grandfather, Osip Hannibal. He was born in 1744. He inherited the village of Mikhailovskoye from his father. Starting with early years service in the artillery, he rose to the rank of naval artillery captain of the second rank. He led a distracted, disorderly life. He had a lot of debts. His strict father refused him material support and didn't want to see him.

To improve his affairs, Osip Abramovich decided to get married. And soon he married Maria Alekseevna, the daughter of the Tambov governor, a wealthy landowner. Two years later, their daughter was born - Nadezhda Osipovna, the future mother of Alexander Pushkin. The relationship between the parents was bad. The husband, in order to pay off creditors, immediately sold all the movable and immovable property received as a dowry. He led a flawed life, cheated on his wife and insulted her. It ended with the fact that in 1776 he secretly left home without saying goodbye. Maria Alekseevna went to St. Petersburg in search of her husband. But Osip Abramovich, as his wife writes, “refused to return to the family with curses.” In addition, he also managed to secretly take his one-year-old daughter Nadya away from his wife’s house. He did this for the purpose of blackmail. Maria Alekseevna, having learned about this, immediately sent him a letter in which she agreed to “separate forever” under the only condition: that her daughter remain with her. The girl was returned.

But Osip Abramovich decided to marry a second time to improve his affairs and did a number of unscrupulous, criminal acts for this. Pushkin wrote softly about him: “My grandfather’s African character, ardent passions, combined with terrible frivolity, drew him into amazing delusions.” In order to formalize the second marriage, he used a forged document stating that Maria Alekseevna had died. In January 1779, he managed to get married without receiving a divorce from Maria Alekseevna. The indignant Maria Alekseevna ensured that the matter of her husband’s unseemly, outrageous act reached the empress. Catherine II approved the final decision on it: “First, Maria Alekseevna Hannibal should be considered his legal wife. Secondly, Osip Hannibal’s second marriage with Ustina Tolstaya should be considered destroyed and she should not be recognized as his legal wife. Third, for the crime committed by Osip Hannibal - entering into a second marriage while his wife was alive - send him on ships to the Mediterranean Sea, so that there he could atone for the crime he committed through service and repentance.”

Returning from the voyage, Osip Abramovich twice tried to appeal to the empress, complaining and challenging the transfer of all estates near St. Petersburg for the maintenance of his ex-wife and daughter as unfair. But complaints and petitions did not yield results, and he was forced to spend the last fifteen years of his awkward, chaotic life alone in Mikhailovskoye, somehow managing his considerable household: he had 2,000 acres of land and about 400 serf souls. He died in 1807, younger than the other Hannibals; he was 63 years old.

His daughter Nadezhda Osipovna, well raised by her mother, married in 1796 the modest lieutenant of the Izmailovsky regiment Sergei Lvovich Pushkin. She was well-read, witty, knew how to dress with taste and spoke fluent French. On May 26, 1799, their first son, Alexander, the future brilliant Russian poet, was born!

About the life of the Pushkins in Moscow in early XIX centuries, their acquaintances tell: “Two or three years before the French, in 1809-1810, they lived cheerfully and openly, and the old woman Hannibal, Maria Alekseevna, was in charge of everything in the house. She took it all housekeeping concerns to myself. She knew how to run a house properly. She took care of the children more than her parents. She also found a nanny for them - her serf Arina Rodionovna. And later she received mamzels and teachers and taught them good Russian herself.”

The grandmother was especially attached to her eldest grandson. When dark, curly-haired Alexander was nine or ten years old, she said about him: “He is smart, a lover of books, but he studies poorly, rarely when he passes his lesson in order. He rushes from one extreme to another - he has no middle ground.” His grandmother loved him more than other children, but she told him: “What a naughty man you are! Mark my words, don’t blow your head off!”

The wise grandmother seemed to have foreseen the sad end of the life of the great-grandson of the Arab Peter the Great, Ibrahim Hannibal.

