Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet. Exempt from paying fees for a place in a dormitory
School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences
Concept
When creating a fleet in an initially land-based country, the main task, undoubtedly, is the training of naval personnel. Inviting foreign masters, Tsar Peter strove to prepare his own, Russian specialists as quickly as possible, dreamed of “inventing the shortest and most capable way to introduce science and train his people as quickly as possible,” and, of course, he was impatient to replace foreigners at the shipyards and on the decks of warships. It didn’t work out quickly, not always, and not everything. In the first quarter of the 18th century, the personnel problem emerged as the need to speed up the training of officers and crew training, which turned into a grandiose task of introducing the people to the sea.
A new century for Russian naval forces began with the organization educational institution with a naval twist. Historians have repeatedly suggested that attempts to organize maritime training had been made earlier at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. V. Berkh, without any particular reason, attributed the role of organizer to A.L. Ordyn-Nashchokin (Berkh V. Lives of the first Russian admirals. Part 1. St. Petersburg, 1831. P. 45-46), which is not excluded, since he was the organizer of the construction ships and Caspian trade navigation.
But only after the return of the Great Embassy, an environment arose around the king, within which an atmosphere of reverence for the sea developed, an understanding of the need to create a maritime school emerged, and an idea of what it should be was formed. People appeared who were able to take on part of the solution to this problem, the first of them were F. Lefort, F. Golovin, V. Bruce.
“Sretenskaya in Zemlyanoy Gorod” tower (it was called Sukhareva after the death of Peter I after the Streltsy Regiment of Lavrentiy Sukharev) stood on the outskirts, on a high place. Co observation platforms the towers allowed an unobstructed view of the horizon, which is important when studying astronomy. The dimensions of the building in plan were approximately 42x25 m. The total area of the three floors, excluding internal walls, reached 2394 sq. m. m. In the upper tier there were classes and the “Rapier Hall” with 19 axes - window openings, here they practiced fencing, gymnastics, etc. In the lower floor of the building, in the vaulted chamber, there was a large copper globe, brought to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from Holland, with From 1733 to 1752 it was stored in a barn next to the tower. On the western side, a wooden barn was added to the Sukharev Tower, where a model of a sailing ship was placed to study the structure of the ship. The students arranged themselves in an amphitheater around him. Ship in special occasions taken to processions, for example in 1722 and 1744.
F. Benoit. Sukharev Tower, 1846
In the hall of the Navigation School, a troupe of actors from Danzig, together with schoolchildren, staged secular comedies, and the sovereign was sometimes present at the performances. This was Yagan Kunsht's troupe of nine comedians, who performed in 1702-1704. on the Red Square. Music was played in the tower galleries at admiral's hour, in the evening and before dawn.
Ya. Bruce worked in the Sukharev Tower, his library was kept here, there was a cabinet of mathematical, mechanical and other instruments, as well as “nature” - animals, insects (insects), roots, all kinds of ores and minerals, antiquities, ancient coins, medals, carved stones , personalities and in general both foreign and domestic “curiosities”. Bruce instructed Pastor Gluck, who was captured along with Martha Skavronskaya (in Orthodoxy - Ekaterina Alekseevna, from January 28, 1725 - Catherine I), to compile a list of all objects and books.
Jacob Bruce
From the platforms the towers were made astronomical observations. Bruce organized an observatory in the tower, equipped it with instruments and himself taught observations to those who wished, including Tsar Peter himself, to determine the longitude of a place by observation. solar eclipses. Peter instructed Bruce to inform him of upcoming eclipses and personally observed the eclipses of March 22, 1699, May 1, 1705, and possibly others. Teacher A.D. Farvarson, on behalf of Peter, was engaged in pre-calculation of the time of eclipses, compiled astronomical calendars, prepared teaching aids in astronomy and mathematics.
Directorate of the Navigation School
The school was transferred to the department of the Armory Chamber, where records of all artisans were kept. Its head, Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin, admiral general, also became the first head of the Navigation School, a kind of chief manager. The actual management and supervision of the state of affairs at the school was entrusted to the clerk of the Armory Chamber, Alexei Alexandrovich Kurbatov. The former slave of boyar B.P. Sheremetev, who accompanied him on a trip to Italy, received this position for submitting the idea of issuing stamp, or “eagle”, paper, long invented in the West. Sometimes he is called the secretary of the Arsenal, mistakenly identifying the Arsenal with the Armory. In 1705, A.A. Kurbatov headed the Burmist Chamber and the Town Hall, and this ended his leadership of the Navigation School.
The navigation school had a general education direction, and its full name - School of Mathematical and then Navigational Sciences - was not given to it by chance. The school did graduate young people “into all branches of service, military and civilian,” who required knowledge of some scientific information, mainly geometry and geography. After the death of F.A. Golovin in 1706, Admiralty Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin was elevated “to his level” (Letter of Peter I to F.M. Apraksin dated March 11, 1707 from Zholkva), but he only managed the naval department.
By decree of February 22, 1707, the Navigation School was ordered to be a member of the Prikaz navy. Apraksin’s attempts to manage the School in the interests of his department were stopped by Peter in a letter dated August 3, 1708: “Mr. Admiral! ...You can see for yourself what good there is in that, that not only does naval navigation need this school, but also artillery and engineering...” The school was supported by fees contributed by the courtiers to the Order of the Navy (Admiralty Order), and the same money was used to support students sent overseas. In 1714, the amount of fees was 22,459 rubles, and for maintenance School of Engineering only 3037 rubles were released. (Decree (PSZ. Part I, vol. 4. No. 2542 dated June 9, 1712); Part I, vol. 5. No. 2798 dated April 16, 1714. From the list of clothes purchased for the schoolboy Shchukin, one can judge , that for the students they determined a French uniform, consisting of a caftan, camisole, shirt, stockings, shoes and a hat (Tkacheva N.K. On the history of the Navigation School // Soviet archives. 1976. No. 2. P. 93). in the uniform of an artillery school student, she looked luxurious.
