Presentation on the topic "characteristics of the northwestern economic region." Abstract: Description of the North-West region according to plan
Northwestern economic region- one of 11 major economic regions. It occupies an area of 195,247 km2, which is 1.14% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population living in the North-Western Economic Region in 2015 was 8,237,041 people, which is 5.63% of the total population of Russia. Population density - 42 people/km 2. The region is characterized by an increased rate of urbanization. About 87% of the population lives in cities; according to this indicator, the district ranks first in the country.
The economic region includes 4 constituent entities (regions) of the Russian Federation.
- St. Petersburg (federal city)
St. Petersburg (City)
5,392.992 thousand people(2020)
- Leningrad region
St. Petersburg (City)
1,846.913 thousand people(2019)
- Pskov region
Pskov (City)
629.659 thousand people(2019)
- Novgorod region
Veliky Novgorod (City)
600.382 thousand people.(2019)
Economic-geographical location
The Northwestern economic region is located in the northern part of the Non-Black Earth Zone, on the Russian (East European) Plain. It has common external borders with Latvia, Estonia, Belarus and Finland, has access to the Baltic Sea through the Gulf of Finland, and borders the Central and Northern economic regions of Russia.
In terms of territory and population, the Northwestern economic region is inferior to most economic regions of the Russian Federation. The economic and geographical position of the region is determined, first of all, by its importance as the largest seaport of Russia on the Baltic coast, the second largest city in the country, in which 62% of the total and about 70% of the urban population of the North-Western economic region is concentrated. The average population density of the region significantly exceeds the average density in Russia, the share of the urban population exceeds 80%.
The ethnic composition of the population is homogeneous, the share of Russians is about 90%. Vepsians live in the east, Izhorians, Karelians and Vodians live in the west (a few representatives of the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group of the Ural family). The Setos live here - Orthodox Estonians.
The Northwestern economic region occupies one of the leading places in the country in terms of economic development.
Natural conditions and resources
The Northwestern economic region is located on the northern edge of the East European Plain, which is due to the mainly flat nature of the relief. The climate is moderate continental with warm, humid summers and harsh, snowy winters. The soils are podzolic and (especially in the north) marshy, low in humus, requiring reclamation measures and large amounts of fertilizers for agricultural work.
Forest resources
A significant part of the territory (about 30%) is located in the forest zone; forest cover decreases from the northeast to the southwest. Most of the region is dominated by coniferous forests; the southwest is located in a zone of mixed forests.
Water resources
The Northwestern economic region is rich in water resources - about 7 thousand lakes (including Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen, Chudskoye, Pskovskoye), numerous rivers (including the Neva, Volkhov, Svir). Lake Ladoga with a water area of 17.7 thousand square meters. km of freshwater lakes is second only to Baikal. Lake Onega - 9.7 thousand square meters. km, Lake Peipus and Pskov - 3.6 thousand square meters. km, Lake Ilmen - 1 thousand sq. km. Despite the abundance of water resources, their uneven distribution throughout the region limits the development of water-intensive industries in a number of cities. Intensive water consumption has created in many populated areas There is a shortage of water resources in the area. Economic emissions and runoff have led to the pollution of rivers and lakes. Currently, in the North-Western economic region, much attention is paid to issues of protection environment, environmental protection measures are being carried out.
Minerals and non-metallic resources
The mineral reserves of the North-Western economic region are relatively small.
Natural fuel and energy resources are practically absent; the region meets its needs for oil, natural gas and coal by importing them from other regions. Peat extraction is concentrated mainly in. Peat is used as fuel for power plants and also in agriculture.
The Northwestern economic region has large reserves of fusible clays (deposits in and regions of the Novgorod region) and refractory clays (11 deposits, including large deposits in the Borovichi-Lyubytinsky mining region and the Vitsy deposit). There are significant reserves of limestone (Pikalevskoye, Slantsevskoye, Volkhovskoye deposits in, Okulovskoye deposit in the Novgorod region), used in the chemical, pulp and paper, aluminum industries and agriculture. Bauxite, which is an important raw material base for the aluminum industry, is mined in the area. Near Leningrad region There is a large deposit of phosphorites (Kingisepp deposit of phosphate ores), which are of export importance. In addition, in the North-Western economic region there are significant reserves of granite, marble, quartzite (Kaarlahta deposit in the region), mineral paints - ocher, umber, Prussian blue (in the region), manganese, sand and other raw materials.