HOW TSAR PETER DIDN’T MARRY ARAP
Ibrahim Hannibal. "Arap" of Peter the Great. Who he really was.
Historical mini-essay by Alexander Morozov ©

Everyone knows that Tsar Peter I had a “blackamoor.”
Well, at least because we all studied at school, and there in the literature textbooks it is written in black and white that our great poet Alexander Pushkin descended from this very “Arap”. He also immortalized the name of his extraordinary ancestor in the story “Arap of Peter the Great.” His name was Ibrahim Hannibal. Or in full: Ibrahim Petrovich Hannibal.
Where did he come from, this mysterious person, which appeared so unexpectedly in Russian history? What was his life like, what was he like? We can immediately say that it is by no means the same as director Alexander Mitta once presented him to us in the famous film “The Tale of How Tsar Peter the Arap Married.” Let's start with the fact that Tsar Peter did not marry his “blackamoor.” Could not. The great Russian reformer emperor was no longer alive when Ibrahim Hannibal put a gold ring on the elegant finger of his first wife. And there was also a second one. The same one from which the famous Pushkin family descended.
When the nineteenth son was born to the Abyssinian prince in 1697, no one imagined what an amazing fate awaited him.
As a child, the boy had to be sent to Constantinople, to the court of the Turkish Sultan - as a hostage to the loyalty of his entire tribe. There he served in the seraglio.
Although this is only the most common version. Historians and ethnographers are still arguing about the exact origin of Peter the Great’s “blackamoor.” Even the famous writer Vladimir Nabokov searched for the true homeland of Pushkin’s great-grandfather, suggesting that early biography Ibrahim Hannibal is just a legend that he himself invented when he achieved ranks and weight in society in Russia. So he came up with a “noble” family tree for himself. In fact, he, the most ordinary and rootless, was kidnapped in Cameroon and brought to Turkey by slave traders, who sold him to the seraglio.
This portrait, which is in the National Museum in Paris, is often attributed to the young Ibrahim Hannibal. In fact, of course, this is how he might have looked in his time, but the author of the portrait was born 17 years after the death of “Arap Peter the Great” and could not have seen the original.
But be that as it may, it was at this time in distant Russia that Tsar Peter, who, as we know, was a great lover of wonders, decided to replenish them in an original way. At that time, there was a fashion in Europe for “little blacks.”
Handsome black boys in richly embroidered suits served at the balls and feasts of nobles and even kings. So Peter also demanded that a “blackamoor” be found for him. The problem had to be solved by the Russian envoy in Constantinople.
The journey of a little black wanderer to distant and cold St. Petersburg began. The king liked Ibrahim for his lively mind, quickness and “aptitude for various sciences.” Gradually growing up, Ibrahim played the role of a servant, valet and even secretary of the Russian emperor. Until 1716, he was constantly with the king, becoming his favorite, although there were other black servants at court.
But Peter I was Great for a reason. He was great in everything, even in his eccentricities. Noticing great diligence and intelligence in the “little black”, he sends the matured Ibrahim to Paris to study military affairs.
At that time, in Europe, by order of Peter, there were many boyars and nobles “minds” who, often, did not want to learn anything except “politeness” and gluttony. By sending Ibrahim there, Peter, as if in mockery of the noble loafers, wanted to prove that diligence and diligence in science can make even an African savage educated person, officer, statesman.
And young Ibrahim justified the hopes of his godson. Now he called himself Ibrahim Petrovich, after Peter I, who baptized him. The “Arapchon” at the Russian court adopted the Christian faith, the biblical name Abram, the patronymic from his great godson Peter, and the surname from the famous Carthaginian commander, conqueror of the Romans. This showed another of Peter’s eccentricities (or wisdom?), he wanted his young favorite to accomplish great things. Ibrahim left Russia with a letter of recommendation from Peter I personally to the Duke of Men, a relative of Louis XV, who commanded the royal artillery.
The king was not mistaken. Young Ibrahim persistently studied mathematics, engineering, ballistics, fortification, completing his military education with the rank of artillery captain. He completed his “practice” by taking part in the Spanish War, where he showed courage and was wounded.
This kind of start to a career was exactly what the king wanted to see in his pets. He demanded his pet back to Russia, but Ibrahim suddenly got stuck in Paris. The city of love, eroticism, and intimate pleasures lured him into its network. Somebody is no longer young
The (and married) Countess has her eye on a handsome black youth.
The scandal was hardly hushed up. The real husband, the count, who did not suspect anything, was sent away during the birth, and the black baby was replaced with a white one, taken from some poor family. The black baby was handed over to be raised “in safe hands.”
Nobody knows what happened to this firstborn of Ibrahim, and did he even exist?
After all, Pushkin’s story “The Blackamoor of Peter the Great,” where this alcove plot is described, is a free literary work, not a biography, and, moreover, not finished. Although Alexander Sergeevich carefully and with great enthusiasm collected information about his exotic ancestor, he did not find him during his lifetime and wrote down everything from the words of his relatives. So whether Ibrahim’s French romance with Countess “D” actually took place, or whether it was Pushkin’s romantic invention, one can only guess.