Peter I examines the recruits
Magnitsky Arithmetic, Kipriyanov Library and Printing House
At the time of the founding of the Navigation School, Magnitsky and Kipriyanov, residents of the Kadashevskaya Sloboda, which stretched across the river opposite the Kremlin, were in the field of view of its organizers. An interesting extract has been preserved: “On the 1st day of February, Ostashkovite Leonty Magnitsky was taken into the records of the Armory Chamber, who was ordered, for the sake of the people, to publish a book of arithmetic through his work in the Slovenian dialect. And he wants to have the Kadashevite Vasily Kiprianov with him for the sake of quickly publishing the book. About which he admitted that he had some knowledge and desire in those sciences. According to his report, his great sovereign, by command, he, Vasily, was taken to the Armory on the same February 16th day and, through teachers of mathematical schools, testified about the art of the above-mentioned sciences. And according to the testimony of him, the great sovereign, the decree was written down in the Armory Chamber of his, the great sovereign, and he was ordered to quickly complete the publication of that book in whatever way he could assist Magnitsky, in which he worked on the very completion of that book.”
Three weeks later they received money from the Armory Chamber. But they went down in history separately: Magnitsky as the author of the unique “Arithmetic”, and Kipriyanov as a librarian and typographer. In 1705, he headed the established Civil Printing House, which printed educational literature, as well as the first Russian educational maps. He compiled a tabular version of the mathematics textbook “A new method of arithmetic, pheorics or visual, composed with questions for the sake of a convenient concept” - a visual way to study theoretical arithmetic. Kipriyanov’s isolation or independence is visible in the example of the library he created, which originated from the book warehouse of a printing house with a monopoly right of trade. Vasily Kipriyanov received the title of librarian from the sovereign.
Taking into account the people with whom he interacted, the printing house and library are sometimes attributed to the Navigation School (Magnitsky) or to the Artillery Order (Bruce). In fact, the printing house was created on the personal initiative of its director, existed as a commercial enterprise in the period from 1705 to 1722, the business he started was continued in 1723 by his son Vasily, and the experience of its activities was taken into account when creating new centers of Peter the Great's book printing.
The printing house of Vasily Anufrievich Kipriyanov was famous for its publication geographical maps and secular books. Bruce translated Christiaan Huygens's book Cosmoteoros (1698, published 1717, 1724), which outlined the essence of the Copernican system and Newton's theory of gravitation. In Russian translation it was called “The Book of the World View”. Kipriyanov published a map of the starry sky and mathematical and geographical textbooks for navigators. Kipriyanov’s maps, created not without the influence of Y.V. Bruce, reflected the latest achievements of world geographical thought, but with Russian amendments, which is written on the maps: “I pray and ask, even if there are sins in these maps, correct them with your hand. We ask for forgiveness” (See: P. Pekarsky. Science and literature in Russia under Peter the Great. T. II. Description of Slavic-Russian books and printing houses 1698-1725. St. Petersburg, 1862). By the happy will of fate, the first correctors of his works were the students of the Navigation School.
Educational process at the Navigation School
It is believed that the school had two primary preparatory classes: Russian and digital schools. However, the “Russian school” appeared in the minds of historians due to an inaccurate interpretation initial stage education – native language schools. The native language was not studied at the Navigation School; Thus, on June 18, 1710, the ruler of the admiralty office, Belyaev, wrote to Count Apraksin: “Soldiers’ children are admitted to school if they can not only read, but also write, since it is impossible to be ignorant of letters.” Another thing is the digital school. In the list of students studying maritime science, the school in 1705 consisted of 198 people, of whom 134 studied “tsifiri” (mathematics), 64 completed the navigation school (Materials for the history of the Russian fleet. Part 3. St. Petersburg, 1866. pp. 295-300, 304). The majority completed the course in 5 years; those who stayed too long were sent to become soldiers or sailors.
The teachers at the school were mathematics professor Andrei Danilovich Farvarson and navigators Stefan Gvyn and Richard Grace. Professor Farvarson was considered a master, the other teachers were apprentices. From the report of A.A. Kurbatov: “...only Farvarson takes his work seriously,” and “the other two, although they are called navigators, know much less about their science than Leonty (Magnitsky. - V.G.)” (Quoted from : Solovyov S.M. Works: in 18 books. Book 8, vol. 15. M., 1993. pp. 1347-1348).
Kurbatov spoke particularly poorly of Grace, describing him as worthless and that teacher Farvarson did not like him. In January 1709, at five o'clock in the morning, Grace went to visit, or rather was returning from visiting, and on Sretenka, next to the school, he encountered robbers, they robbed and killed him (S. M. Soloviev, History of Russia. Book. III. St. Petersburg, 1911. P. 1346. Letters from Kurbatov to Golovin and Peter I, see: Veselago F.F. Essay on the history of Morsky. cadet corps. Note 44).
Teaching took place in English, and students English language owned poorly. Only the Russian 30-year-old literate L.F. Magnitsky taught arithmetic, geometry and trigonometry in his native language. His course was based on the textbook “Arithmetic” he wrote, the last part of which was devoted to navigation. In 1712, the teacher Protopopov was mentioned. It is known about the remaining teachers that they all come from graduates of the same school.
