Emotion definition by different authors. Emotions. Feelings: how are they different from emotions?

As has probably become clear from our first lessons on the topic presented, acting is a very interesting and exciting creative activity. But at the same time, it is a very complex activity, because requires from any person who is involved in it, the maximum disclosure of their creative potential, which, in turn, implies the activation and mobilization of everyone, and especially the ability. Thus, we can conclude that the craft of an actor, to a great extent, is the ability to manage one’s emotions.

According to Stanislavsky, the craft is the actor’s use of ready-made acting cliches, by perceiving which the viewer can unambiguously determine what emotions the character is experiencing in this moment time. Moreover, the emphasis should be placed precisely on the external manifestations of internal experiences. The actor’s ability to reproduce emotions will be discussed in the lesson presented to your attention.

After studying this lesson, you will learn about what emotions are and how they are characterized, what basic emotions exist and how they manifest themselves externally. But the main thing is that you get to know different ways and methods of managing emotions, which the acting craft is so rich in. The lesson will describe in detail the basic emotions and feelings, present exercises and recommendations that will help train their recreation and manifestation (facial expressions, gestures, postures, etc.), and will also discuss several effective techniques for managing emotions, using which you will learn to quickly reproduce any emotional states at any moment. Actors' emotions are people's emotions, and this lesson will make you a true master of emotion management, allowing you to use this unique skill not only on stage, but also in your own life. Everyday life.

Emotional process

The emotional process is a psychophysical process that motivates and regulates human activity (thinking, perception, behavior) and reflects the subjective meaning of various situations and objects for a person, expressed in his consciousness in the form of experiences. Despite this definition, in scientific circles there are a huge number of different views on the very nature of emotional processes, and there is no one specific definition of this phenomenon, and understanding emotional processes always follows from the context in which they are considered.

The classification of emotional processes by different scientists also occurs in different ways. There are even theories that take as a basis the existence of only one emotion, which simply depends on certain factors and causes different experiences. Most researchers distinguish several basic ones among emotional processes - affects, emotions, feelings and moods. Let's look at each of them in a little more detail.

  • Affects- are short-term intense emotional processes that are accompanied by changes at the physiological level. For example, sudden fear.
  • Emotions- are longer lasting, but less intense than the first ones, and reflect the subjective meaning of situations (but not specific objects) for a person. For example, a feeling of anxiety.
  • Feelings- are longer lasting, but less intense than affects, and reflect the subjective meaning of specific objects for a person. For example, love.
  • Moods- are long-term emotional processes of low intensity. For example, boredom.

The reasons for the emergence of various emotional processes, as is easy to see, can be anything: events, situations, phenomena, objects, people, animals, thoughts, etc. If we talk about acting, we can say that emotional processes serve as the basis for all the emotions that arise in an actor, and only the ability to control these processes makes it possible for a master to truly believably experience, interpret and represent any images and roles.

Considering that our lesson is dedicated specifically to managing emotions, we should talk a little about what emotions are and list the basic emotions of a person.

Emotions and basic emotions

Emotion is an emotional process characterized by an average duration and reflecting a person’s subjective assessment of existing or possible situations. Like most other psychic phenomena, they have been little studied and are understood differently by different specialists. It follows that this definition is not comprehensive or generally accepted.

Emotions are characterized by a number of signs:

  • Valence- positive or negative coloring. By the way, it has been scientifically confirmed that negative emotions prevail in humans over positive ones, and their number is several times greater.
  • Intensity- the strength with which emotions are experienced.
  • Sthenicity- emotions can be stimulating to activity (asthenic), for example, joy, or relaxing, paralyzing (asthenic), for example, melancholy.
  • Content- emotions can reflect different aspects of the meanings of the situations that cause them.
  • Physiology- a factor that reflects the impact of emotions on a person at the physiological level and causes a certain reaction in the body.
  • Facial feedback- emotions can cause involuntary manifestations at the level of facial expressions. However, facial expressions can also evoke certain emotions, i.e. communication is two-way.

It should be noted here that scientists have identified a strong connection between emotions and stress, which means that the strongest emotions, regardless of valence, have a tiring effect on the human body and lead to a state of stress, which, with prolonged exposure, can even cause problems on the body. mental, physiological and other levels.

What are basic emotions?

Basic emotions are the basic set of emotions present in every person. Today there is no generally accepted classification of emotions, and some scientists are inclined to believe that basic emotions exist, while others deny the fact of their existence. But most experts are still inclined to believe that they exist, and in order to determine whether an emotion is basic, there are several defining parameters:

  • Basic emotions have a basis at the neural level
  • Basic emotions are manifested at the level of facial expressions
  • Basic emotions are recognized by a person and clearly experienced by him
  • Basic emotions are the result of evolutionary biological processes
  • Basic emotions have an organizing and motivating effect on a person

There are other characteristics that should be considered when defining basic emotions, but they are secondary.

Many researchers have tried and are trying to identify basic emotions, but no single list has yet been created. But despite this, there are several main classifications, the most popular of which is Carroll Izard’s classification. This is exactly what we will consider.

Izard's classification of basic emotions

According to Carroll Izard, there are eleven basic emotions, and any others are a combination and modification of them, and arise from them. Below is a list of basic emotions. Basic emotions according to Izard:

  1. Joy
  2. Astonishment
  3. Sadness
  4. Disgust
  5. Contempt
  6. Grief-suffering
  7. Interest-excitement
  8. Embarrassment

Joy

Joy is one of the main positive human emotions. Characterized by feelings of satisfaction, happiness and pleasure, and is also considered positive intrinsic motivation.

Smile, desire to study active work, pronounced gestures, rapid heartbeat, desire to communicate, good mood.

How to bring joy: in order to evoke joy in yourself, you can think about something pleasant (about some joyful event), reproduce pleasant memories in your memory, communicate with a person who is in a good mood, buy something you have long dreamed of, in general, to do something that caused, causes or can cause pleasant emotions in you.

Astonishment

Surprise is an emotion that appears when an unexpected situation occurs. In more scientific terms, surprise can be called an adequate reaction to a deviation from the norm. Depending on the specifics of the situation, surprise can turn into fear, interest or joy.

Physiological and external manifestations: raised eyebrows, rounded eyes, parted lips, in another case - knitted eyebrows, head tilted forward, and in case of strong surprise - wrinkles crossing the forehead.

