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Preface 3

MORPHOLOGY

Parts of speech 5

The Noun

General information 6

Proper and common nouns 7

Countable and uncountable nouns 8

Number 9

Pluralizing nouns 10

Special cases of forming the plural of nouns 11

Plural formation of compound nouns. 13

Nouns used only in the singular 14

Nouns used only in the plural 15

Case 16

See full table of contents...

The Common Case 16

The Possessive Case 18

Gender 21

Nouns in definition function 22

Noun Determiners 23

The Article

General information 25

Pronunciation of articles 27

Article place 28

Use of the article and pronouns some and any with common nouns 29

Using the article and pronouns some and any with countable nouns 29

Expression in Russian of the meanings conveyed by the article, the pronouns some and any, as well as possessive pronouns,

before countable nouns 29

Using the classifying article and pronouns some and any with countable nouns 35

Using the individualizing article with countable nouns 41

Using the article with countable nouns that have a definition 46

Using the article and pronouns some and any with uncountable nouns 51

Usage of articles and pronouns some and any with real nouns 51

The use of articles and pronouns some and any with abstract nouns 54

The absence of an article before common nouns -

countable and uncountable 56

Using articles with proper nouns 59

The use of the article in some stable combinations 61

The Adjective

General information 63

Degrees of Comparison 65

The use of adjectives in the meaning of nouns 72

Place of adjective in sentence 74

The Numeral

General information 76

Cardinal Numerals 77

Ordinal Numerals 80

Fractional Numerals 82

Pronoun (The Pronoun)

General information 84

Personal Pronouns 86

Possessive Pronouns 89

Reflexive Pronouns 91

Reciprocal Pronouns 93

Demonstrative Pronouns 94

Interrogative Pronouns 99

Relative Pronouns 103

Cases of absence relative pronouns 107

Indefinite Pronouns 107

Pronouns some and any 107

Pronouns derived from some and any

Pronouns by and by 112

Pronouns derived from 113

Pronouns much and many 114

Pronouns little and few 115

Pronoun all 117

Pronoun both 120

Pronouns either and neither 122

Pronouns each and every 123

Pronoun other 124

Pronoun one 125

Verb (The Verb)

General information 128

Personal and impersonal forms of the verb 129

Basic verb forms 130

Regular and irregular verbs Irregular Verbs) 130

Semantic (independent), auxiliary and semi-auxiliary verbs 132

Mood 133

Collateral (Voice) 134

Finite Forms of the Verb 134

Person and Number 134

The Indicative Mood 135

The Active Voice 135

Active tenses 135

Times of Indefinite 139

The Present Indefinite Tense 139

The Past Indefinite Tense 142

The Future Indefinite Tense 146

The Future Indefinite in the Past Tense (Future indefinite tense in the past) 148

Times of the group Continuous 149

The Present Continuous Tense 149

Present Continuous of the verb to go 4-infinitive 152

The Past Continuous Tense 153

The Future Continuous Tense 157

The Future Continuous in the’Past Tense (Future continuous tense in the past) 161

Times of Perfect 162

The Present Perfect Tense 162

The Past Perfect Tense 169

The Future Perfect Tense 178

The Future Perfect in the Past Tense (Future perfect tense in the past) 180

Times of the group Perfect Continuous 181

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 181

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 185

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense 188

The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Tense (Future perfect continuous tense in the past) 189

Summary of methods for translating English verb tenses into Russian 189

Comparison of Russian and English indicative tenses 192

Sequence of Tenses 194

Summary of methods for translating into Russian English verb tenses in a subordinate clause depending on the main one with a predicate verb in the past tense 199

Comparison of Russian tenses with English ones in a subordinate clause depending on the main one with a predicate verb in the past tense 201

Sequence of tenses in complex sentences with several subordinate clauses 203

Cases of deviation from the rules of sequence of times 204

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 206

Passive Voice 208

Formation of passive tenses 208

Active and passive phrases 209

Use of passive phrases 210

Using passive tenses 212

Different meanings of the combination of the verb to be with Past Participle 215

Comparison of the compound predicate, expressed by the combination to be -f- Past Participle, with the tenses of the Perfect passive group

collateral 216

Methods of translating passive phrases into Russian 219

Translation into English of Russian phrases expressing the meaning of the passive voice 221