Students sequentially studied geometry (“land surveying”), plane geometry, stereometry, and in parallel trigonometry and drawing. The students wrote on slate boards with slates. All senior students in the upper classes, as well as school graduates, were called navigators. They studied geography, diurnals (keeping a navigation journal), flat and mercator navigation.
In the then definition, “flat navigation is rectilinear navigation on a flat superficio of the sea (Latin superficio - surface). On long journeys across the sea, it is impossible to really hope for this, because this shipping, in its use, means the earthly superficies to be a flat square, and not a spherical body.”
Round navigation “is the shortest navigation of all”, it arose because the line on the ball is curved when projected onto flat map, which should be taken into account when plotting a course on the Mercator map. Geography, which studies the body of the earth in conjunction with its properties celestial bodies- this is what was then called cosmography. The most capable students mastered spherics - spherical trigonometry, the basis of mathematical geography and marine astronomy; these students grew up to be navigators and surveyors.
Book teaching sea navigation
In 1701, Abraham de Graaf’s “Book Instructing Sea Navigation” was published in Amsterdam; I.F. Kopievsky translated it, and he also published it. The book contained brief information from mathematics, cosmography, geometry and geography. It talked about dots and circles celestial sphere, about the compass, about correcting the points (a point in maritime navigation is a measure of the angle of the horizon circumference, divided into 32 points) (reduction to the true meridian), about sea charts, about determining latitude from the altitudes of the sun and stars (a table of declinations for 32 years was attached ), about the current of the sea. Many foreign words in the book are translated into Russian: tools - utensils, equator - layout, zodiac - life-giving circle and horizon - eye. But foreign terminology has taken root. The equator, for example, began to be called “linea equinocucialis” - a line equidistant from the poles.
Mordvinov Semyon Ivanovich
For drawing, schoolchildren used plan and Gantir scales (Plan and Gantir scales are special graphs for solving navigation problems. See: Mordvinov S.I. Book of the complete collection about Navigation... Part 4. St. Petersburg, 1744), simple and tripod compasses. Goniometer tools: radii (?), sectors, quadrants, nocturnals. There were books of sea paintings (geographical maps) - atlases.
Book by S.I. Mordvinov
The main goniometer tool is a grad rod. Gradient rods of various designs consisted of a rod itself with a scale in degrees and a movable cross member; in principle, they determined the angle by its tangent. A quadrant (90 degree sector) is similar to a protractor with a plumb line. Nocturnals were used to determine time at night. Were in the arsenal technical means training and astronomical tubes.
Gradstock
Navigators were trained in the use of instruments, calculations using astronomical and math tables and keeping a ship's log. The great difficulty was studying the spar and sail control; to make things easier, there were mock-ups. True fanatics who were in love with this difficult but romantic profession could successfully master the maritime trade. Studying was intense. Teachers were responsible for academic performance and reported “those who completed science” to the Naval Order, and later to the Admiralty. Holidays were established for Christmastide, then summer holidays were added - from July 15 to August 15. From 1711, from the best school students, they began to choose tens to supervise their own brethren, “so that these schoolchildren do not get drunk and do not absent themselves from school without permission, fight with anyone and do not offend anyone in anything.”
Composition of students
Initially, the Navigation School was designed for 200 students, and although in 1701 only four students entered there, which was associated with the move to the Sukharev Tower, by July 1702 the planned number of students was recruited, and this number continued to grow. By January 1703, there were already 300 people (Materials for the history of the Russian fleet. Part 3. pp. 295-300; Vedomosti. 1703. January 2. In 1710, after another sovereign pressure, 250 people enrolled in the school, from of them: from noble families - 41, children of guards soldiers - 209. The following year, 500 students aged 15 to 33 years were recruited, in 1712 - 538 people. Ultimately, the school became the largest practical school in Europe.
Of the 200 people of the first composition, 15% were aged 13-17 years, 71% were 18-23 years old, the remaining 14% were over 23 years old. The school accepted not only the children of nobles, but also clergy, townspeople and other persons (only the children of serfs and working people were not accepted). In 1705 greatest number the students consisted of children of clerks (hunters and grooms) and church workers; The children of nobles and even boyars also studied; in 1715 from total number 427 there were more children of soldiers and non-commissioned officers - 194, of nobles - 116.
According to data from 1708, in all disciplines, courtiers (nobles) predominated among successful students, since many of them received training at home. However, in the future, flat navigation was studied by 15 people from the townspeople, and the boyar and soldier children were equally divided - 9 each; One of the soldiers' children studied spherics, but none of the boyar children, which suggests that they were transferred to the upper classes not according to class, but according to ability. Only one nobleman was responsible for perfecting circular navigation.
Until 1711, the children of courtiers studied and voluntarily left for the Senate: Prince F.N. Gagarin, Prince I.V. Volkonsky, A.P. Verderevsky, P.I. Bartenev, A.P. Doroshenkov, I.I. Kaisarov , A.I.Kaisarov. They are considered to be on the run. But, judging by the Kaisarovs and Verderevsky, they had some good reasons for this, which did not prevent them from later becoming excellent sailors and founders of maritime dynasties.
In 1712, teacher Protopopov compiled a statement dated March 17: in total there were 517 people in the school, 15 people were sent to St. Petersburg, to engineering science 6 were sent, 10 were sent to architectural affairs. 50 people were ready to be sent “for science overseas”, 170 “for engineering science”.
From the Order of the Navy, 22 people were sent to study the maritime profession in 1707, in 1709 - 28, in 1710 - 6. Not a lot, considering that in 1711 there were 311 navigators who graduated from the school initial course navigation. This means that the bulk of the students entered this class from outside (Report of teacher Protopopov dated March 17, 1712). As a result, from 1701 to 1716, 1,600 people studied at the school, of which 400 later served as sailors, non-commissioned officers and navigators, in the artillery - gunners, gunners, and guards. Mastering a profession from the lowest level was common even for nobles.