How to surprise: The main way to create surprise is to reproduce physiological manifestations. To simplify your task, you can mentally imagine something that could surprise you: some object, person, situation. Simply put, to be surprised, you need to pretend that you are surprised.

Sadness

Sadness is an emotion that occupies an intermediate position between melancholy, sadness and despondency, and can incline first to one, then to the other, then to the third. Occurs when any circumstances upsetting a person arise.

Physiological and external manifestations: knitted eyebrows and their raised inner part, tense corners of the upper eyelids, drooping corners of the lips, vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows, horizontal wrinkles in the center of the forehead, sometimes tears, passive behavior, the desire to be alone with oneself.

How to induce sadness: You can evoke sadness in yourself quite simply: to do this, you need to think about some sad, sad, tragic event in your life, try to feel what you felt when this event happened, and try to stay in this state, feel it as as deep as possible so that the emotion of sadness manifests its external signs.

Anger

Anger is an emotion with a strong negative valence. Most often, anger is caused by injustice towards a person and the desire to immediately eliminate this injustice.

Physiological and external manifestations: contracted and lowered eyebrows, if anger reaches the limit, then the outer side of the eyebrows shoots up, narrowed or, conversely, bulging eyes, tense eyelids, tense and closed lips, in other cases a grin is possible, tense muscles of the neck and chin, huge motivation to be active actions, sometimes inappropriate, the desire to influence the object of anger physically.

How to provoke anger: you can evoke the emotion of anger in yourself very simply: you need to think about something that evokes in you an overt feeling of protest and injustice, remember conflict situation or a person (if there is one, of course), whose actions cause negative emotions in you. In the case of anger, reproducing physiological manifestations helps very well.

Disgust

Disgust is a strong form of rejection, a negatively colored feeling. It occurs in cases when a person is faced with something that is very unpleasant to him from a moral, physical, or aesthetic point of view.

Physiological and external manifestations: a strongly raised upper lip, a raised or lowered but bulging lower lip, raised cheeks, narrowed eyes and slightly lowered eyebrows, wrinkles at the bridge of the nose, a desire to turn away, brush it off, move away.

How to create disgust: It is very easy to cause disgust in yourself if you try to imagine in all details something very unpleasant in your imagination: any objects, situations, manifestations and behavior of people, smells, tastes, pictures, etc. It is easy to express the emotion of disgust simply by reproducing its external manifestations. Most likely, the necessary internal experiences will arise on your own.

Contempt

Contempt is a negative feeling that arises in relation to any object that exhibits behavior or qualities that the disgusted person himself does not allow himself to demonstrate and which seems extremely unacceptable to him. Often, disgust is associated with a feeling of superiority of one person over another and can turn into anger and even hatred.

Physiological and external manifestations: the signs are similar to the signs of disgust, but they most often lack symmetry, tense corners of the lips, closed lips, a forward and/or raised chin, a desire to express one’s negative attitude, or to point out what is wrong.

How to cause contempt: evoking contempt is a little more difficult than the above emotions, but of course it is possible. To do this, it is best, just as before, to recreate in your imagination the image of a person whose behavior or qualities cause negative emotions in you, and which you do not allow yourself to express. Images of people committing base, deceitful acts are perfect for this.

Grief-suffering

Grief is a negative emotion associated with a sense of loss. Sorrow and sadness are often synonymous with grief. Suffering, in turn, is a set of very unpleasant and painful physical or emotional sensations.

Raised inner eyebrows, knitted eyebrows, drooping corners of the lips, wrinkles on the forehead, in other cases - closed jaws, grin, thrown back or lowered head, clenched fists, tense body, tears.

How to induce grief: because this emotion is very strong, it is quite simple to cause it: firstly, you can reproduce external manifestations, secondly, imagine some kind of physical pain, thirdly, you can recreate in your imagination a very tragic situation from your life (the life of another person ) and immerse yourself in the experiences experienced in connection with this.

Shame

Shame is an emotion with a negative connotation associated with some unacceptable hidden or overt act or quality of the person who feels shame, or with another person for whom he feels ashamed.

Physiological and external signs: numbness, desire to be alone, constrained movements, passivity or desire to run away, guilt, tense breathing, drooping eyes, wrinkles on the forehead, pursed lips, redness of the face as a result of the abundant flow of blood to it.

How to induce shame: To evoke the emotion of shame, it is enough to imagine that you have done something very bad or obscene and everyone who is nearby knows about it. A very good way to feel shame is to imagine yourself naked in front of a large number of people who laugh at you. Also easy to reproduce this emotion, if you reflect its physiological signs.

Interest-excitement

Interest is an emotion with a positive connotation. Interest is associated primarily with the need to learn something new about an object and increased attention to it. Excitement in this context can be called a set of internal experiences associated with something.

Physiological and external signs: a slightly wrinkled forehead and slightly knitted eyebrows, often a rapid heartbeat and breathing, closed or, conversely, slightly parted lips, a desire to possess, a desire for physical contact, a gaze, increased concentration on an object of interest, in case of strong excitement - increased sweating, trembling limbs, stuttering, shortness of breath.

How to generate interest and excitement: It’s quite simple to evoke an emotion of interest: you can imagine that you really want to learn more about the person you are with, or about some object, situation, event, phenomenon, reproduce physiological signs of interest, think about what is interesting , talk about it, collect the necessary information, etc. If you need to cause excitement, then you can think about some important upcoming event, or about one that has already happened, but imagine it in the state in which you were even before that.

Guilt

Guilt is an emotion with a negative connotation that arises as a result of committing an act that seems to a person to have negative consequences for himself or for others. Most often it appears in a person in relation to something done specifically by him, which distinguishes the emotion of guilt from the emotion of shame.

Physiological and external signs: lowered or darting eyes, lowered head, deep breathing, a desire to be alone with oneself, the appearance of a blush on the face, a trembling voice, sometimes a raised chin and a contemptuous look, but a reluctance to meet the eyes of others.

How to induce guilt: a person can create a feeling of guilt in himself, firstly, if he imagines that he has committed some act that will cause the suffering of other people or himself. Secondly, if it accurately reproduces the physiological signs of the emotion of guilt. You can also remember something from the past for which you felt guilty: some actions, words spoken, deeds committed. The emotion of guilt is closely related to the emotion of shame, therefore, you can resort to methods that allow you to evoke this particular emotion.