Features of the use of passive phrases in English 226

Passive phrases with the formal subject it. 234

Imperative mood (T h e ImperativeMood) 235

The Subjunctive Mood 236

Auxiliary and modal verbs 243

Auxiliary Verbs 243

General information 243

Verb to be 244

Verb to have 248

Verb to do 254

Verbs shall (should) and will (would) 256

Modal Verbs 267

General information 267

Verb can (could) 269

Verb may (might) 273

Verb must 277

Verb ought 280

Verb need 281

Summary of ways to express ought using a combination modal verbs with infinitive 282

The use of auxiliary and modal verbs to avoid repetition of the preceding predicate verb 285

Nan-Finite Forms of the Verb 289

General information 289

The Infinitive 292

General information 292

Formation of infinitive forms 293

Infinitive with particle to 294

Infinitive without particle to 295

The use of the infinitive in the form of the active voice (Active Infinitive) and passive voice (Passive Infinitive) 296

Use of the infinitive in the forms Indefinite, Perfect, Continuous and Perfect Continuous 293

Indefinite Infinitive 293

Perfect Infinitive 303

Continuous Infinitive 305

Perfect Continuous Infinitive 306

Turnover for -f- noun(or pronoun) -f- infinitive 306 Turnover “objective case with the infinitive” (Objective with the

Turnover “nominative with the infinitive” 315

Independent infinitive phrase 324

The Gerund 324

General information 324

The use of gerunds in the form of active voice (Active Gerund) and passive voice (Passive Gerund) 326

Use of gerunds in the form Indefinite and Perfect 327

The use of gerunds in various functions 328

Using gerunds after prepositions 328

Using a gerund without a preceding preposition 334

Gerund with preceding noun or pronoun 337

Translation of gerund into Russian 340

The difference between a gerund and a verbal noun 341

The Participle 342

General information 342

Formation of participle forms 341

Simple forms of participle 344

Complex forms of participle 345

Use of participle 346

Simple forms of participle 346

Present Participle Active 346

Past Participle Passive 351

Place of Present Participle Active and Past Participle Passive in the definition function 356

Using the forms Present Participle Active and Past Participle Active and Passive to form complex verb forms 357

Complex forms of participle 357

Perfect Participle Active 357

Present Participle Passive 359

Perfect Participle Passive 362

Summary of ways to translate English participles into Russian 363

Translation of Russian participles and gerunds into English 364

Independent participle phrase 373

Turnover “objective case with participle” 377

Object case with present participle 377

Object case with past participle 379

Adverb (The Adverb)

General information 380

Adverb forms 381

Classification of adverbs of meaning and their use 384

Adverbs of place 384

Adverbs of time 387

Adverbs of measure and degree 391

Adverbs of manner 394

Adverbs that give words additional semantic shades 395

Adverbs relating to the sentence as a whole 397

Adverbs serving as question words 398

Adverbs used to connect sentences 399

Degrees of comparison of adverbs 339

Place of adverb in sentence 402

The Preposition

General information 405

Prepositions coinciding in form with adverbs 409

Place of preposition in sentence 410

The use of individual prepositions and adverbs coinciding with them in form:

About (411). Above (413). Across (413). After (414). Against (415). Along (415). Among (415). At (416). Before (418). Behind (418). Below (419). Beside (419). Besides (419). Between (420). Beyond (420). By (420). Down (422). During (423). Except (423). For (424). From (426). In (427). Comparison of the prepositions in and at (430). Inside (430). Into (430). Of (431). Off (433). On, upon (434). Out of (436). Comparison of the prepositions out of and from (437). Outside (437). Over (438). Past (439). Round, around (439). Since (440). Comparison of the prepositions since and from (440). Through (441). Tifl, until (441). To(442). Comparison of the prepositions to and into (444). Towards (444). Under (445). Up (446). With (447). Comparison of prepositions with and by (449). Within (450). Comparison of prepositions for, during, in, within (450). Withput (451). Compound prepositions (451).