The training of sailors was not limited to training at a navigation school. To continue their studies, young people were sent abroad. It was not excluded practical training on domestic ships.
Graduates of the Navigation School
The first students left the school in 1703, when an order was given to send two people from among the best students to Voronezh “for the sake of teaching sailors.” The first official graduation took place in 1705 - 64 people. In 1706, Denis Kalmykov went to England and returned 7 years later (future admiral). Thanks to another inaccuracy of Golikov, who portrayed Denis as a natural Kalmyk in the service of Maxim Spafariev, the episode with their participation ended up in the novel by A.N. Tolstoy, and then in the film “Peter I”. In fact, Denis Kalmykov and Maxim Spafariev were abroad in different years. Denis Spiridonovich belonged to noble family Grigory Stepanovich Kalmykov, solicitor at the court of Tsarina Praskovya Feodorovna, and no one during the entire service of Admiral D.S. Kalmykov noted Kalmyk traits in him. The only truth was that Spafariev really did not make a sailor.
Kalmykov Denis Spiridonovich
In 1707, the scribe's son Ivan Kirilov (1689-1737) graduated. At the age of 13 he came to the Navigation School (1702), completed his studies in Amsterdam and London, in 1712 he served as a freelance scribe in Yelets, in the same year he was transferred to St. Petersburg and from 1715 for 20 years he led all cartographic activities in the country.
In 1708, Stepan Vasilyevich Lopukhin (1685-1748), cousin of Queen Evdokia, graduated from school; continued his studies in England. Pyotr Kalinovich Pushkin, the son of steward Kalina Gavrilovich, was assigned as a volunteer to the navy and in 1710 was sent to Holland. Fyodor Soimonov studied at school for 3 years (from 1708 to 1711) and 5 years in Holland, known as the first Russian hydrographer.
Soymonov Fedor Ivanovich
By 1715, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences had trained about 1,200 specialists in various fields. At the same time, according to the decree of December 20 (Decree of December 20, 1715, Named, announced from the Senate. On the expulsion of noble children to the St. Petersburg school (PSZ. T. 4. No. 2968)), the division began into the Navigation school and Maritime Academy, the students were transferred to St. Petersburg. The Emperor indicated: “Which there are children of noble persons in Russia, all of them, from 10 years old and above, should be sent to the St. Petersburg school, and not sent to foreign lands, and so that these minors are sent away this winter.”
The question of who and where studied at this time and where they completed their studies is extremely confusing. Fyodor Luzhin, “a young church child,” was allowed to finish his studies at school. Semyon Chelyuskin, an orphan, was sent to St. Petersburg in October 1715 and was soon returned back as an “unnoble person.” 20-year-old Ivan Borisov, son of the Evreins (Russified Swede Yagan Rodilgusov), was already studying “Mercatorian navigation” in January 1716, but soon, in mid-February of the same year, among 135 students, he went to St. Petersburg to be assigned to the Naval Academy. This number included Stepan Malygin (at school in 1711-1715), three Koshelev brothers and recently enrolled 15-year-old Pyotr Chaplin, Alexey Chirikov and his cousin Ivan.
Arriving at school on February 23, 1716, 14-year-old Vasily Pronchishchev, the son of the hero of the Crimean campaigns (1687-1689), asked to be transferred along with his cousins: Alexander, Peter and Mikhail, but he was refused. Magnitsky placed him in the same class as Chelyuskin. Vasily studied diligently, and already in the fall of 1717 he, together with the Chelyuskins, was sent to the Naval Academy. Pyotr Skobeltsyn, a gifted young man, went to St. Petersburg at the end of 1718, when a geodesy class was opened there.
It is clear that Magnitsky collected gifted children and especially nurtured them. In total for 1715-1716. 305 students of the School of Mathematics and Navigation left Moscow for the Maritime Academy. Mark Antipovich Golovin entered school in 1719, Dmitry Leontievich Ovtsyn as a 17-year-old boy - in January 1721. After mastering the compulsory " mathematical sciences“Both entered the Navigation Academy in 1722. Of the 394 students in 1724, by April 1725 only 180 remained. From 1724 to 1727, the head of the Navigation School was Ipat Kalinovich Mukhanov, one of the first Russian captains. Then the management of the school again passed to Magnitsky, who taught at the Navigation School for 38 years, until last days life. He was replaced by Ushakov.
The School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences brought the greatest benefit: it gave the army and navy many officers - engineers, artillerymen, sailors and other specialists. Some went to the navy or other industries, others stayed at school, where they helped professors, and then became teachers. The transfer of the highest navigation class to St. Petersburg did not break the connection between the Sukharev Tower and the fleet. It was still called the “school of Admiral Count Apraksin”, or the Admiralty school. The school took on a preparatory character and supplied students to the Naval Academy or naval artillery, as well as engineering and artillery schools.
Nartov Andrey Konstantinovich
School graduates were needed everywhere. After graduating from school, A.K. Nartov invented the world's first lathe with a caliper. There were also architects among the graduates. For example, the Russian architect Ivan Fedorovich Michurin (1700-1763) from the Kostroma province entered the school to study in 1718, and upon graduation he was apprenticed to the architect N. Michetti, who in those years worked on the construction of a palace in Strelna near St. Petersburg. Then he studied in Holland, and in 1731 he moved to Moscow, where he began drawing up a plan for the city, which received the name Michurinsky. In 1733-1741 A graduate of the school, the future “chief Moscow architect” Dmitry Vasilyevich Ukhtomsky, worked under his leadership. In the 1720s. The famous architect Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky studied at the school (born into a family of Moscow nobles in 1709 or 1713), and in 1729 he was transferred to the Naval Academy, from where he fled...