As is easy to see, emotions are closely interrelated with each other and, in the vast majority of cases, allow one person to understand what another person is feeling at the moment. But if an actor on stage shows only those emotions that he actually feels at a given moment in time, this can have an extremely negative impact on the quality of his performance. In order to avoid unpleasant situations (related to the expression of emotions) during rehearsals, performances, filming, and in life in general, it is useful to learn some techniques for managing emotions. But first you need to learn about these techniques. This is exactly what we devote to the final section of our lesson.

15 techniques for managing emotions

1. Anchoring

The "" technique originates in neurolinguistic programming and is therefore one of the most effective when it comes to managing emotions. It has an amazing power to influence a person, both on those around him and on himself. For this reason, we will look at it in a little more detail than everything below.

The meaning of this technique is that in the process of simple but regularly performed actions a person causes a certain emotional condition and secures (anchors) it through the so-called ritual action. To put it simply, it creates conditioned reflex, allowing you to enter the desired state through performing a certain action. With the help of anchoring you can evoke any emotion.

First of all, you need to create reinforcements, i.e. evoke the desired emotional state by remembering any past life experience corresponding to it. Then, at the moment of the highest intensity of this state, you need to perform a certain action, invented in advance. This could be crossing fingers, biting the lip, pinching the skin, etc. It is important that only you know about this action. Having done this procedure several times, you create an anchor, which in the future will instantly call the right emotion. This process is very simple, but requires regular and systematic reinforcement.

So, the anchoring technique is as follows:

  • You evoke the desired state by accessing your memory. Imagine it in all details, visualize it, feel it, be imbued with this feeling completely, trying to reach the peak point.
  • At the moment you reach the peak point, you perform a pre-conceived action. Try to come up with something that you will never confuse with anything else and probably won’t do spontaneously. Repeat this sequence several times, taking short breaks between each “approach” until you are “at the peak”.
  • After this, distract yourself to enter a normal emotional state. Pause for a while (half an hour/hour) and let the condition subside. Then repeat the first two points and get distracted again.
  • Repeat the procedure regularly (10, 20, 30...100 times) so that the anchor is firmly secured. The result will be the ability to evoke any emotion you need with a specific action.

2. Opposite action technique

This method is used to manage high-intensity emotions. It is based on replacing experienced emotions with actions that are opposite in meaning. Moreover, the actions performed should not suppress or inhibit the experienced state, but should simply express something else.

As an example, we can use a state of increased emotional arousal, when a person, for whatever reason, experiences an emotional outburst, which is expressed in excessive mental activity. To suppress this surge, using the opposite action technique, you need to sit more comfortably on a chair or sofa, relax, slow down your breathing, and think about something calm and pleasant. Some time later, you will notice that your state has changed from emotional arousal to calm and tranquility.

3. Muscle release technique

This technique helps to get rid of tension and the emotions associated with it. It is very convenient to use it when you feel a surge of any negatively charged emotions, such as anger, malice, etc.

It is very simple to use: as soon as you feel that negative (or positive) emotions are beginning to take over you, you need to sharply and quickly tense all the muscles of the body (or a specific group of muscles) and stay in this state until you feel that there is no more strength to be in tension. After this, the muscles will begin to relax spontaneously, and the escaping tension will take with it the energy potential of the emotions that have begun to develop.

4. Technique for identifying and labeling emotional reactions

The proposed technique is a basic method for managing emotions, namely recognizing and identifying current emotional states. But this method is complicated in its own way, because... requires a person to maximize their ability to introspect and describe their mental manifestations.

The technique of applying this method consists of several steps:

  1. Definition and description of the event that gave rise to the emotion
  2. Definition and description of the meaning attached to an event
  3. Defining and describing the sensations associated with an emotion
  4. Definition and description of movements caused by emotion
  5. Identifying and describing the impact an emotion has on you

Step-by-step implementation of these instructions, firstly, in itself will relieve most of the emotional stress, and secondly, it will allow you to adequately and rationally assess your behavior and take the necessary actions to eliminate the emotion. By the way, this same method can also be used to evoke any emotion in yourself. But for this you need to have a clear understanding of the basic emotions of a person so that it is possible to reproduce the necessary elements.

5. Technique for applying the method of allowing suffering

There is an opinion that sometimes a person, in order to cope with a negative emotion, needs to allow the actions that it causes to manifest themselves. This method is based on the fact that those experiences that accompany negative emotions can and should simply be endured.

For example, you feel angry or angry and want to scream, break something, hit someone. Under no circumstances should you do this. You just need to accept this emotion as it is, let it be. Over time, you will notice that this emotion will begin to fade, and later disappear completely. And knowing what mental suffering a negative emotional charge can cause, you can intentionally reproduce a particular emotion if necessary, for example, when you need to reproduce the behavior of an angry person.

6. Technique for identifying barriers that prevent you from changing emotions

In many cases, certain barriers prevent a person from changing emotions. They may be related to habitual behavior, self-indulgence, protecting one's ego, maintaining status in society, etc. The technique of identifying barriers makes it possible to identify these barriers, evaluate them, come to an understanding of what motivates you and draw appropriate conclusions based on all this, which will allow you to influence your emotional state through volitional efforts.

As soon as you feel that somewhere in the depths of your being a negative emotion begins to arise, and you cannot overcome it, try to switch your attention to determining its true causes: why it arises in you, what prevents you from changing it, what factors influence it influences. Such an analysis will allow you not only to learn to identify barriers, but also to better know yourself and the characteristics of your personality. Subsequently, this will be useful to you in the practice of acting, because... It will help, for example, to free oneself from stage pressures, any complexes, etc. obstacles that prevent you from revealing your acting talent.

7. Technique for simply identifying emotions

Another basic technique. Its goal is to master the skill of facing one’s emotions, rather than seeking salvation from them. When a person is aware of his emotional states, he always has a choice of how to react to a given situation and how to feel.

You need to master this technique by simply recording events that cause you various experiences, the manifestations of these experiences, the features of their impact on you and your behavior. By doing this, you will learn to identify your typical reactions to certain emotions. Knowing such information about yourself, you will be able at any appropriate moment not only to neutralize states that you would not like to experience, but also to produce those that you need at the present moment in time. Just imagine what impact the ability to reproduce or extinguish emotional states will have on your acting skills!

8. Technique for reducing sensitivity to the level of “emotional intelligence”

In cases of human exposure stressful situations and negative emotions, his emotional reactivity also increases, i.e. a person begins to react to everything very quickly, sometimes without realizing what he is doing. The fundamental factor here is the ability to maintain emotional balance in any life situations. This is “emotional intelligence”, which prevents overstrain of any kind.