One thing is clear that Ibragim Petrovich was not a Casanova; he did not particularly chase skirts. He was more concerned about his career and serving the throne. Returning to Russia and being kindly treated by Peter, Hannibal devotes himself entirely to service. He continues it even after the death of his powerful godson, under Catherine I, Anna Ioannovna, Elizabeth - in total he survived seven emperors and empresses!
The only (and even still debatable) portrait of General-in-Chief I.P. that has reached us. - Hannibal
painting by unknown artist Ibrahim Petrovich did not have to fight anymore. All my later life
he built: fortresses, docks, arsenals.
He carried out fortification work in such famous buildings of the Peter and post-Petrine era as Kronstadt and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Disgrace and a short exile to Siberia happened in the life of Ibragim Petrovich,
but even there he continued to build, and upon returning, he gained rank, honor and wealth. Under Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, he reached the peak of his career: in 1759 he received a higher education military rank
(above only - marshal) - “general-in-chief”, Alexander ribbon on the chest and heads the imperial engineering corps.
The personal life of Ibrahim Petrovich turned out to be neither smooth nor even, just like his career. Alien to frivolous novels, he approached marriage as a practical necessity - procreation. When Ibrahim Hannibal had his first marriage in St. Petersburg in 1731, Tsar Peter was no longer alive, so he could not arrange the wedding of his black pupil. All this is just the director’s free imagination, and Pushkin’s novel, as already mentioned, is not a real biography of “Arap Peter the Great.”
In fact, the story of Ibrahim's first marriage was not at all romantic, as in the film, but very dramatic for both parties. Hannibal's first chosen one was the beautiful Greek woman Evdokia Dioper, the captain's daughter galley fleet Andrey Dioper. In fact, it was her father himself who matched Evdokia to a “blackamoor.” Although he is black, he is rich and in rank.
But the happiness of the “young” did not last long. Evdokia married against her will.
She had another fiancé, the young naval lieutenant Alexander Kaisarovich, whom she loved and literally before her wedding to Ibrahim she deliberately gave herself to him, which later became known. And in marriage, she took revenge on her black husband as best she could. The family had to leave for the city of Pernov, where Hannibal received a new “highest” appointment. Meetings with Evdokia and Kaisarovich stopped willy-nilly, but a new lover quickly found himself in the marital bed - a young conductor (lowest naval officer rank) Yakov Shishkov.
Soon Evdokia became pregnant. Ibrahim was looking forward to his first child.
But a girl was born. White. Although this happens in “black and white” marriages, Hannibal flew into an indescribable rage. He gave free rein to his fists and stick, and his unfaithful wife experienced the severity of severe beatings.
But the offended cuckold did not stop there. Taking advantage of his position, he achieved the imprisonment of Evdokia in a dungeon, under the pretext that she, in collusion with a young lover, tried to poison him. However, under the circumstances described here, this cannot be ruled out. Ahead of events, we note that a loving Greek woman ended her life in a monastery.
Ibrahim, disappointed in his marriage, however, did not remain alone for long. He was quickly presented with a new candidate for bride. This time she turned out to be the flexible and faithful Christina Regina von Schaberg, the daughter of an officer of the Pernovsky regiment, a German. There were many Germans in Russian military service at that time. She will become the great-grandmother of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, in whom African, German and Russian blood was mixed.
In 1736, Ibrahim Petrovich legalized his relationship with Christina by officially marrying her. But at the same time, he was still formally in his first marriage; he was not soon able to get a divorce. So, for several years Ibrahim Petrovich was a bigamist. One must think, only him high position allowed us to avoid scandal and troubles associated with this. Although the punishment did follow, it was quite mild - according to the church line, penance was imposed on him, and according to the civil line, a fine. The divorce from Evdokia was finally finalized only in 1753.
Ibrahim’s marriage with Christina turned out to be extremely strong and fruitful: five sons and four daughters! All are black or very dark. But already the second generation of “Hannibals” began to acquire European features and skin color.
The mixture of hot African and cold German blood produced amazing results. Among the numerous “Hannibals” there were blue-eyed, blond, black-eyed, dark-skinned - different ones.
One of the sons of Ibrahim Petrovich, Osip Abramovich, served in the navy and married Marya Alekseevna, the daughter of the Tambov governor. They had a charming daughter, Nadezhda. Nadezhda Osipovna was called “a beautiful Creole” in the world. She had dark hair, dark eyes and “yellow” palms - signs of African genes.
In 1796, the “beautiful Creole” gave her hand and heart to the humble lieutenant of the Izmailovsky regiment Sergei Lvovich Pushkin, and on May 26, 1799, their son Alexander, our great poet, was born.