Economy
Agro-industrial complex
In the agro-industrial complex of the North-Western economic region, the central place is occupied by Agriculture, which is primarily focused on meeting the food needs of the urban population. A fairly long growing season (from 100 days in the east to 140 in the south) allows for the cultivation of fodder crops, grain, vegetables, potatoes, and flax. The most agriculturally developed area is in the southwest with a milder climate and favorable soil conditions. Agricultural lands occupy more than 1/3 of the land area here. Agricultural land accounts for 1/5 of the land, but only 1/10. Dairy, pig, poultry and vegetable farms in the North-Western economic region are concentrated near cities.
Industry
The modern specialization of the Northwestern economic region is due, first of all, to the presence in the region of the largest industrial center - which largely determines the pace of scientific and technological progress in all industries National economy. Currently, due to the relatively low reserves of its own resources, the main role in the economy of the economic region belongs to the manufacturing industry, in particular to two main areas:
- industries focused on highly qualified labor resources (radio electronics, instrument making, electrical engineering);
- industries that developed during the formation of the country's economic complex (shipbuilding, including military, carriage building, power engineering, including nuclear, machine tool building and others). The bulk of machine-building enterprises are concentrated in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region.
An important place in the economy of the North-Western economic region is occupied by:
- wood processing and pulp and paper industry;
- light industry (including textile, porcelain and earthenware, leather and footwear);
- food industry;
- fuel and energy complex;
- production of building materials.
The capital of the North-Western economic region of the Russian Federation is, of course, St. Petersburg. I visited there as a child in the mid-90s. I remember the city for the large presence of foreigners; there I heard Finnish speech for the first time. This is not surprising: historically, St. Petersburg has always been an outpost of trade relations with the West, which greatly influenced its economic development.
History of the EGP of the North-Western region
Historically, this area is quite remote from the center and at one time it Tatar-Mongol yoke touched only indirectly. The Slavic tribes that inhabited this region were skilled artisans, which is why light industry was so developed there. The abundance of forest lands contributed to the development of the forestry complex and trade in wood products. But in my opinion, several features of the historical role of this territory, which occupies a relatively small area, can be highlighted:
- The distance from the center saved us from the Mongol-Tatars and allowed us to preserve ancient Russian culture (“Novgorod is the cradle of the Russian land”).
- The region is steeply within the borders of Europe, which allowed it to maintain foreign trade relations since ancient times (Novgorod was part of the “Banza” - the medieval trade union of the Baltic states).
- The presence of a large number of ports on the Baltic Sea, as well as a developed river network, helped shipping cargo transportation.
Developed economic sectors of the North-Western region
The region itself received its current borders as part of the USSR in the 80s. Then they began to develop mechanical engineering there, and to provide this industry with qualified personnel they created many relevant educational institutions. About historical meaning Light industry was also not forgotten: the well-known Skorokhod factory still exists and maintains its brand.
Composition: St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. Area of the region – 196.5 thousand km2, population – 7854.7 thousand people
The economic and geographical position of the region is coastal and favorable. The North-Western economic region, which ranks second in the country in terms of development, is one of the smallest regions of Russia in terms of area. It is located in the north-west of the European part of the country and occupies 1.2% of the territory, concentrating 5.4% of the population of Russia.
It's small square district off the coast of the Baltic Sea or close to it.
The area has a convenient transport and geographical location, high degree population, weak natural resources and rich historical and cultural base, the presence on its territory of the second capital of Russia - St. Petersburg, as well as developed transport and social infrastructure.
The region is located between developed European countries - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central Economic Region, as well as next to the Northern Economic Development Region of the Russian Federation (with its rich resource base). Currently, three new Russian seaports are being built in the Gulf of Finland.
Currently, the North-West acts as a large industrial region, specializing in the production of high-tech products, primarily complex and precision engineering, production of chemical and forestry products, and consumer goods.
Economic complex The leading place in the sectoral structure of the economy of the North-West is occupied by manufacturing industries with a clear predominance of production of means of production, in second place is transport, which mainly performs transit and export-import functions. Agriculture meets the internal needs of the region. The enormous socio-cultural potential led to the development of a recreational economy and a powerful scientific complex.