To make it possible to control your emotional balance always and everywhere, you need to not only try to constantly be in a state of awareness, but also take into account factors such as proper nutrition, healthy sleep, morning exercises, abstinence from alcohol and drugs, etc. Collectively, this will have an amazing impact on you. Create an optimal “life regimen” for yourself. If you adhere to special rules that help improve your lifestyle, this will certainly affect both your emotional state in general and your ability to control it, which, in turn, will be an advantage for you in your acting role and in life.

9. Technique for increasing the number of events that cause positive emotions

The ability to manage emotions is based, among other things, on the fact that negative emotions contribute to a person’s poor health and vice versa. Of course, you can change the perception of emotions, but emotions will remain in any case. This technique involves mastering the skill of controlling what causes negative emotions.

The main and main technique of this technique is to increase the positive events that occur in a person’s life. This can be done by purposefully performing any actions or organizing events that bring joyful experiences. Practicing this systematically may even result in your lifestyle changing radically. But the initial result will be that you will begin to notice more good things happening in your life. This means that your general attitude towards any activity will be positive, and all your undertakings will be crowned with success, because In everything you will be accompanied by enthusiasm and the release of creative potential.

10. Technique for non-judgmental perception of emotions

This technique is designed to reduce the intensity of emotions by perceiving them non-judgmentally. The fundamental principle here is that when a person does not make any judgments about his emotions, he thereby does not allow them psychic energy master your consciousness.

This technique is used quite simply: at the moment a strong emotion arises, do not succumb to its influence, do not give it either a good or bad assessment, concentrate on breathing, look at your emotions from the outside. Just notice all the changes, thoughts, judgments about these emotions, remember that you are observing yourself. You can even try to predict possible changes that could happen if you succumbed to your experiences. This skill can be successfully applied both in real everyday life and in the one you lead while in character, playing, for example, in a play or in a movie, because allows you to enter any emotional state by reproducing their details.

11. Technique for reducing psychological involvement in the current emotional state

The presented technique is based on the assertion that even greater experience of the emerging negative emotion only aggravates the situation, because by beginning to empathize with oneself, a person induces the appearance of secondary emotions associated with the basic one, which increase the potential of the first one, bringing even greater suffering. It follows from this that any negative emotion must and can be inhibited, reducing one’s psychological involvement in it.

Just as in many previous techniques, the first task here is the ability to notice the emergence of emotion in time. As soon as you feel that an emotion has arisen, do not let yourself build the usual chain of subsequent reactions. For example, if you feel guilty, then it will certainly be followed by sadness, disappointment, self-flagellation, etc. To prevent this from happening, “slow down” your emotion, do not indulge in further thoughts, do not make judgments, do not evaluate. Just accept the situation as it is. Think about something abstract, pleasant, bringing the opposite - positive emotions, etc. If you do not engage in a negative state, its intensity will begin to fade over time and come to nothing. This skill will be useful to you both in life and on stage.

12. Technique for reducing physical sensitivity as a way to deal with emotions

This technique is similar to the sensitivity reduction technique discussed above. What is most important here is the ability to recognize physical conditions that make a person more or less predisposed to the effects of emotional states.

To determine how physical conditions affect your emotions, you need to ask yourself a few important questions:

  1. How does the way I eat affect how I feel?
  2. What are the short-term and long-term consequences of overeating and undereating?
  3. What are the short-term and long-term effects of my use of alcohol, medications, etc.?
  4. How does my sleep affect my well-being?

The answers to these questions should show you the real state of affairs, namely: how the above factors, in general, affect your emotional state, and how these states change, depending on changes in the indicators of these factors. Based on this, you can determine the lifestyle that best suits you, including sleep, diet, drinking or not drinking alcohol, etc. A properly designed regimen will certainly contribute to the emergence of predominantly positive emotions and an improvement in life, and will also have an impact on your productivity, both in everyday life and in acting.

13. “Second pair of eyes” technique

Using this technique, you will be able, so to speak, to be divided in two and master the skill of looking at yourself from the outside, which will allow you to more critically evaluate yourself, your actions and emotional experiences, see their essence and change at your discretion.

Using this technique means that you allow everything that happens to take its course. At the same time, the main part of your attention should be directed to yourself. You need to observe your reactions, manifestations, actions, etc. Cultivate an inner observer within yourself who should be as critical and impartial as possible. Observing yourself will allow you, if necessary, to make adjustments to your mental manifestations, which means that in any situation you will keep yourself and your emotions under control, which is a huge advantage not only in the state of being in a stage image, but also in life in general.

14. Deep breathing technique

The technique under consideration is based on breathing because... it is closely related to nervous system person. Breathing is the basis of life, and the way a person breathes has a direct impact on any conditions and emotions he experiences.

The practice of this technique is the practice of breathing exercises, which are regulators of states. Today, there are a lot of breathing exercises in which people mainly take deep breaths and exhales. Here is one such exercise:

  • You need to sit up straight and take a deep breath through your nose for a count of four, then exhale through your mouth for a count of four.
  • As you inhale, the left leg first rises, and as you exhale, it lowers. After that - the right leg. And so on in turn.
  • You need to do four approaches for each leg.

Using this technique will allow you to reduce the intensity of any emotion and enter a state of balance and tranquility. It is very effective because... it can be used almost always and everywhere.

15. Technique for conscious management of emotions

This is the last technique we will look at. Its main principle is the conscious and intentional management of one’s emotional states, allowing a person to keep under control all emerging emotions and their subsequent manifestations.

In any situation when you feel any strong emotion arise, take a short break. This means that you need to say to yourself: “I need to think,” “I want to move this conversation,” “It’s time to take a break,” or something similar, which will allow you to abstract from the experienced state for a while and “decompose it into Everything’s in order in my head.” Determine for yourself a time limit during which you can realize your condition and evaluate it. This will stimulate you to enter states of heightened awareness, during which you will be able to calm down and draw the necessary conclusions. It is very convenient to use this method to study emotions, which in the future will allow you to neutralize them or, conversely, intentionally evoke them.

Based on the techniques we have presented in this lesson, we can conclude that there are many ways to influence your emotions. From all the techniques considered, you can choose the one that is most suitable for you, develop it, study its features and apply it in everyday life. It is important to remember one important rule: a person himself chooses whether to be a slave to his emotions or their master.