Most of the “Hannibals” of the first and second generations were long-lived.
The founder of the famous family died at the age of 85, two months after his faithful Christina left him, passing into another world. He retired in 1761 and spent the long, twenty-year rest of his life in seclusion on one of his many estates...
"Where, having forgotten Elizabeth
And the courtyard, and the magnificent vows,
Under the shadow of linden alleys

He thought in the chilled years About his distant Africa" So I wrote about him

Alexander Morozov.

2010

Military historical archive website
About the author:
Morozov Alexander Valentinovich, born in 1957. Graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Moscow State University. He worked in various Moscow media, for a long time he headed the international department of the newspaper Moskovsky Komsomolets (MK
). Writer.

Founder and editor of the website website
Story of the essay: Published in 2010 in the magazine "VIM - Magazine" -

a magazine distributed by airlines.
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and nofollow. HANNIBAL ABRAM PETROVICH, entered the French army, participated in the Spanish War, was wounded in the head and rose to the rank of captain. Returning to Russia in 1723, he was assigned to the Preobrazhensky Regiment as an engineer-lieutenant of a bombardment company, the captain of which was the Tsar himself. After the death of Peter, Hannibal joined the party dissatisfied with the rise of Menshikov, for which he was sent to Siberia (1727) to move the city of Selinginsk to a new location. In 1729, it was ordered that Hannibal’s papers be taken away and kept under arrest in Tomsk, giving him 10 rubles a month. In January 1730, Hannibal was appointed major in the Tobolsk garrison, and in September he was transferred as a captain to the Engineering Corps, where Hannibal was listed until his retirement in 1733. At the beginning of 1731, Hannibal married a Greek woman, Evdokia Andreevna Dioper, in St. Petersburg and soon was sent to Pernov to teach conductors mathematics and drawing. Having come out against her will, Evdokia Andreevna cheated on her husband, which caused persecution and torture from the deceived. The case went to court; she was arrested and kept in prison for 11 years, under terrible conditions. Meanwhile, Hannibal met Christina Sheberg in Pernov, had children with her and married her in 1736, while his wife was alive, the litigation with whom ended only in 1753; The spouses were divorced, the wife was exiled to the Staraya Ladoga Monastery, and Hannibal was subject to penance and a fine, although the second marriage was recognized as legal. Having entered the service again in 1740, Hannibal went uphill with the accession of Elizabeth. In 1742 he was appointed commandant of Revel and awarded estates; was listed as a "actual chamberlain." Transferred back to the Corps of Engineers in 1752, Hannibal was appointed to manage the delimitation of lands with Sweden. Having risen to the rank of general-in-chief and the Alexander Ribbon, Hannibal retired (1762) and died in 1781. Hannibal had a natural intelligence and showed remarkable abilities as an engineer. He wrote memoirs on French, but destroyed them. According to legend, the opportunity to choose military career Suvorov was obliged to Hannibal, who convinced his father to yield to his son’s inclinations. Hannibal had six children in 1749; Of these, Ivan took part in the sea expedition, took Navarin, distinguished himself at Chesmo, founded Kherson (1779), died as general-in-chief in 1801. The