Ukhtomsky Dmitry Vasilievich – Red Gate
Chevakinsky Savva Ivanovich – St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral
Since 1723, only noblemen were admitted to the school (now called the “Moscow Academy”). After Peter in 1727, out of the established set of 500 people, only 181 were available. The “old-timers,” who pretended to study for years, were ordered to be sent to sailors, the rest to be checked, and those who had completed their studies to be sent to St. Petersburg to the Admiralty Collegium for determination. The remaining ones should be supplemented to 500 from minors from 12 to 17 years old and determine the training time. In 1726, only 6 people got into the Admiralty College, the rest, adding years to 17 years, went to the regiments.
In 1731, Mikhail Lomonosov, who arrived in Moscow, visited the school: “... he popped into the digital school that was in the Sukharev Tower, but this “science” seemed not enough to him” (Morozov A.A. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. M., 1955. P. 112); The coryphaeus was lying - he was not accepted as a non-nobleman, and on January 15 he submitted an application for enrollment in the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, where he introduced himself as the son of a priest.
The story continued. In 1734, a graduate of the Navigation School, Secretary of the Senate Ivan Kirillovich Kirilov, was going to go to the southeast, to the Ufa province, to put in order the southeastern border of the Russian state. By decree of the Empress, he was ordered to be “a priest from among the scientists from the Spassky school or someone worthy.” On September 2, 1734, the rector of the Moscow Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, Archimandrite Stefan of the Spassky School Monastery, nominated a 23-year-old student of the school of rhetoric, Mikhail Lomonosov, as a candidate. But then it turned out that Lomonosov’s father, Vasily Dorofeev’s son, was not the priest of the Church of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Kholmogory, but was a simple peasant paid a capitation salary. The meeting of the two great sons of Russia did not take place.
In 1731, a school enrollment of 100 people was established. In this form, the Moscow Mathematical, or, as it was also called, the Admiralty School or Academy, continued to exist until 1752. Then the Admiralty Office was transferred from the Kremlin to the Sukharev Tower, which existed here for quite a long time - until 1806.
Slide 7. -Read the order of the head of the Navigation School, Admiral Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin.
“Every midshipman is required to take part in the exercise. During this you should:
- Study the prescription.
- Complete the task from the best students of the school.
- Collect the card."
Well, are you ready to go through the exercises? Then go ahead.
Slide 8. – Read the prescription
“Split into 3 teams. Choose a commander, assign roles. Get the task.
For quality work, commanders will receive points in the form of a token and a map fragment. You will need it for the field training in the next lesson. At the end of the trip, summarize the work done and count the number of points scored. And choose the winning team. I wish you success!"
Slide 9. – Get your first task from Navigation School graduate Semyon Chelyuskin. In the future, this is a polar explorer. He became famous for discovering the northernmost place in continental Eurasia, which was later named his honor Cape Chelyuskin.
“Dear guys! Arrange the fractions in descending order and you will find out who you will be today."
4 4 4 4 4
180 188 200 108 98
E M A D A
4 4 4 4 4 4
100 208 218 89 228 280
R R I G N S
What word did you come up with?
Who are midshipmen?(If the question caused difficulty, then turn to the dictionary)
Slide 10. This is what the students of the Navigation School were called. In French, midshipman means naval guard. I congratulate you. Today you have all been awarded this title.
Let's summarize the results of the 1st competition.
What is the purpose of the task? -Did you manage to assemble the word correctly? -Did you do everything correctly, or were there any mistakes or shortcomings? -What rule did you use when completing this task? Evaluate your work.
For this, the team receives a token and a map fragment.
Slide 11. You will receive your next task from Alexey Chirikov, a navigator who was one of the first to explore the northwestern coast North America, northern part Pacific Ocean and northeast coast of Asia.
“Dear midshipmen! Help my team get together trip around the world. Answer the questions of the blitz tournament.(Gives evaluation criteria)Whose team raises its hand faster and says the correct answer receives a token for each solved problem. Whoever has the most tokens is the winner.
Slide 12. “My team took geographic and navigation maps for the trip. There are 300 geographic maps, navigation maps 5/10 of the geographic maps. How many navigation charts did my team take?
Slide 13. - I asked the captain: “How many people does he have on his team?” - he replied: “There are 9 people, that is, 1/3 of the team, the rest are on guard.” How many people are on guard?
Slide 14. - When sailing you need to take compasses and a star globe. We were given 15 rubles. They paid 3/5 of this money for the compasses, and 2/3 of the remaining money for the large star globe. How much does a star globe cost?
Slide 15. “How many miles will we have left to swim if on the first day we swim 2/7 of the entire planned route, and the planned route is 140 miles?”
Let's summarize.
What is the purpose of the task? - Did you manage to solve all the problems correctly? - Which task caused difficulty? - What rules did you apply? - Evaluate your work.
Captains will receive tokens and a map fragment.
Slide 16. The next task is offered to you by a Russian scientist geographer, cartographer and historian; one of the founders of the national geographical science Ivan Kirillov.
“Dear midshipmen! Many students of the Navigation School called fractions “broken numbers”, think in groups and answer the question WHY?(gives evaluation criteria)The team that was closest to the truth with the answer receives a token.
Let's summarize: -What is the purpose of the task? -Did you manage to answer the question posed? -What concept should you know? - Evaluate your work. Captains receive tokens and 3 map fragments.