As for managing emotions in general, it should be noted that this skill is necessary for a person not only if he is an actor, but also in general in everyday life. The ability to manage emotions can be useful for public speaking and for negotiating, and for influencing people, and for running a successful business, and for building friendships or love relationships, and even for such things as sound recording, photo shoots, interviews, etc. .

Train, learn to manage your emotions and get to know yourself! We wish you success in life and in acting!

Test your knowledge

If you want to test your knowledge on the topic of this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. For each question, only 1 option can be correct. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question. The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on completion. Please note that the questions are different each time, and the options are mixed.

Every person living on earth has a unique set of feelings. Feeling is the ability to express and perceive the world. This is a special emotional state that can prompt a person to take certain actions. Attitudes towards actions or actions are expressed by feelings and various emotional manifestations. Let's look at what feelings there are and how many of them a person has.

What kind of feelings does a person have? The ability to feel is a great gift, thanks to which we differ from inanimate beings; by feeling something, we live. If we had no feelings, we would simply exist

How many feelings does a person have?

As has long been known, humans have five basic senses. This opinion has been shared by the majority of scientists and ordinary citizens, as well as psychologists, for many centuries. The main feelings are considered to be:

  1. Vision;
  2. Touch;
  3. Hearing;
  4. Taste;
  5. Smell.

It is generally accepted that modern man, there are five main senses through which we can feel and experience the world around us, as well as ourselves. These organs are: Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin

All these feelings can be felt thanks to our organs. Today, a lot of controversy has arisen about this. Many people began to question the established fact that humans have five senses. This opinion has been around for a long time, and is based on what a person feels thanks to his senses.

How are feelings different from emotions?

All our sensations are our experiences and relationships to the world around us. We can feel something thanks to our senses; humans have five such sensors. With their help, we receive and can analyze information from the world around us and perceive what is happening. So how many primary senses do humans actually have? Each of us has five senses, namely:

  • Nose. Allows you to distinguish odors, determine the distance to its source, and navigate the area. This sense is called Smell;
  • Leather. Feel the temperature environment, air humidity, wind, we can feel with all our skin. Each of its cells reacts to stimuli and sends information to the brain, and we feel pain, heat or cold. This feeling is called touch;
  • Ears. With their help, we can navigate space and hear what is happening around us. Hearing allows us to calculate the approximate distance from the sound source in order to react in time, for example, from falling snow from a roof or a falling tree;
  • Language. It allows you to taste. The sense of taste helps to determine the degree of spoilage of food in order to consume the freshest food. Taste buds make it possible to distinguish between sour, sweet, salty, fried, and other tastes and flavors;
  • Eyes. This complex biological device allows humans to see the world around them. Vision is the ability of a sighted person to receive information that enters the brain through transformation electromagnetic radiation light range in the visual system of the body;

All the information that our brain processes comes through our senses, and then we form our perception and independent knowledge of ourselves and the world around us.

To understand how emotions differ from feelings, you need to spend a little time to study this issue well. One thing can be said, Feelings are acquired human qualities that can be developed throughout life, and emotions are inherent in our genetic code, and appear from birth

For each person, the senses may be differently developed or formed. This way, some people will be able to feel more, while others will feel less. Those moments that bring us more emotional energy are stored in our memory. This can be both negative and positive manifestations. As a result, a certain emotional sensation is formed from the feelings received. Together with events, feelings can evoke in a person good or bad memories that carry a certain emotional connotation.

List of human feelings and emotions

Highly developed sensitivity human body allows you to receive more intense emotionality from the influence of external as well as internal factors. It follows that feelings can cause different emotions in people. All our emotions can be divided into two groups, positive and negative, these include such emotional feelings as:

  • Positive emotions include three main states:
  1. Astonishment;
  2. Interest;
  3. Joy.
  • And seven feelings that bring negative emotional color to people's lives. Such emotional manifestations can be classified as follows:
  1. Guilt;
  2. Charity;
  3. Fear;
  4. Suffering;
  5. Anger;
  6. Shame;
  7. Disgust.

Let's take a closer look at each state separately to understand the depth of a person's emotional state. But first, check out the table of human emotions.

To understand what feelings overcome you most often, you must first study the entire palette of emotional states. If you do not do this, then you will never be able to know yourself and the world around you.

10 fundamental emotions according to the theory of American psychologist Carroll Izard

Despite the large number of attempts to separate feelings and the emotional state of a person, one of the most popular assumptions is still the theory of Carroll Izard, who outlined 10 basic emotional states. In his work on differential emotions, he divided emotions according to the quality of the experience.

Knowing your own feelings will lead to enormous changes in your life. Once you learn to control your emotions and listen to your feelings, you will become much happier, and your family will be delighted with the positive mood within your family environment.

Thus, it was possible to most effectively distinguish between ten fundamental emotions, starting with three positive ones:

  • ASTONISHMENT. There is no specific definition of whether this emotion is positive or negative. You can be surprised by both a negative attitude and a positive one. A feeling of surprise is formed from the sudden occurrence of any circumstances that may later cause a feeling interest to a new object or event;
  • INTEREST. This state of emotionality helps a person to explore the world and gain new abilities through learning. By acquiring new knowledge and skills, a person becomes more literate and develops rapidly. Feeling curiosity motivates a person interest-excitement;
  • JOY. This emotional component can only be caused when a person perceives a certain need for something, at a time when it seems to him that it is impossible to achieve this. This feeling always brings satisfaction in one’s own actions and the world around him. If it is not possible to achieve self-realization, then it is correspondingly impossible to feel a feeling of joy;
  • GUILT. This feeling is considered to be a negative state of emotionality, which is expressed in our own actions when we realize that we have made the wrong decision. That is, when we do something that we subsequently begin to regret and repent of. These can be actions or deeds, or simply thoughts and feelings.
  • CONTEMPT. This is another negative display of feelings that occurs when you consider the behavior or quality being demonstrated to be unacceptable. Since these actions, in most cases, are negatively perceived in social sphere. This may also be due to established rules of a personal nature, when a person considers any actions towards himself or other subjects of the surrounding world, as they contradict the morality or ethical principles of humanity. Thus, a person becomes negatively attuned to the manifestation of such actions in relation to the world around him or himself.
  • FEAR. As soon as a person receives information in which he feels a danger to his own well-being, or sees that damage to something dear to him may be caused, then a feeling of fear arises. This feeling can be caused either by a clear danger to one’s own life, or by a false assumption that some damage will be caused to one. Very often, a feeling of fear may be unfounded and not be a reason for an anxious feeling. However, the mental state operates regardless of the rationality of what is happening. When experiencing a feeling of fear, the subject may be stressed or feel anxious and internally depressed. It may also feel terrifying.
  • Suffering. One of the most common depressive feelings that lead a person or other living creature into a state of emotional dissatisfaction in which the subject feels a painful or painful state, both moral and physical. The least pronounced form of suffering causes short-term emotional stress. A more pronounced form is most often associated with irreversible loss someone or something, and last much longer. Thus, the person is in an emotional state of grief.
  • ANGER. A feeling of enormous indignation or dissatisfaction in relation to certain actions and actions. In most cases, this condition occurs in the form of affect. It occurs at a time when a person is extremely dissatisfied with the actions of one person or groups of people. In such situations, people may feel anger towards individuals who interfere with the achievement of a goal or desired outcome.
  • SHAME. An emotionally negative feeling that is caused by unacceptable behavior or action in front of other people who consider such actions unacceptable in society. Usually people who commit an act that can be noticed by anyone begin to feel this way. If there are no witnesses to such an act, then a feeling of guilt may arise, but a feeling of shame does not arise in this case. You may also feel ashamed in front of other people about your own appearance.
  • DISGUST. Another negative state of emotionality that can be caused by certain people, actions, circumstances or objects. Despite the negative emotional state, disgust is a very useful feeling, as it allows you to reject unacceptable objects, products or circumstances that can harm your own body. Essentially, this is a protective function that helps separate beneficial factors from harmful effects. Disgust can be associated with moral or aesthetic principles, as well as with ideological views. When combined with anger, disgust can cause aggressive behavior subject in relation to subject or object.

All these feelings evoke certain emotions in a person, thus it is possible to characterize and predict the further behavior of a subject who experiences one of the ten feelings.

How to learn to manage your feelings

In order to effectively manage your feelings, you need to clearly classify your own emotional states. It was for this purpose that they were developed special criteria classification of human feelings.

To learn to control or manage your own emotions, you need to carefully study the criteria for choosing feelings and choose the most suitable option that can reflect your inner feeling or experience

Thus, a certain table of feelings was created that will allow each person to understand their own emotional states in order to determine and control their own feelings.

There are three main criteria by which feelings are divided, namely:

  1. Sthenicity;
  2. Valence;
  3. Intensity.

This classification table will help to characterize and understand difficult experiences, and divide them into types:

If a person experiences a strong sthenic sensation, for example, love. That weak manifestation of it is ordinary sympathy towards another person. Not each of us can define our experiences and sensations, since the number of sensory emotions is large. The definition of feelings can only be guessed at. Most of us, with great difficulty, can identify no more than ten of our own feelings, although we experience no less every day.

According to American psychologist Paul Ekman, there are 7 basic emotions, namely:

  • Contempt– negative feeling;
  • Astonishment– an uncertain reaction from a sudden action or expectation;
  • Anger– a negative feeling that can provoke a person to commit a bad act, even a serious crime;
  • Joy– one of the best manifestations of emotionality in a person, which can push him to incredible discoveries;
  • Sadness- the negative side of all human feelings. A person who is sad is usually inactive and unable to engage in productive activities;
  • Fear– the internal state of a person’s soul, which is formed for self-preservation;
  • Disgust– also has a negative connotation of emotionality. Just like fear, it helps a person preserve his own body.

High emotionality of a person can change a person’s attitude towards the world around him. In order to act correctly in a given situation, you first need to understand your inner state and then learn to avoid excessive emotional outbursts that can cause harm to you. No matter what feelings you have

The following table will help you find a name for the emotional experience of human feelings, based on the four basic emotions:

INITIAL EMOTION

RELATED FEELINGS
Ecstasy, euphoria, delight, confidence, relief, tenderness, curiosity, cheerfulness, peace, revitalization, happiness, optimism, compassion, dignity, peace, compassion, love, bliss, satisfaction, etc.
Annoyance, neglect, dissatisfaction, cynicism, jealousy, hatred, rage, rage, anger, aggression, disgust, envy, disgust, contempt, intolerance, disgust, etc.
Fatigue, shame, apathy, concern, despair, sadness, boredom, guilt, resentment, depression, oppression, weakness, melancholy, etc.
Confusion, doubt, uncertainty, worry, nervousness, apprehension, anxiety, confusion, uncertainty, panic, mistrust, etc.

Using these tables, you can clearly understand what feelings cover you at a certain moment in life. In this way, you can understand your internal state and prevent negative influence on the people around you. You can also, after studying this list of emotional states, characterize another person, if necessary.

Division of feelings into three varieties

In order not to fall into a depressed state, a person must realize that how he will deal with his inner experiences depends only on him. Prolonged stay in oppression can develop into a chronic psychological illness

To understand what feelings exist, you can do a lot of guessing and guessing. After all, each of us can perceive certain feelings differently. Some people are capable of experiencing experiences very deeply and for a long time, while others are given the ability to have short-term emotional experiences. Each person is able to feel depending on his character, principle or accumulated experience in life, and the difference in feelings also depends on the person’s temperament.

Moral feelings

They manifest themselves in people in relation to each other or in relation to their own actions. As a rule, the classification of feelings is determined by the subject’s sphere of residence in society. This gives rise to the following emotional manifestations:

  • hatred;
  • Love;
  • sympathy;
  • antipathy;
  • charity;
  • respect for other subjects;
  • feeling of conscience, gratitude.

This also includes friendship and collective affection.

All these qualities manifest themselves depending on the norms of moral behavior accepted in social society. In addition, such sensations can be caused depending on a person’s worldview and his outlook on life and established beliefs. In the case when an action corresponds to accepted moral standards, a person will feel satisfaction, but if actions do not correspond to recognized canons, then people will feel dissatisfied.

Intellectual feelings

Mental experience caused by mental activity. When a person gets positive results from his work, he will feel joy, peace and joy. Such feelings motivate people to make new discoveries or become more productive. But if you fail in your endeavors, then there will be a feeling of frustration and painful perception that will cause reduced efficiency or complete refusal to complete any tasks.

Aesthetic feelings

When you witness something beautiful, you will receive a lot of positive emotions. When contemplating beautiful landscapes, objects of art, looking at talented people or when creating beautiful creations, you begin to experience a feeling of delight and bliss that gives you strength for new discoveries and motivates you to great things.