The Conjunction

General information 453

Coordinating conjunctions 454

Subordinating conjunctions 455

Conjunctive words 460

Conjunctions, prepositions and adverbs that match the form 430

The Interjection 461

SYNTAX

The Sentence 462

General information 462

The Simple Sentence

Unextended and Extended Sentences 463

The main members of the sentence and their expression 464

The Subject 464

Formal subject it 465

Turns it is. that and it is, since 466

Indefinite subjects one, they, we and you 468

The Predicate 469

Simple predicate 469

Compound nominal predicate 469

Compound verb predicate 471

Predicate expressed by there is 472

Agreement of the predicate with the subject 476

Secondary members of the sentence and their expression. 480

Addition (The Object) 480

The Direct Object 480

Unprepositioned indirect object(The Indirect Object) 481

The Prepositional Object 481

Formal addition it 482

Definition (The Attribute) 482

Circumstances (Adverbial Modifiers) 486

Complex members of sentence 488

Offers with homogeneous members(Sentences with Homogeneous Parts) 489

Words not grammatically related to the sentence (Independent Elements) 490

Declarative Sentences 491

Word order in a declarative sentence 491

Location of additions in sentence 492

Prepositionless indirect object and indirect object with preposition to 493

Arrangement of circumstances in sentence 495

Deviations from the usual arrangement of the main members of sentence 496

Deviations from the usual arrangement of minor members of sentence 499

Narrative negative sentences 500

Interrogative Sentences 504

General Questions 504

Answers to common questions 506

Negative form general issues 507

Disjunctive Questions 508

Special Questions 510

Answers to special questions 511

Questions related to the subject or its definition 512

Special questions with a compound nominal predicate 513

Negative form of special questions 514

Alternative Questions 515

Imperative Sentences 516

Exclamatory Sentences; 517

Difficult sentence

The Compound Sentence. 518

The Complex Sentence. 516

Types of subordinate clauses 520

Subject Clauses 522

Subject clauses beginning with the conjunction that 523

Predicative Clauses 525

Additional subordinate clauses(Object Clauses) 525

Additional subordinate clauses depending on verbs expressing demand, advice, proposal, agreement, order 527

Additional subordinate clauses depending on verbs expressing feelings of regret, surprise, indignation, joy, etc. 528

Additional subordinate clauses depending on the verb to wish 529

Direct and Indirect Speech 531

Converting direct speech to indirect speech 532

Declarative sentence 532

Interrogative sentence 536

Imperative sentence 539

Attributive Clauses 541

Adverbial Clauses 545

Adverbial Clauses of Time 545

Adverbial Clauses of Place 548

Adverbial Clauses of Cause 549

Adverbial Clauses of Manner 549

Adverbial Clauses of Result 551

Adverbial Clauses of Concession 552

Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 552

Adverbial Clauses of Condition 554

Conditional Sentences 555

The first type of conditional sentences 555

Second type of conditional sentences 557

The third type of conditional sentences 559

The use of could and might in the main part of conditional sentences of the second and third types 560

Conditional sentences formed from elements of the second and I third types 561

Conditional sentences with unexpressed condition or consequence 562

Non-Union conditional sentences 562

Summary of ways to express the predicate in conditional sentences 564

Sequence of tenses in complex sentences including conditionals 564

Complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses 566

Punctuation Marks 567

Comma (The Comma) 567

comma in simple sentence 567

comma in complex sentence 569

Semicolon (The Semicolon) 570

The Colon 570

Point (The Full Stop or the Period) 571

Question Mark (The Note of interrogation) 571

The Note of Exclamation 572

Quotes (The Inverted Commas) 572

Apostrophe (The Apostrophe) 572

Hyphen or dash (The Hyphen) 572

Applications:

I. Word formation 573

II. Tables of personal and impersonal verb forms 594

III. Table irregular verbs 607

IV. List of the most common prepositions, conjunctions, allied words, as well as adverbs that coincide in form with prepositions and conjunctions, and adverbs that serve to connect sentences 612

V. List of some of the most common adverbs and combinations that perform the function of adverbs 615

Exercises 619

Index of words and combinations analyzed in textbook 707

Download the free USSR textbook - Practical English Grammar (Kachalova, Izrailevich) 1957

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PREFACE

In this edition, the textbook has been revised and expanded. Many sections have been revised, and some have been written almost or even completely from scratch. These sections include: article, sequence of tenses, subjunctive mood, general information about imfinite forms of the verb, infinitive, participle, adverb, subject clauses, additional clauses. Other sections have also undergone major or minor changes and fairly significant additions. At the end of the textbook there are lists of the most common prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs, as well as an alphabetical index of words and combinations analyzed in the textbook. The number of exercises has been increased, and some new types of exercises have been introduced, such as for sections on articles, word formation and some others.