daughter of Hannibal’s other son, Osip, was the mother of A.S. Pushkin, who mentions his descent from Hannibal in the poems: “To Yuryev”, “To Yazykov” and “My Genealogy”. See Helbig, "Russische Gunstlinge" (translation in "Russian Antiquity", 1886, 4); "Biography of Hannibal on German in the papers of A.S. Pushkin"; "Autobiographical testimony of Hannibal" ("Russian Archive", 1891, 5); Pushkin, "Genealogy of the Pushkins and Hannibals", note 13 to Chapter I of "Eugene Onegin", and "Arap of Peter the Great"; Longinov, " Abram Petrovich Hannibal" ("Russian Archive", 1864); Opatovich, "Evdokia Andreevna Hannibal" ("Russian Antiquity", 1877); "Vorontsov's Archive", II, 169, 177; VI, 321; VII, 319, 322; "Letter from A.B. Buturlin" ("Russian Archive", 1869); "Hannibal's Report to Catherine II" ("Collection Historical Society"X, 41); "Notes of a noble lady" ("Russian Archive", 1882, I); Khmyrov, "A.P. Hannibal, the Blackamoor of Peter the Great" ("World Work", 1872, ¦ 1); Bartenev, "Pushkin's Birth and Childhood" ("Notes of the Fatherland", 1853, ¦ 11). Compare instructions from Longinov, Opatovich and in "Russian Antiquity "1886, ¦ 4, p. 106. E. Shmurlo.

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

Biography

There is still a lot that remains unclear in the biography of Hannibal. The son of a sovereign prince (“neger” of noble origin, according to the notes of his youngest son Peter), Ibrahim (Abram) was probably born in 1688 (or) in Africa. Traditional version (coming from a friend of Pushkin German biography Hannibal, compiled by his son-in-law Rothkirch) linked the homeland of Peter the Great's Arab with the north of Ethiopia, probably from the ethnolinguistic group of Ethiopian Jews or Amhara, however, research by the Sorbonne graduate Benin Slavist Dieudonné Gnammanku (author of the book Abram Hannibal, who developed Nabokov's idea) identifies his homeland as the frontier modern Cameroon and Chad, where the Logon Sultanate of the Kotoko people, who are descendants of the Sao civilization, was located. In the eighth year of his life, he was kidnapped along with his brother and brought to Constantinople, from where Raguzinsky brought the brothers to Savva as a gift to Peter I, who loved all sorts of rarities and curiosities, and had previously kept “araps.” According to alternative version(Blagoy, Tumiyants, etc.) Abram Petrovich was purchased by Peter the Great around 1698 in Europe and brought to Russia.

Hannibal’s contribution to the development of potato growing in Russia is well known. The first potato bed appeared in Russia under Peter the Great. The first Russian emperor grew potatoes in Strelna, hoping to use them as a medicinal plant. In the 1760s, Catherine II decided that the “earth apple” could be used in times of famine, and instructed Abram Hannibal, who was familiar with this crop, to start growing potatoes on his estate.

Thus, the Hannibal estate “Suida” became the first place in Russia where first small and then extensive potato fields appeared, which soon moved to the territories of neighboring estates.

At first, the peasants were very wary of the “earth apple,” but in some years the potato saved them from hunger, and distrust in it gradually disappeared.

Hannibal's attitude towards serfs was unusual for that time. In 1743, leasing part of the village of Ragola to Joachim von Thieren, he included clauses in the contract prohibiting corporal punishment of serfs and increasing the established norms of corvee; When von Thieren violates these clauses, Hannibal terminates the contract in court.