Slide 17. Because we need to go back to the future, then we complete the last task. It is offered to us by researchers of the coast of North America Mikhail Gvozdev and Ivan Fedorov.
“Dear midshipmen! Decipher the word, and you will find out what other science was taught at the Navigation School.(Gives evaluation criteria)
P 108/160 + (92/160 – 46/160)=
R 1-5/13 + 4/13 =
And 8/160 + 0 + 79/160=
A 49/60 – (29/60+ 11/60)=
A 1 – 4/13-7/13=
R 29/60+ 5/54+11/54=
How many of you know what a rapier is?
Slide 18. The rapier is an ancient piercing weapon. At the Navigation School they taught “rapier science”: they taught future officers to fight with rapiers.
Summing up: -What is the purpose of the task? -Did you manage to solve the examples correctly? -What rule did you apply? - Evaluate your work. Captains receive a token and map fragment
Navigation school
School lessons. Fragment of an engraving from the 18th century.
The Sretensky Gate of the Zemlyanoy City, having ceased to be a premises for the Streltsy guard, was in a state of uncertainty of its fate. Their solid and extensive premises were clearly unnecessary for modern guard duty. The building needed to find a new use, which was found in 1701.
Peter I realized the need to organize educational institutions of the European type in Russia especially clearly and urgently during his trip abroad. Western Europe in 1697–1698. Abroad, he had the opportunity to observe the education there. Colonel Yakov Vilimovich Bruce, who accompanied him on this journey, became his leader and adviser in this matter.
When this name is mentioned, the lines from Pushkin’s “Poltava” first come to mind. Peter appears in front of the regiments at the beginning of the Battle of Poltava:
And he rushed in front of the shelves,
Powerful and joyful, like battle,
He devoured the field with his eyes.
A crowd rushed after him
These are the chicks of Petrov's nest
In the midst of earthly lot,
In the works of power and war
His comrades, sons:
And noble Sheremetev,
And Bruce, and Bour, and Repnin,
And happiness is a rootless darling,
Semi-powerful ruler.
At Poltava, Bruce commanded the artillery, which decided the fate of the battle.
Bruce was one of Peter's closest people. Some works about Bruce say that he was in the amusing troops - and from there his acquaintance with the king. But that's not true. Bruce became known to Peter later, in 1689, when he, a lieutenant of the Butyrsky soldier regiment, decisively taking the side of the tsar in his confrontation with Princess Sophia, came to him with his regiment at the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
Bruce belonged to an ancient Scottish royal family that ruled Scotland in the 14th century. His father Vilim Bruce went to Russia under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, served as an officer, took part in military operations, and was awarded estates and the rank of colonel for his service.
Yakov Vilimovich was born in Moscow in 1669 in German settlement. He received a good education at home, at the age of 17 he entered military service a cornet of the cavalry, participated in the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689, for the second he received the rank of lieutenant. In 1693, he was promoted to captain and in the same year accompanied Peter on his trip to Arkhangelsk, where the Tsar intended to establish shipyards and build a fortress. From this time on, Bruce began close cooperation with Peter in a variety of areas.
Bruce was an outstanding scientist-encyclopedist - mathematician, astronomer, physicist, he studied medicine, mineralogy and many other sciences, was a talented artillery commander, fortification engineer, carried out diplomatic assignments, had the rank of Feldzeichmeister General (chief of all artillery), held high public positions of senator, president of the Berg and Manufactory colleges.
In 1721, Bruce was granted the title of "Russian Count". (The title of count existed in European countries; persons who served in the Russian service and had this title retained it. Having introduced the title of count in Russia, Peter I emphasized its domestic origin with the notable addition “Russian.”) Peter I repeatedly spoke about his merits, but Compared to other “chicks of Petrov’s nest,” Bruce received incomparably fewer awards, ranks and estates. Apparently because he cared about the “Russian benefit” more than about his own benefit.
While in England, Peter and Bruce discussed practical issues of organizing a vocational educational institution mainly for training specialists for the fleet. It was there that Bruce introduced the Tsar, recommending for teaching work in Russia, a famous scientist and teacher, professor of mathematics and astronomy at the University of Aberdeen, Henry Farvarson, who agreed to enter the Russian service. Several other foreign scientists and teachers were also invited, who went to Russia in 1698.
Upon returning home, Peter first intended to transform the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, but after a conversation with Patriarch Adrian, he abandoned the idea of uniting future priests, officers, shipbuilders, doctors, artists, lawyers in one classroom, no matter how attractive the utopian plan seemed to be, so that “from school if, for all their needs, people would prudently study to take part in church service and civil service, to be militant, to become a noble, and to become a doctor in the art of medicine.”
The outbreak of the Northern War and the creation of the fleet forced Peter, first of all, to think about organizing an educational institution that trained people fit for naval service.
On January 14, 1701, Peter issued a decree on the founding of the first Russian naval, or, as the tsar said, “Admiralty” school in Moscow. The decree stated: “The great sovereign has given his personal command to be Mathematical and Navigational, that is, nautical by cunning sciences. In the teachers of those sciences, be born in the English land: Mathematical - Andrei Danilov Farkhvarson, Navigatskaya - Stepan Gvin and the knight Gryz; and to teach those sciences to all in supplying the administration of the Armory to the boyar Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin and his comrades, and seeing those sciences to be taught voluntarily, to elect those who want to, and others, even more so, under compulsion, and to provide daily food for those who have no means of food...”
The appointed teachers inspected the premises allocated for the school - and refused it: it was impossible to conduct practical lessons in astronomy and geodesy. “It is impossible to teach those sciences to students in that courtyard,” said Farvarson, “for the fact that that courtyard was built on a low place, but the courtyard will need to be in those sciences for the sake of looking at the horizon in perfection on a high place.”