Particular attention was paid to reworking the article section, which is one of the most difficult sections in English grammar. An attempt was made to connect the system of English articles with some Russian pronouns, comparable to articles in their meanings and functions in a sentence. Many years of experience confirm that this method of explaining the use of articles greatly facilitates students’ mastery of this difficult topic.

Much attention was also paid to the revision of the section on adverbs, which, as a rule, receives insufficient attention in existing grammar textbooks. Even though the material in this section is simple, since the adverb has no grammatical categories, mastering this section presents difficulties for students. Although in many cases these difficulties can be attributed more to vocabulary than to grammar, it seems to us methodologically justified to reflect them in a practical grammar textbook.

As is known, in the English language the issue of the subjunctive mood is extremely complex and there is no consensus on this issue either in the scientific literature or in educational grammars. In the previous edition, the subjunctive mood section did not reflect, as criticism rightly noted, full picture forms expressing the meaning of the subjunctive mood. In this edition, all these forms are given in a specific system. There is a methodological note for this section on the order of passing the forms of the subjunctive mood. It is recommended not to pass the subjunctive mood as one grammar topic, and attribute various ways expressions of the subjunctive mood to the corresponding types of sentences in which they are used, thus transferring the passage of the subjunctive mood from morphology to syntax. The subjunctive mood section is recommended to be completed after all cases of its use have been mastered. Based on many years of practice, such a passage of the subjunctive mood seems to us to be methodically the most appropriate.

A request to all persons using this textbook, especially teachers in English, submit your critical comments to the address: Moscow, Oruzheyny lane, building 25-a, V/O “Vneshtorgizdat”.

MORPHOLOGY

PARTS OF SPEECH

All words are divided into categories called parts of speech. Words belong to one or another part of speech depending on the following characteristics: 1) their meaning, 2) function in a sentence, 3) forms of word formation (suffixes) and 4) forms of inflection (grammatical endings).

In the English language, forms of word formation and inflection very often are not features that distinguish one part of speech from another, since a huge number English words does not have characteristic suffixes indicating their belonging to one or another part of speech, and the number of grammatical endings is extremely limited.

The following parts of speech are distinguished:

1) The Noun

2) The Adjective

3) The Numeral

4) Pronoun (the Pronoun)

5) Verb (the Verb)

6) Adverb

7) The Preposition

8) The Conjunction

9) The Interjection

Noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb and adverb are significant (independent) parts of speech. They denote objects, their qualities, actions, etc. and are members of a sentence. Prepositions and conjunctions are functional parts of speech. They show various relationships between members of a sentence or sentences, but are not themselves members of a sentence.

Interjections are neither significant nor auxiliary parts of speech, since they differ in their meaning and function in a sentence from both of them.

THE NOUN

GENERAL INFORMATION

§ 1. 1. A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object. In grammar, a subject is everything about which one can ask: who is this? who is this? or what is this? who is this? For example: who is this? who is this? - a man, a girl, an engineer; what is this? What is this? - a house, wheat, darkness, work.

2. Nouns are usually accompanied by articles or other determiners and are often combined with prepositions. Articles and other determiners, as well as prepositions, are signs of a noun: a table, the table table; this book; my pencil; in the room; with sugar

3. Nouns have two numbers: singular and plural: a table (singular) table, tables (plural) stems; a book (singular) book, books (plural) books.

4. Nouns have two cases: general and possessive: worker (general case), worker’s (possessive case); father (general case), father’s (possessive case).

5. The gender of nouns in English is determined not by the form of the word, but by its meaning. Nouns denoting animate objects are masculine or feminine, depending on the gender they denote: a man (masculine gender) man, a woman ( feminine) woman. Nouns denoting inanimate objects are neuter: a chair, water, a window.

6. Nouns are simple, derivative and compound.

Simple nouns include nouns that do not have any prefixes or suffixes: ship, town, book, wheat.

Derived nouns include nouns that contain suffixes or prefixes, or both at the same time: darkness, misprint, unemployment.