The structure of industrial production includes mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, forestry and woodworking industries, production of consumer goods and the fuel and energy complex.
The basis of the specialization is the mechanical engineering complex (about 23% of the total industrial output), where the most complex and precise sub-sectors that provide scientific and technical progress are distinguished: shipbuilding, electrical engineering, energy, transport, agricultural engineering, instrument and machine tool building, electronics industry.
Forest complex(6.8%) is represented by all industries with a predominance of pulp and paper and woodworking.
In chemical industry (6.8%) the leading place is occupied by the production of polymer materials - synthetic resins, plastics, rubber and household rubber products, reagents, varnishes, paints, pharmaceuticals.
In the production of consumer goods, almost 2/3 is accounted for by non-food products.
Agriculture- a traditional sector of the economy of the North-West, but due to the peculiarities of the development of productive forces and the natural and climatic conditions of the territory, it plays a secondary role, characterized by a clear focus and suburban type of farming, providing only half of the population’s food needs.
IN Lately The recreational sector is becoming increasingly important, which, in addition to traditional sanatorium and resort services in the 40-kilometer zone of the Gulf of Finland (Komarovo), begins to perform the function of excursion services of international importance, uniting museum monuments of St. Petersburg, Petrodvorets, Pavlovsk, etc.
St. Petersburg is a city of federal significance, the most important industrial, cultural and science Center, the country's largest transport hub, sea and river port. St. Petersburg ranks fourth in Europe in terms of population (after London, Moscow and Paris). St. Petersburg is the most important cultural and scientific center. St. Petersburg is also a major center of education. The sectoral structure of industry is very diverse: mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, electrical engineering, nuclear energy, light industry. The city's role as a transport center has increased. This is the only major seaport of Russia in the European direction.
The St. Petersburg agglomeration is a monocentric urban agglomeration formed around St. Petersburg. It includes the entire territory of the federal city of St. Petersburg and part of the territory of the Leningrad region. The agglomeration extends approximately 50 km from the center of St. Petersburg. Transport connections within the agglomeration are provided mainly (with some exceptions) by commuter electric trains, buses and commercial route vehicles.
Northwestern Federal District
Introduction 3
1. Economic and geographical position of region 4
2. Natural conditions and resources 5
3. Economics 8
3.1 Fuel and energy complex 9
3.2 Transport complex 10
3.3 Mechanical engineering complex 11
3.4 Metallurgical complex 12
3.5 Chemical industry 12
3.6 Agro-industrial complex 13
3.7 Fishing industry 14
3.8 Construction materials industry 14
3.9 Light industry 14
4. Population and labor resources 15
5. Externally economic ties 17
6. Intraregional differences in district 18
7. Ecological problems 23
Conclusion 24
References 27
Introduction
In the conditions of the emergence of a market economy in Russia, there is a need to consider the sectoral structure and location of the most important sectors of the economic complex of each federal district separately for the purpose of analyzing the economic and geographical state of Russia as a whole. In my work I will conduct a comparative economic and geographical description of two federal districts: Northwestern and Volga.
The Federal District is a top-level economic region, which is a large territorial production complex that combines industries of market specialization with industries that complement the territorial complex and infrastructure.
The Northwestern Federal District is an administrative-territorial formation in the north of the European part of Russia. Established by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000.
The Northwestern Federal District includes 11 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk; Vologda, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov regions, St. Petersburg, Nenets Autonomous District. The Northwestern Federal District includes all subjects of the Russian Federation belonging to the Northwestern and Northern economic regions.
The district covers an area of 1,687 thousand square meters. km, which is 9.9% of the territory of Russia. The territory of the Northwestern Federal District is home to 13,501 thousand people (9.5% of the Russian population). The majority of the population consists of city dwellers. The center of the federal district is St. Petersburg. The largest cities of the Northwestern Federal District are St. Petersburg, Kalinin grad, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Cherepovets, Vologda, Petrozavodsk, Syktyvkar, Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Severodvinsk, Ukhta, Velikiye Luki. In total, there are 152 cities in the district.
The Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Northwestern Federal District is Ilya Iosifovich Klebanov.