Hannibal had a natural intelligence and showed remarkable abilities as an engineer. He wrote memoirs in French, but destroyed them. According to legend, Suvorov owed the opportunity to choose a military career to Hannibal, who convinced his father to yield to his son’s inclinations.

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// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

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See what “Hannibal, Abram Petrovich” is in other dictionaries: Hannibal (Abram Petrovich) Arab of Peter the Great, Negro by blood, great-grandfather (maternal) of the poet Pushkin. There is still a lot that remains unclear in the biography of Hannibal. The son of a sovereign prince, Hannibal was probably born in 1696; kidnapped in the eighth year... ...

Biographical Dictionary - (c. 1697 1781) Russian military engineer, general chief (1759). Son of an Ethiopian prince. Valet and secretary of Peter I. Great-grandfather of A.S. Pushkin, who immortalized Hannibal in the story Arab of Peter the Great... Big

encyclopedic Dictionary - (Ibrahim) (about 1697 1781), Russian military engineer, general chief (1759). Son of an Ethiopian prince; from 1705 in Russia. Valet and secretary of Peter I, accompanied him on campaigns. Participated in the construction of a number of fortresses; from 1756 general engineer,... ...

General Anchef, "Arap of Peter the Great", great-grandfather of the poet Pushkin, was the son of a sovereign Abyssinian prince, a Turkish vassal, and was born in the mountains. Lagone (northern Abyssinia). His year of birth is not known exactly: according to Pushkin, it turns out that... ... Large biographical encyclopedia

Hannibal Abram (Ibrahim) Petrovich [about 1697, Lagon, Northern Ethiopia, 14.5.1781, Suyda, now Leningrad. region], Russian military engineer, general chief (1759), great-grandfather (maternal) of A. S. Pushkin. The son of an Ethiopian prince, taken hostage by the Turks and in 1706... Big Soviet encyclopedia

- [This article is printed instead of an article on the same subject, which is not complete enough and incorrectly calls Hannibal Hannibal] Arab of Peter the Great, Negro by blood, great-grandfather (maternal) of the poet Pushkin. There is still a lot in G.’s biography... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Plan:

1 Biography
2 A.P. Hannibal in works of literature and cinema
3 Gallery

Introduction

Abram Petrovich Hannibal (Ibrahim Petrovich Hannibal, “Arap of Peter the Great”) - Russian military and statesman, great-grandfather (maternal) of the poet Alexander Pushkin.

1. Biography

There is still a lot that remains unclear in the biography of Hannibal. The son of a sovereign prince (“Niger” of noble origin, according to the notes of his youngest son Peter), Ibrahim (Abram) was probably born in 1688 (or 1696) in Africa. The traditional version (coming from the German biography of Hannibal, familiar to Pushkin, compiled by his son-in-law Rothkirch) connected the homeland of Peter the Great's Arab with the north of Ethiopia, probably from the ethnolinguistic group of Ethiopian Jews or Amhara, but the research of the Sorbonne graduate of the Benin Slavist Dieudonne Gnammanku (author of the ZhZL book "Abram Hannibal" who developed the idea of Nabokov) identify his homeland as the border of modern Cameroon and Chad, where the Logon Sultanate of the Kotoko people, who are a descendant of the Sao civilization, was located. In the eighth year of his life, he was kidnapped along with his brother and brought to Constantinople, from where in 1705 Savva Raguzinsky brought the black brothers as a gift to Peter I, who loved all sorts of rarities and curiosities, and had previously kept “araps.”

In the Vilna Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa, the boys converted to Orthodoxy (in all likelihood, in the second half of July 1705); His successors were Tsar Peter (who gave him both his patronymic and surname “Petrov”) and Queen Christiana Ebergardina of Poland, wife of King Augustus II. Ibrahim received the Russified name of Abram, his brother - the name of Alexei. One of the memorial tablets on the current church building reminds of this. The text reads:

In this church, Emperor Peter the Great in 1705 listened to a prayer of thanks for the victory over the troops. Charles XII gave her the banner that was taken from the Swedes in that victory and baptized in it the African Hannibal, the grandfather of our famous poet A.S. Pushkin.