The most characteristic suffixes of derived nouns include:

Age: passage, marriage

Ance, -ence: resistance, difference

Dom: freedom freedom, wisdom wisdom

Er: worker worker, writer writer

Hood: childhood childhood, neighborhood

Ion: restriction, connection

Ment: development, government

Ness: happiness, kindness courtesy

Ship: leadership leadership, friendship friendship

Ty: safety, certainty confidence

Ure: departure departure, pleasure pleasure

Nouns have almost no characteristic prefixes. The prefixes of nouns basically coincide with the prefixes of verbs and adjectives, since they are found mainly in nouns formed from these parts of speech: reconstruction, disarmament, disarmament, uneasiness, inequality.

Compound nouns are nouns formed by combining two words into one. They are written together or with a hyphen (dash): bedroom bedroom, newspaper newspaper, dining-room dining room. Some compound nouns consist of two words with a preposition between them: commander-in-chief, mother-in-law, mother-in-law, mother-in-law.

(See Appendix 1 - page 573)

7. Nouns can be used in a sentence in the function:

a) subject:

The train leaves at six o'clock. The train leaves at six o'clock.

b) the nominal part of a compound predicate:

Not a teacher. He is a teacher.

c) additions (direct, prepositional indirect and prepositional indirect):

I've received a telegram. I received a telegram.

We’ve sent the buyers a let- We sent the buyers a letter-

I'll speak to the manager. I'll talk to the manager.

d) definitions:

This is the manager's room. This is the manager's room.

e) circumstances:

There is a hospital in the village. - There is a hospital in the village.

PROPER AND DENIAL NOUNS

§ 2. Nouns are divided into proper (Proper Nouns) and common nouns (Common Nouns).

1. Proper nouns denote objects and phenomena that are one of a kind: the Volga Volga, the Caucasus Caucasus, London London, the French Revolution French revolution. Proper nouns also include personal names: Peter Peter, John Smith John Smith.

In English, proper nouns also include names of days and months: Sunday Sunday, May May.

Proper nouns are written with capital letter. If given name a noun is a combination of several words, then all words, with the exception of articles, prepositions and conjunctions, are written with a capital letter: the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

2. Common nouns are nouns common name for all homogeneous objects: a boy, a country, a house, a river.

Common nouns include:

a) nouns denoting individual items- a book book, books books, a boy boy, boys boys, - as well as nouns denoting groups of persons or animals considered as one whole (collective nouns) - a family family, families families, a crowd crowd, crowds of crowds, a herd of herds, herds of herds;

b) nouns denoting various substances (material nouns): water, steel, wool;

c) nouns denoting signs, actions, states, feelings, phenomena, science, art, etc. (abstract nouns - Abstract Nouns): honesty, bravery, darkness, love, work, sleep, winter winter, history history, music music.

Countable and uncountable nouns

§ 3. Common nouns can be divided into two groups: 1) countable nouns and 2) uncountable nouns.

1. Countable nouns include the names of objects that can be counted. They are used in both singular and plural:

I have bought a book.1 I bought a book.

I have bought two books. I bought two books.

There is a library in this street.

There are very many libraries in Moscow.

There is a library on this street.

There are a lot of libraries in Moscow.

2. Uncountable nouns include the names of objects that cannot be counted. These include real and abstract nouns. Uncountable nouns are used only in the singular:

Coal is produced in many dis- Coal is produced in many tricts of our country. areas of our country.

Knowledge is power. Knowledge is power.

§ 4. In English, as in Russian, some material nouns can be used to designate an object or objects consisting of a given substance or material; in this case they become countable nouns:

Not carried a brick (two bricks) in each hand.

Wed: Our house is built of brick.

The boy threw a stone (two stones) into the water.

Wed: The ground was as hard as stone.

He carried a brick (two bricks) in each hand.

Our house is built of brick.

The boy threw a stone (two stones) into the water.

The ground was hard as stone.

Material nouns can be used, as in Russian, to denote different varieties and types of substance. In this case they also become countable nouns:

It is a good wine.

Don't prefer Caucasian wines to Crimean wines.

We export lubricating oils.

This is good wine. He prefers Crimean wines. We export oils.

§ 5. Abstract nouns turn into countable nouns when their meaning is specified:

Not made a speech yesterday.

His speeches are always interesting.

Wed: Animals do not possess the power of speech.

There are very many amusements in the Park of Culture and Rest.

Wed: He does that for amusement.

He gave a speech yesterday.

His speeches are always interesting.

Animals do not have the gift of speech.

There is a lot of entertainment in the Park of Culture and Recreation.

He does it for fun.