This is not a complete list; in fact, the palette of emotions and feelings is so vast that it is impossible to describe in words all emotional experiences. But, nevertheless, this is more than enough to classify the main emotional components.

What is the actual difference between feelings and emotions?

When experiencing certain emotional experiences, we feel positive or negative emotions with all the sensors of our body. Not everyone can express such worries in verbal form. However, understanding feelings allows us not only to identify them qualitatively, but also to completely control these emotional experiences.

It is very important not to confuse emotions and feelings, since there are many opinions on this matter. Many people believe that these are the same thing. But in reality this is completely wrong

As we have already found out, feelings are a set of certain experiences in relation to the people around us, as well as objects around us or some events.

Many individuals interpret the words “feelings” and “emotions” differently: Some believe that they are the same thing, others are sure that feelings are a type of human emotional state. But there are those who think that emotions are the mental state of a living organism, and feelings are properties of the mental state. Any opinion has a place to be, since in reality feelings and emotions are interconnected. Thanks to these spiritual experiences, we can enjoy our lives, but without them we would simply exist. This emotional palette makes our lives varied and exciting, and each of us finds the meaning of life thanks to these sensations.

It is very important to learn to control your own feelings and emotions so as not to fall into a state of depression or apathy. If a man long time will remain in this state. then it will be very difficult to return him to normal life and make you happy

So what is the difference between feelings and emotions? In fact, there are specific differences, namely:

Each of us is filled with emotions from birth. These are instinctive reactions of people that change depending on changes in the world around us, and feelings develop throughout our lives in social society. We acquire the ability to feel as a result of our upbringing and knowledge, that is, training. As everyone knows, we have been able to express emotions since our birth, but people learn to feel throughout their lives.

Human feelings are easier to control, but emotional attitude cannot be controlled, since it is part of our instinctive nature.

As a rule, feelings can change during a person’s life, they can either progress and develop, or completely disappear; their manifestation can take place in different ways and completely change their “polarity”. Emotion is always the same.

When a person experiences a negative feeling towards an object or another person, then such an attitude can change at any moment, and develop into the opposite feeling - for example, if you experience hatred, then such a feeling can change into a feeling of love for some object. But, the reason for fear always remains unchanged; if you experience this emotion, then there is no likelihood of it changing, since there is an instinctive reason for this. There are two options: either you are afraid of something or not.

The main motivation is a feeling, and emotion causes a short-term desire to do something and make it a reality.

How to learn to control your feelings

In those moments when emotional experiences capture our consciousness, regardless of whether they are positive or negative, the psychological shell of a person suffers. To experience well-being, you need to know how to properly cope with negative or positive feelings. Both of them can cause serious damage to a person’s moral and physical health. Therefore, you need to know the measure of joy and sorrow.

It is very important to understand the boundary between positive and negative emotions. The first step to learning to control your feelings and emotions is to study basic emotional manifestations. You just need to choose the most suitable option from the tables that are located above in the text

In order to control your inner experiences, you need to treat your emotional mood correctly. Therefore you need to consider the following:

  1. First, you must identify the criteria for your feelings as indicated in the first table. These are sthenicity, valence and intensity. After this, move on to the second stage.
  2. Select the initial emotion from the second table. Think about which feelings from this list suit you best.
  3. And finally, determine the name of your emotional state, and independently understand what emotional disturbances are troubling you.

Very often our inner experiences overcome a person’s mind, such that he cannot live in peace. He loses his appetite, suffers from insomnia, and the most negative thoughts creep in that harm the entire body. The longer severe unrest lasts, the greater the likelihood of self-harm and being in a long-term depressive state. Prolonged stress have a detrimental effect on a person, and accordingly the people around him begin to suffer.

To learn how to manage your internal state, each person must choose his own table of feelings in order to become more successful and not endanger his life and the lives of his loved ones.

At the end it says

We now know how many basic senses humans have and how they can help people feel. In addition, we figured out what emotions are and how feelings relate to them. It is quite difficult to count the exact number of emotions and feelings, since there are a large number of them. Some say that there are only 5 of them. Some people think that there are more than 15, and others cannot decide on the number at all, thinking that there are many more of them. But based on scientific research, we can safely say that there are 5 main organs. They allow us humans to feel. Although there are some contradictions on this issue, these are just modern assumptions.

Everything that a person encounters in his life evokes one attitude or another in him. A person’s certain attitude is manifested even towards individual qualities and properties of surrounding objects. The sphere of feelings includes annoyance and patriotism, joy and fear, delight and grief.

Feelings- these are human relationships experienced in various forms to objects and phenomena of reality. Human life is unbearable without experiences; if a person is deprived of the opportunity to experience feelings, then the so-called “emotional hunger” sets in, which he seeks to satisfy by listening to his favorite music, reading an action-packed book, etc. Moreover, for emotional saturation, not only positive feelings are needed, but also feelings associated with suffering.

The most developed and complex shape emotional processes in a person are feelings that represent not only an emotional, but also a conceptual reflection.

Feelings are formed throughout a person’s life in conditions. Feelings that meet higher social needs are called higher feelings. For example, love for the Motherland, your people, your city, and other people. They are characterized by the complexity of their structure, great strength, duration, stability, independence from specific situations and the state of the body. Such an example is the love of a mother for her child; the mother may become angry with the child, be dissatisfied with his behavior, punish, but all this does not affect her feeling, which remains strong and relatively stable.

The complexity of higher feelings is determined by their complex structure. That is, they consist of several different and sometimes opposing emotions, which seem to crystallize on a certain object. For example, falling in love is a less complex feeling than love, since in addition to falling in love, the latter presupposes tenderness, friendship, affection, jealousy and other emotions that produce a feeling of love that cannot be expressed in words.

Depending on the nature of a person’s relationship to various objects social environment the main types of higher feelings are highlighted: moral, practical, intellectual, aesthetic.

Moral feelings a person experiences in relation to society, other people, as well as to himself, such as a sense of patriotism, friendship, love, conscience, which regulate interpersonal relationships.

Feelings that are associated with a person’s performance of other activities are called practical. They arise in the process of activity in connection with its success or failure. Positive practical feelings include hard work, pleasant fatigue, a sense of passion for work, and satisfaction with the work done. When negative practical feelings predominate, a person perceives work as hard labor.

Certain types of work, learning, and some games require intense mental activity. The process of mental activity is accompanied by intellectual emotions. If they acquire the qualities of stability and stability, they appear as intellectual feelings: curiosity, joy of discovering truth, surprise, doubt.