1. Economic and geographical position of the region
The North-Western region is located in the northern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, north of 57` N. sh., the southern border of the region runs almost 800 km north of the US border. The most striking feature of the North-West region is the discrepancy between the historical role of the region and the very modest territory of the region. This discrepancy is due to the following features:
The location of the area is on the outskirts, distance from the center of Russia. This situation prevented the area from the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
The area is sharply pushed towards Europe. Here are Pskov and Novgorod the Great - the most notable cities, long connected with European countries through trade as part of the Banza (medieval union of the Baltic states).
3. Coastal and border location of the region. The North-Western region is inferior to most economic regions of the Russian Federation in terms of population and territory, which is why it is called the region of one city - St. Petersburg. It contains 59% of the region's population and 68% of its urban population.
In the North-Western region, inhabited by ancient Slavic tribes, trade and crafts developed; international trade, industry and qualified personnel were concentrated in St. Petersburg, and the outlying location of the region contributed to the development of the economy. All these reasons played a certain role in the formation of the modern image of the area.
The region occupies one of the leading places in terms of the level of economic development, the scale and diversity of industrial production, research and development products, the training of highly qualified specialists in the national economy, the pace of formation of market relations, and the scale of participation in Russia's world economic relations.
The Northwestern region is located on the Russian Plain. The climate in the area is maritime, temperate continental. The air has high humidity, the soils are soddy-podzolic
2. Natural conditions and resources
Natural conditions are all elements of living and inanimate nature that affect human economic activity.
Natural resources are all elements of nature that are used in production as raw materials and energy.
Most of the Northwestern Federal District is located in the European north. The territory of the district is predominantly flat. It is distinguished by a variety of natural and climatic conditions. The predominant part of the territory is located in an area favorable for human habitation, industrial and economic activities.
The climatic conditions of the Northwestern Federal District are not favorable enough. The seas of the Arctic Atlantic Ocean washing its territory influence the formation of the climate, which differs in the north-west of the district by relatively warm winters and cool summers and harsh winters and relatively short warm summers in the north. A small amount of precipitation falls, but due to low evaporation, it contributes to the formation of a large number of swamps, rivers and lakes. Climatic conditions ensuring the development of agricultural production are limited to the southern territories of the region. They are suitable mainly for livestock breeding. Only the Kaliningrad region is characterized by a more temperate climate.
The Northwestern Federal District is a lake region. Numerous lakes are located mainly in the western part; the largest of them are Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen. Full-flowing rivers flow through the territory of the district. Lowland rivers are of navigable importance. Among them are Pechora, northern Dvina, Onega. Neva, etc. In terms of hydropower, Svir, Volkhov, Narva and Vuoksa are of greatest importance.
The development of the economy of the North-Western District is stimulated by the presence of significant reserves of mineral raw materials, fuel, energy and water resources, which can not only meet the needs of the country’s economic complex, but also be exported to many countries around the world. The district contains almost 72% of reserves and almost 100% of apatite mining, about 77% of titanium reserves, 43% of bauxite, 15% of mineral waters, 18% of diamonds and nickel. The district accounts for a significant part of the balance reserves of copper, tin, and cobalt.
Fuel resources are represented by reserves of coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, and peat.
About 40% of the reserves of the most important fuel resources of the western regions of the country are concentrated here. The total prospective areas for oil and gas production are about 600 thousand km 2, and the total geological reserves of coal are 214 billion tons. In the northeast of the district there is one of the largest coal basins in Russia - Pechora - with large reserves of high-quality and thermal coals. Of particular importance is the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province, where more than 70 oil and gas fields have been discovered. Currently, significant attention is paid to the development of oil and gas in the shelf zone of the Barents and Kara seas - the Shtokman gas condensate and Prirazlomnoye oil fields. Oil shale reserves are estimated at more than 60 billion tons. They occur in the Leningrad region and in the basins of the Sysola, Ukhta, Yarega and other rivers.
There are large reserves of peat, which are located in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Novgorod, Leningrad regions and the Komi Republic. The district's potential hydropower resources are estimated at 11,318 thousand kW, and the potential electricity generation is 89.8 billion kW.
h.
Non-ferrous metal ores are also represented by copper-nickel ores of Monchegorsk and Pecheneg.