Then the Sretensky Gate tower was proposed for the school, the upper tier of which rose 100 meters above the level of the Moscow River and an observatory could be built there.
Four months later, in April, a new decree followed, satisfying Farvarson’s demands: “The Sretenskaya tower in Zemlyanoy Gorod, on which there is a fighting clock, is to be taken with every ward building and with the land belonging to it for the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences.” With this decree, a new and, perhaps, most striking period began in the history of the Sretensky Gate, which is confirmed by the fact that the very name Sretensky Gate was soon replaced by a new one - the Navigation School. Adapting the Sretensky Gate building for a school, M.I. Choglokov built over the chambers of the second tier, to the right and left of the pillar, a third floor, in which classrooms and a large hall, called the Rapier Hall, were arranged for fencing and gymnastics. Various meetings took place there and performances were staged.
In the upper tier of the tower there was a astronomical observatory, where the astronomical instruments brought by Farvarson, a telescope, a clock and a library were placed. The students were accommodated partly in the school itself, partly in inns in the neighboring Pankratyevskaya and Meshchanskaya settlements.
Peter assumed that boyars, nobles, and officers’ children would study at the Navigation School. He, however, foresaw that many parents would not want to send their children to study voluntarily, so he ordered them to be enrolled “with compulsion.” But some of the boyars, not wanting to send their sons to dangerous naval service in order to circumvent the royal order, hastened to enroll them in the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Having learned about this, Peter became angry and, with a soldier’s convoy, sent the boyars to the under-construction Petersburg for hard work - driving piles. The intercession of Admiral Apraksin saved the minors from the royal wrath, and they were soon sent to study abroad.
Yakov Bruce took a great part in the creation of the Navigation School. Since, as Snegirev writes, “Peter entrusted to him all matters related to the physical and mathematical sciences, it is likely that this mathematician set up the Sukharev School, which was later entrusted to the Scotsman Farvarson.” In any case, the teaching programs were probably created with significant participation from Bruce and Peter himself.
The full course of the Navigation School consisted of three levels, called classes. In the lower, or Russian, class, literacy and elementary arithmetic were taught; second class - digital- included mathematics, physics, history, eloquence and other subjects; the higher ones - seaworthy, or navigational, the classes provided specialized knowledge. The duration of training depended on the student’s success, usually it was 6–8 years.
Measures of encouragement for good teaching were determined: the “skilled”, that is, those who succeed, should be given five altyns (15 kopecks) a day “for food”, and others a hryvnia (10 kopecks) or less, “having examined the art of teaching in each case.”
Money came from the treasury for books, paper, pens and to feed the students. (True, the money did not always arrive on time, and school leaders were forced to turn to the authorities with requests and admonitions. For example, something like this: “If there is a school, then money is needed to maintain it, but if money is not given, then it is truly better to dissolve , because of beggary and famine, many tricks come from schoolchildren.”)
From the storeroom of Ivan the Great, where it had been removed from the palace at one time, a large copper globe, once brought as a gift to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich by the embassy of the States General of Holland, was taken out and given to the Navigation School. For schoolchildren, a uniform in the French style was introduced: caftan, camisole, shirt, stockings, shoes and hat; senior pupils, in addition, were entitled to a sword.
Teachers could teach classes in Latin and Western European languages - English, German, French - they did not know Russian. The students who were supposed to learn these languages according to the program so far only knew Russian. This circumstance jeopardized the very possibility educational activities Navigation school.
And then they remembered Leonty Magnitsky, a Russian teacher who taught children in some Moscow noble and boyar houses. Since the teachers for the Navigation School were appointed by the Tsar himself, he was “written off” about Magnitsky. Peter appointed Leonty Magnitsky as a teacher at the Mathematical School, and also ordered him to compose and publish a textbook on arithmetic, geometry and navigation in Russian. The king understood what great importance has a textbook. In 1708 he edited Bruce's translation from german book“Geometry”, made amendments “in many places” and gave it a new name, providing it with a Russian translation of the term: “Geometry, Slavic land surveying”. Peter believed that the information provided in the textbook should be presented concisely and to the point. When translating, he demanded that long lengths and extraneous arguments be shortened, “...nowadays,” he wrote, “the Germans are in the habit of filling their books with many worthless stories only to make them seem great, which, apart from the matter itself and a brief conversation before any prophetic conversation, should not be translated.”
Karion Istomin. "The Book of Love is a sign in an honest marriage." A handwritten book with miniatures presented by the author to Peter I on the occasion of his marriage. Sheet 13. “Book reading tastes sweet.” Sheet 17. “To guard the army.” Image of Tsarevich Peter with funny
So Magnitsky took up the position of teacher at the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences and received an order for work, which became the main work of his life. While teaching at the Navigation School, Magnitsky wrote the required textbook in a year and a half. Having become a teacher at the Navigation School, Magnitsky devoted all his strength and all his time to his students. His English colleagues were careless about their service, were late for classes, forcing students to wait for hours, sometimes did not show up for classes at all, and Magnitsky often had to replace them, so the main job of training and educating the school’s students fell on him.