Abram's brother, Alexey Petrovich (named so, apparently, in honor of Tsarevich Alexei), did not make a career, served as an oboist in the Preobrazhensky regiment, was married to a serf of the exiled princes Golitsyn and was last mentioned in the late 1710s; in the Hannibal family the memory of him was not preserved, and his existence became known only from the archives of Peter the Great’s time in the 20th century.

Abram Petrovich was “inseparably” near the king, slept in his room, and accompanied him on all campaigns. In documents he is mentioned three times along with the jester Lacoste, but since 1714 Peter I entrusts him with various assignments, including secret ones, he becomes the Tsar's orderly and secretary. In 1716 he went abroad with the sovereign. At this time, Abram received a salary of 100 rubles a year. In France, Abram Petrovich remained to study; After spending 1.5 years at an engineering school, he entered the French army, participated in the Spanish War (War of the Quadruple Alliance 1718-1719), was wounded in the head and rose to the rank of captain. Returning to Russia in 1723, he was assigned to the Preobrazhensky Regiment as an engineer-lieutenant of a bombardment company, the captain of which was the Tsar himself.

After the death of Peter, Hannibal (he chose to bear this surname from the late 1720s, in honor of the famous ancient Carthaginian commander Hannibal) joined the party dissatisfied with the rise of Alexander Menshikov, for which he was sent to Siberia (1727). In 1729, it was ordered that Hannibal’s papers be taken away and kept under arrest in Tomsk, giving him 10 rubles a month. In January 1730, Hannibal was appointed major in the Tobolsk garrison, and in September he was transferred as a captain to the Engineering Corps, where Hannibal was listed until his retirement in 1733.

At the beginning of 1731, Hannibal married a Greek woman, Evdokia Andreevna Dioper, in St. Petersburg and was soon sent to Pernov to teach conductors mathematics and drawing. Married against her will, Evdokia Andreevna cheated on her husband, which, according to one version, caused persecution and torture from the deceived. According to another version, Hannibal, seeing a child - a fair-skinned and blond girl, accused his wife of treason, after which she tried to poison him with the help of conductor Shishkov. The case went to court; Shishkova was soon found guilty, and she was arrested and kept in prison for 11 years in terrible conditions. Meanwhile, Hannibal met Christina Schöberg in Pernov, had children with her and married her in 1736 while his wife was alive, presenting a court order on punishment for adultery as evidence of divorce. In 1743, Evdokia, who had been released on bail, became pregnant again, after which she submitted a petition to the consistory, in which she admitted her past betrayal and herself asked to divorce her from her husband. However, the litigation with Evdokia ended only in 1753; The spouses were divorced, the wife was exiled to the Staraya Ladoga monastery, and Hannibal was imposed penance and a fine, however, recognizing the second marriage as legal and finding the military court guilty, which made a decision on the case of adultery without considering it by the Synod.

Having entered service again in 1740, Hannibal went uphill with the accession of Elizabeth. In 1742 he was appointed commandant of Revel and awarded estates; was listed as a “actual chamberlain.” In the same year, Elizabeth granted him palace lands in the Voronetsky district of the Pskov province, where Hannibal founded an estate, later called Petrovskoye. In 1745, Hannibal was appointed to manage the delimitation of lands with Sweden. Transferred in 1752 again to the Engineering Corps, he became the manager of the Engineering part of all Russia, led the construction of the Tobol-Ishim line of fortifications, fortifications in Kronstadt, Riga, St. Petersburg, etc. In 1755 he managed the construction and maintenance of the Kronstadt Canal, at the same time founding a hospital for workers on the canal, a little later opens a school in Kronstadt for the children of workers and craftsmen. August 30, 1760 awarded the order St. Alexander Nevsky. Having risen to the rank of general-in-chief, Hannibal was dismissed (1762) and died in 1781.

Thus, the Hannibal estate “Suida” became the first place in Russia where first small and then extensive potato fields appeared, which soon moved to the territory of neighboring estates.