Iron ore deposits are located on the Kola Peninsula and in the Murmansk region (Olenegorskoye and Kovdorskoye deposits). With a low iron content in the ore (28–32%), they are easy to process and provide high quality smelted metal. The Kostomuksha deposit is located in the Republic of Karelia, the ore of which contains 58% iron.
The district has large reserves of mining chemical raw materials - apatite ores (over 10 billion tons), phosphorites. The country's largest Khibiny apatite deposit is located in the Murmansk region. In the Leningrad region, in the Kingisep area, phosphorites occur with a low percentage of the main component (5 - 7%).
Industrial reserves of diamonds have been explored within the Arkhangelsk region. The Kaliningrad region has huge reserves of amber (90% of the world's reserves). The district is rich in a variety of construction raw materials (limestone, clay, glass sand, marble, granite). Their main reserves are located in the Murmansk, Leningrad regions and the Republic of Karelia.
The Northwestern Federal District contains 40% of the forest and 38% of the water resources of the European part of Russia. In terms of forest resources, the district ranks first in the European part of Russia. The percentage of forest cover reaches 75%. Coniferous species predominate - spruce and pine. In the southern part of the district there are coniferous and broad-leaved species. Only the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where tundra dominates, remains treeless.
The forests are very rich in fur-bearing animals (arctic fox, black brown fox, sable, ermine, etc.).
The seas washing the territory of the district are rich in valuable species of fish (cod, salmon, herring, haddock, etc.).
The presence in the district of significant mineral and fuel reserves, as well as water and forest resources, is an important factor in its economic development in the conditions of the formation of a market economy.
3. Economy
Modern industry is characterized by a high level of specialization. Sectors of specialization determine the economic profile of the federal district. Since market specialization is based on the territorial division of social labor, therefore, the determination of industry specializations should be based on identifying the district’s share of participation in the social division of labor.
To quantify the level of specialization of the federal district, in my work I will use such an indicator as the per capita production coefficient.
Having examined the sectors of the economic complex of the federal districts, in the “Appendix” section I will make calculations, on the basis of which I will draw a conclusion about the specialization of the region in the corresponding industry.
The economic potential of the territory of the Northwestern Federal District is one of the largest among other districts located in the European part of Russia. Its leading sector of the economy is industry, whose share in the total Russian industrial production is 12.7%.
The concentration of the most valuable natural resources in the north of the district determines the specifics of the economic complex emerging here, based on the development of fuel and energy, mining, timber chemical, fish processing complexes, in the production of paper, pulp, cardboard, industrial wood, along with a specialized complex working on the main mining and infrastructure mechanical engineering industries. districtTest >> Economics
Regional economy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: North-West Federal district" Completed by a 2nd year student by correspondence... Far East and Extreme North. The importance of maritime transport... modes of transport is great. In the regions of Extreme North and similar territories...
Development and location of industries North - Western federal districts
Abstract >> GeographyAnd infrastructure. 1. COMPOSITION NORTH – WESTERN FEDERAL COUNTY. North-West federal district comprises North-Western and Northern economic regions. Compound North-Western economic region...
Economic development federal districts in the 90s North-West federal district
Test >> EconomicsInformation about North-Western federal district 4 2. Sectoral structure of the economy North-Western 7 federal districts 7 2.1. Comparative characteristics of changes in production volumes federal districts By...
Characteristics of industries of specialization North-Western federal districts, problems of their development
Abstract >> GeographyDetermine the economic profile federal districts. Economic potential of the territory North-Western federal districts- one of... in Petrozavodsk (Karelia). Mechanical engineering North – Western federal districts requires a lot of labor...