Peter I was impatient, he demanded quick results in everything, it seemed to him that the students of the Navigation School “under the guise of learning” were stalling for time and getting money for nothing; in a special decree, he demanded that such people be punished with batogs and written off as sailors. Magnitsky opposed the tsar’s decree, which, of course, required great courage (it was not for nothing that his contemporary poet and academician V.K. Trediakovsky called him “a conscientious and unflattering person”), and compiled an interesting reference table for the tsar (the modern reader needs to keep in mind , that the word “lazy” in the 18th century also meant “slow”, in in this case- “slower-thinking”)
“A diligent person will learn arithmetic in 10 months, and a lazy person in a year,” wrote Magnitsky, “geometry - a diligent person in 6, a lazy person - in 8 months, trigonometry - a diligent person in 2, and a lazy person - in 3 months. And you can’t teach less than those years.”
Magnitsky’s sharp words about the tsar’s haste were also preserved in the memory of his contemporaries: “To teach arithmetic is not to cut your beard.” Subsequently, Magnitsky was appointed head of the Navigation School and remained in this position until his death in 1739.
Peter I, seeing that there were not enough noble and boyar minors to fill all officer vacancies, allowed the school to admit commoners, that is, children of all classes, except serfs. Meanwhile, the school already had a good reputation, and the number of its students increased year by year. The clerk of the Armory Chamber, Kurbatov, who was in charge of its affairs, reported to his superiors: “And now many people of all ranks have recognized the sweetness of that science, send their children to those schools, and others themselves are underage and Reitar (soldier) children and young clerks from the orders themselves come willingly no small amount."
Students of the Navigation School, in addition to studying scientific disciplines, received more extensive education. They were taught “polites”, that is, behavior in society, the rudiments of military art, fencing - it was not for nothing that the school had a special rapier hall.
Literature and the arts were not forgotten in the course of education at the Navigation School. Young navigators composed verses, studied music, and their choir was invited to court festivities. German actors recruited from Danzig by Peter I formed a theater troupe from the school's students, which presented secular comedies in the Rapier Hall. The king and his entourage also attended these comedies. The actors of the Navigation School, according to legend, once allowed themselves to make fun of the Tsar and pulled out a “German thing.” Having announced that they had prepared some kind of unprecedented and unheard-of spectacle, they gathered many spectators into the theater, and Peter and his companions came to see it. When the audience in ceremonial uniforms, decorated with orders and ribbons, was seated, a boy came onto the stage in front of the closed curtain, hung a large sheet of paper on it, on which was a large inscription: “The First of April,” and ran away with a loud laugh. The audience began to be indignant, but Peter stood up and, calming the crowd, said: “This is theatrical license.”
The tradition of organizing amateur theatrical performances in the Sukharev Tower continued after the Navigation School was transferred to St. Petersburg. Snegirev, who collected Moscow oral traditions for his work, writes: “Old-timers also recall that during the reign of Catherine II, the children of Moscow clerks played various comedies on the Sukharev Tower in the Rapier Chamber.”
The navigation school trained specialists for the navy and army: navigators, surveyors, builders, cartographers. Those who did not complete full training became clerks and clerks of the lower ranks. A special position that students of the Navigation School received was the position of teacher of provincial mathematics schools for teaching noble children arithmetic and geometry. By his decree of January 20, 1714, Peter I obliged noble children to study in these schools of “tsyfiri and geometry,” and until they learned, they were forbidden to marry. And the priests were forbidden to marry them without the “permission,” that is, permission, of the school teacher. The reaction to this decree was Mitrofanushka’s immortal statement: “I don’t want to study, I want to get married!”
Youths at school. Engraving from the “Bryusov Calendar” of 1709.
The students, settled in the Sukharev Tower, which was not intended for housing during construction, froze to such an extent in winter that they decided to write a petition to the Tsar himself: “Most Sovereign Tsar, Most Gracious, we are studying at the school of mathematical and navigational sciences, and teaching after the end of navigation and with decent who astronomical problems are taught the Euclidean Element, in which the teaching of twelve people in the upper chamber, and in that chamber the stove is bad, it is impossible to heat, so now comes winter time and it’s impossible to live here due to the cold from winter.” In 1715, the highest classes of the Navigation School were transferred to St. Petersburg to the Maritime Academy opened there. Only junior, preparatory classes remained in Moscow, so the Navigation School began to be called the Digital School.
J.-B. Arnoux. View of the Sukharev Tower. Color engraving from the 1840s.
In January 1731, Mikhail Lomonosov came to Moscow to “study science” and, as his fellow countryman Vasily Varfolomeev said, “he landed on the Sukharev Tower to study arithmetic,” but soon, since at the Numerical School “science seemed not enough to him,” he left for the Slavic Greco-Latin Academy... Despite the relatively short period of existence, the Moscow Navigation School played a big role in the spread of education in Russia, in the history of the Russian fleet and navigation. Among its graduates there are many famous names: Admiral N.F. Golovin, founder of Russian cartography I.K. Kirillov, famous explorers North G. S. Malygin, D. L. Ovtsyn, S. I. Chelyuskin, captain-commander A. I. Chirikov, the first European to describe the northwestern shores of America, academician, mechanic, inventor A. K. Nartov and others .
A student of the Navigation School was the architect Ivan Michurin, who built a number of remarkable churches and civil buildings in Moscow, which, unfortunately, have not survived to this day. The last to be lost was the Pyatnitskaya Church on Pyatnitskaya Street, demolished in 1934; now in its place is the lobby of the Novokuznetskaya metro station. In 1739, Michurin, with a team of surveyors from the Navigation School, compiled the first geodetic plan of Moscow, the nature and scope of information of which is revealed by its full name: “Drawing of the location of the capital city of Moscow, which includes not only the Kremlin, Kitay-Gorod, White City and Zemlyanoy Gorod, but also all the gates, streets, imperial houses and public buildings, cathedral and parish churches, monasteries, bishops’ and other courtyards, rivers, ponds, gardens and other most notable places located in it.”