The feelings that a person experiences when creating beauty in life and in art are called aesthetic. Aesthetic feelings are brought up through familiarization with nature, admiring the forest, sun, river, etc. In order to comprehend the laws of beauty and harmony, it is useful for children to engage in drawing, dancing, music and other types of artistic activities.

Throughout the development of people, a special form has formed mental reflection significant objects and events - emotions. The same object or event causes different people different emotions, because everyone has their own specific attitude.

Emotions- these are subjective human reactions to the influence of external and internal stimuli, reflecting in the form of experiences their personal significance for the subject and manifesting themselves in the form of pleasure or displeasure.

In the narrow sense of the word, emotions are the direct, temporary experience of some feeling. So, if we consider the feelings experienced by fans on the stands of the stadium and sports in general (the feeling of love for football, hockey, tennis), then these experiences cannot be called an emotion. Emotions here will be represented by the state of pleasure and admiration that a fan experiences when watching a good game.

Functions and types of emotions

Emotions were recognized as having an important positive role in people’s lives, and the following positive functions began to be associated with them: motivational-regulatory, communicative, signaling and protective.

Motivational-regulatory function is that emotions are involved in motivating human behavior and can motivate, guide and regulate. Sometimes emotions can replace thinking in regulating behavior.

Communication function lies in the fact that emotions, or more precisely, the methods of their external expression, carry information about the mental and physical state of a person. Thanks to emotions, we understand each other better. By observing changes in emotional states, it becomes possible to judge what is happening in the psyche. Comment: people belonging to different cultures are able to accurately perceive and evaluate many expressions of the human face, and identify from it such emotions as joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise. This also applies to those peoples who have never been in direct contact with each other.

Signal function. Life without emotions is just as impossible as life without. Emotions, Charles Darwin argued, arose in the process of evolution as a means by which living beings establish the significance of certain conditions to satisfy their actual needs. Emotionally expressive movements (facial expressions, gestures, pantomime) serve as signals about the state of the human needs system.

Protective function is expressed in the fact that, arising as an instant, quick reaction of the body, it can protect a person from dangers.

It has been established that the more complex the organization Living being, the higher the level on the evolutionary ladder it occupies, the richer and more diverse the range of emotions that it is capable of experiencing.

The nature of the experience (pleasure or displeasure) determines the sign of emotions - positive And negative. From the point of view of influence on human activity, emotions are divided into sthenic and asthenic. Stenic emotions stimulate activity, increase a person’s energy and tension, and encourage him to act and speak. Popular expression: “ready to move mountains.” And, conversely, sometimes experiences are characterized by a kind of stiffness, passivity, then they talk about asthenic emotions. Therefore, depending on the situation and individual characteristics emotions can influence behavior in different ways. Thus, grief can cause apathy and inactivity in weak person, while strong man redoubles his energy, finding solace in work and creativity.

Modality- main quality characteristic emotions, which determines their type according to the specificity and special coloring of experiences. According to modality, three basic emotions are distinguished: fear, anger and joy. With all its diversity, almost any emotion is a unique expression of one of these emotions. Anxiety, worry, fear, horror are various manifestations of fear; anger, irritability, rage - anger; fun, rejoicing, triumph - joy.

K. Izard identified the following basic emotions

Interest(as an emotion) - a positive emotional state that promotes the development of skills and knowledge.

Joy- a positive emotional state associated with the ability to sufficiently fully satisfy current need, the probability of which until this moment was small or, in any case, uncertain.

Astonishment- an emotional reaction to sudden circumstances that does not have a clearly defined positive or negative sign. Surprise inhibits all previous emotions, directing attention to the object that caused it, and can turn into interest.

Suffering- a negative emotional state associated with received reliable or apparent information about the impossibility of satisfying the most important needs of life, which until that moment seemed more or less probable, most often occurs in the form of emotional stress.

Anger- an emotional state, negative in sign, usually occurring in the form of affect and caused by the sudden emergence of a serious obstacle to the satisfaction of a need that is extremely important for the subject.

Disgust- a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances), contact with which ( physical interaction, communication in communication, etc.) comes into sharp conflict with the ideological, moral or aesthetic principles and attitudes of the subject. Disgust, if combined with anger, can interpersonal relationships motivate aggressive behavior, where attack is motivated by anger, and disgust is motivated by the desire to get rid of someone or something.

Contempt- a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by a mismatch in the life positions, views and behavior of the subject with the life positions, views and behavior of the object of feeling. The latter are presented to the subject as base, not corresponding to accepted moral standards and aesthetic criteria.

Fear- a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about possible threat his life well-being, about real or imagined danger. In contrast to the emotion of suffering, caused by direct blocking of the most important needs, a person, experiencing the emotion of fear, has only a probabilistic forecast of possible trouble and acts on the basis of this (often an insufficiently reliable or exaggerated forecast).

Shame- a negative state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one’s own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also with one’s own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

Emotions are also characterized by strength, duration and awareness. The range of differences in the strength of internal experience and external manifestations is very large for emotions of any modality. Joy can manifest itself as a weak emotion, for example, when a person experiences a feeling of satisfaction. Delight is an emotion of greater power. Anger ranges from irritability and indignation to hatred and rage; fear ranges from mild anxiety to horror. The duration of emotions lasts from a few seconds to many years. The degree of awareness of emotions can also vary. Sometimes it is difficult for a person to understand what emotion he is experiencing and why it arises.

Emotional experiences are ambiguous. The same object can evoke inconsistent, contradictory emotions. This phenomenon is called ambivalence(duality) of feelings. For example, you can respect someone for their ability to work and at the same time condemn them for their temper.

The qualities that characterize each specific emotional reaction can be combined in different ways, which creates many-sided forms of their expression. The main forms of expression of emotions are feeling tone, situational emotion, affect, passion, stress, mood and feeling.

Sensual tone is expressed in the fact that many human sensations have their own emotional connotation. That is, people do not just feel a smell or taste, but perceive it as pleasant or unpleasant. Images of perception, memory, thinking, imagination are also emotionally charged. A. N. Leontiev considered one of the essential qualities of human cognition to be a phenomenon that he called “bias” in the reflection of the world.

Situational emotions arise in the process of human life more often than other emotional reactions. Their main characteristics are considered to be relatively low strength, short duration, rapid change of emotions, and low external visibility.