At first, the peasants were very wary of the “earth apple,” but in some years the potato saved them from hunger, and distrust in it gradually disappeared.

Hannibal had six children in 1749; Of these, Ivan took part in a naval expedition, took Navarin, distinguished himself at Chesma, by decree of Catherine II he carried out the construction of the city of Kherson (1779), died as general-in-chief in 1801. The daughter of Hannibal’s other son, Osip, was the mother of Alexander Pushkin, who mentions his descent from Hannibal in the poems “To Yuryev,” “To Yazykov,” and “My Genealogy.”

2. A. P. Hannibal in works of literature and cinema

The life of Hannibal (with a number of literary assumptions) is told in the unfinished work of A. S. Pushkin - “The Blackamoor of Peter the Great”
Based on this work, a film was made - “The Tale of How Tsar Peter Married an Arab”, the plot of which has little relation to historical reality.
Mikhail Kazovsky "Heir of Lomonosov", historical story, 2011

3. Gallery

Literature

“Vorontsov’s Archive”, II, 169, 177; VI, 321; VII, 319, 322
Bartenev, “Pushkin’s birth and childhood” (“Otech. Notes”, 1853, No. 11)
“Biography of G. in German in the papers of A. S. Pushkin”
Hannibal A.P., Drevnik A.K. Autobiographical testimony about the origin, arrival in Russia and service: Pushkin’s great-grandfather, Abram Petrovich Hannibal and Peter the Great’s orderly, Andrei Kuzmich Drevnik / Communication. and comment. A. Barsukova // Russian Archive, 1891. - Book. 2. - Issue. 5. - pp. 101-104.
Gelbig G. von. Russian chosen ones / Trans. V. A. Bilbasova. - M.: Military Book, 1999. - 310 p.
“Report to G. Catherine II” (“Collected Historical Society” X, 41)
“Notes of a Noble Lady” (“Russian Arch.,” 1882, I)
Longinov M. Abram Petrovich Hannibal // Russian Archive, 1864. - Issue. 2. - Stb. 180-191.
Mikhnevich V. O. Pushkin’s grandfather. (Tragic-comedy of the end of the last century) // Historical Bulletin, 1886. - T. 23. - No. 1. - P. 87-143.
Opatovich S.E. Evdokia Andreevna Hannibal, first wife of Abraham Petrovich Hannibal. 1731-1753 // Russian antiquity, 1877. - T. 18. - No. 1. - P. 69-78.
“Letter from A. B. Buturlin” (“Russian Arch.,” 1869)
Pushkin, “Genealogy of the Pushkins and Hanibals”, note 13 to Chapter I of “Eugene Onegin” and “Arap of Peter the Great”
Khmyrov, "A. P. Hanibal, Peter the Great's arap" ("World Work", 1872, No. 1)
Wed. instructions from Longinov, Opatovich and in “Russk. old." 1886, no. 4, p. 106.
D. Gnammanku. Abram Hannibal: Pushkin's black ancestor. Series "ZhZL". Moscow, Young Guard, 1999.
V. Pikul “Word and Deed”
Helbig, “Russische Günstlinge” (translated in “Russian Star”, 1886, 4)

Notes

Gordin A. M. But still Hannibal // Temporary journal of the Pushkin Commission / USSR Academy of Sciences. OLYA. Pushkin. commission - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1993. - Issue. 25. - pp. 161-169 - feb-web.ru/feb/pushkin/serial/v93/v93-161-.htm
Labor: PUSHKIN - HE IS PUSHKIN IN AFRICA - www.trud.ru/article/17-01-2002/35411_pushkin--on_i_v_afrike_pushkin/print
WHERE WAS HANNIBAL KIDNAPPED [NG-100 (1916) dated June 04, 1999, Friday] - www.uni-potsdam.de/u/slavistik/zarchiv/0699wc/n100h161.htm
CAMEROON - THE GREAT HOME OF A. S. PUSHKIN - hghltd.yandex.net/yandbtm?url=http://max-raduga.livejournal.com/79823.html&text=Logon Sultanate

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