NUMBER

§ 6. In English, as in Russian, there are two numbers: singular and plural.

The singular form serves to designate one object: a table is standing, and a rap is a pen. The plural form is used to denote two or more objects: tables, pens, feathers.

Details Category: English

Year of manufacture: 1998
Author: Kachalova K.N. Izrailevich E.E. / Kachalova K.N., Israilevich E.E.
Genre: Textbook
Publisher: UNVES
Russian language
Format: PDF
ISBN: 5-88682-003-5
Quality: Scanned pages
Number of pages: 718

Description : In terms of its volume, this textbook is close to standard grammar textbooks for language universities. However, it differs from them mainly in a less detailed theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena, since it is not intended for the training of English language teachers, but for the training of specialists related in their practical work with English.
The textbook covers the main grammatical phenomena found both in everyday and business colloquial speech, as well as in economic and foreign trade texts and documents, since the textbook is primarily intended for educational institutions system of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Some sections, such as participle, infinitive and gerund, are developed in somewhat more detail than other sections, since their detailed study is especially important for the accurate translation of special texts and documents.
Examples illustrating grammatical phenomena and many exercises are based not only on everyday vocabulary, but also on the most common political, economic and foreign trade vocabulary.

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The purpose of this textbook is to help students master both translation skills and oral and written skills. English speech. To achieve this singing, students must acquire a certain vocabulary and study the grammatical structure of the language. Since the student thinks in his native language, the close interaction between his native and foreign languages plays an exceptional role in the learning process. The authors sought to note both the differences between grammatical phenomena in both languages ​​and their similarities. Considering that students strive to transfer constructions characteristic of the Russian language into foreign speech, the authors make appropriate warnings in a number of sections in order to prevent problems arising on this basis. typical mistakes. The authors sought to rely as much as possible in the presentation of grammatical phenomena on students’ knowledge of the Russian language, using definitions, formulations and terminology from Russian grammar, deviating from this in cases where the specifics of the English language required it.

PARTS OF SPEECH.
All words are divided into categories called parts of speech. Words belong to one or another part of speech depending on the following characteristics: 1) their meaning, 2) their role in a sentence, 3) forms of word formation (suffixes) and 4) forms of inflection (grammatical endings). In the English language, forms of word formation and inflection very often are not features that distinguish one part of speech from another, since a huge number of English words do not have characteristic suffixes indicating their belonging to one or another part of speech, and the number of grammatical endings is extremely limited.

The following parts of speech are distinguished:
1) The Noun
2) The Adjective
3) The Numeral
4) Pronoun (the Pronoun)
5) Verb (the Verb)
6) Adverb
7) The Preposition
8) The Conjunction
9) The Interjection

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In terms of volume, this textbook is close to textbooks normative grammar for language universities. However, it differs from them mainly in that it is less detailed theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena, since it is not intended for preparation English teachers, and for training specialists related in their practical work with English.

Year: 1998

Publisher: UNVES
Format: PDF
Download
Size : 36,3 Mb

K. N. Kachalova, E. E. Izrailevich - English Grammar, 1998

The textbook covers basic grammatical phenomena, found both in everyday and business colloquial speech, and in economic and foreign trade texts and documents, since the textbook is primarily intended for educational institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Some sections, such as participle, infinitive And gerund, developed in somewhat more detail than other sections.

In terms of volume, the textbook is close to standard grammar textbooks for language universities

Since their detailed study is especially important for the accurate translation of special texts and documents. Examples illustrating grammatical phenomena and many exercises are based not only on everyday vocabulary, but also on the most common political, economic and foreign trade vocabulary.

In terms of volume, this textbook approaches the textbooks of normative grammar for language schools. However, it differs from them mainly in less detailed theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena, since it is intended not for the training of English teachers, but for the training of specialists related to their practical work with the English language.

But it differs slightly from them in its theoretical analysis of grammatical phenomena.

The textbook covers the main grammatical phenomena occurring both in everyday and business conversation, as well as in economic and foreign trade texts and documents, since the textbook is primarily intended for educational institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Some sections, such as the sacrament, the infinitive, and the gerund, have been developed in more detail.

But it is not intended for training English teachers

Since their detailed study is especially important for accurate translation of special texts and documents. Examples illustrating grammatical phenomena and many exercises are based not only on everyday vocabulary, but also on the most common political-economic and foreign trade vocabulary.