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Plan
Introduction
1. Composition of the North-Western economic region
2.1 Mineral resources
2.2 Forest resources
2.3 Water resources
2.4 Fuel and energy
2.5 Hydropower
2.6 Recreational
3. Population and labor resources
4. Structure and location of leading sectors of the economy
4.1 Mechanical engineering
4.2 Chemical industry
4.3 Forestry and pulp processing industries
4.4 Non-ferrous metallurgy
4.5 Light and food industry
4.6 Agro-industrial complex
5. Transport system of the region and economic relations
6. Intra-district differences by region
6.1 St. Petersburg
6.2 Leningrad region
6.3 Novgorod region
6.4 Pskov region
6.5 Kaliningrad region
7. Main prospects for the development of the North-Western economic region
8. Map of the area
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Long before Peter I “cut a window to Europe”, back in early Middle Ages, on the northwestern edge of the Russian Plain there already existed large cities - Pskov and Veliky Novgorod. The greatness of the trade and craft Veliky Novgorod was ensured by its economic and geographical position - on the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” connecting northern and southern Rus', Scandinavia and Byzantium. Ships from the Baltic Sea traveled along the Neva, Lake Ladoga, Volkhov and further south along lakes and rivers to the main watershed, where they were dragged into the watercourses of the Dnieper basin. Only in Time of Troubles the Swedes closed the exit to Baltic Sea. After the return of the Neva lands to Russia as a result of the Northern War, St. Petersburg was founded on May 27, 1703. Soon becoming the capital of the empire, i.e. Having taken commanding heights, he himself subsequently improved his already strong (successful) economic and geographical position. For example, for communication with deep Russia, instead of inconvenient portages, channels were built. As a result, the city became the final coastal point of a huge lake-river network through which goods were delivered from the Russian hinterland. New town became a port, a center of shipbuilding and military industry. He has retained these functions to this day. Unlike Moscow, which naturally grew out of its surroundings, St. Petersburg was built in an economic “desert” (“from the darkness of forests, from the swamps of blat”, “on the shore of desert waves”). Therefore, it rises above its surroundings much stronger than Moscow. In essence, the North-Western economic region is St. Petersburg and the territory serving it. The northern capital eclipsed the former centers - Pskov and Veliky Novgorod, which became cities dependent on it. This is not surprising, because Moscow itself faded in front of the new capital. St. Petersburg industry worked mainly on imported raw materials (metal, coal, cotton, rubber, raw cane sugar, tobacco). Only after the revolution, the city’s external ties weakened, and its internal Russian ones strengthened.
1.Composition of the North-Western economic region
The division into economic regions has been used since the 1930s to the present day. There are 11 economic regions on the territory of Russia (before 1986 there were 10). The North-Western Economic Region includes: St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Leningrad Region, Novgorod Region, Pskov Region. After the collapse of the USSR, the Kaliningrad region, previously located in the Baltic economic region of the USSR, was included in the region.
Population: 8.5 million people (2007). Area: 210.8 thousand km². The economic and geographical position of the region is coastal and favorable. The North-Western economic region, which ranks second in the country in terms of development, is one of the smallest regions of Russia in terms of area. It is located in the north-west of the European part of the country and occupies 1.2% of the territory, concentrating 5.4% of the population of Russia. The region is distinguished by its convenient transport and geographical position, high degree of population, weak natural resources and rich historical and cultural base, the presence on its territory of the second capital of Russia - St. Petersburg, as well as developed transport and social infrastructure. western population industry transport
The region is located between developed European countries - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central Economic Region, as well as next to the Northern Economic Region (with its rich resource base). Currently, the North-West acts as a large industrial region, specializing in the production of high-tech products, primarily complex and precision engineering, production of chemical and forestry products, and consumer goods. The presence of a developed port economy (St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad) determines the export-import functions of the region on the Baltic Sea.
In 2001 The region provided 5.2% of the all-Russian GRP and industrial production, the production of 9.2% of consumer goods, concentrated 14% of foreign investment, 5.4% of tax and fee revenues into the budget system of the Russian Federation. For most indicators characterizing the socio-economic development of the territory, with the exception of foreign trade turnover and the volume of paid services, the region is inferior to the Russian average. A significant gap in the level of development of individual regions of the North-West is due to the unification within the region of both rapidly progressing (Leningrad region) and depressed (Pskov region) territories. The economic potential of the North-Western region is determined by the powerful industry of St. Petersburg, the presence of highly qualified personnel, and a large scientific base.
2. Naturalresource potential
The Northwestern region is located on the Russian Plain, which is a lowland with traces of glacier activity (moraine-ridge, hilly terrain). Low-lying areas of the relief are occupied by numerous lakes and peat bogs. Climatic conditions are characterized by high humidity, relatively warm winters and cool summers, which is explained by the influence of the Atlantic. The soils are mostly podzolic; peat-bog soils are also found everywhere. Natural vegetation (spruce-pine forests with the participation of birch, etc.) has been heavily cut down (by 50%) and modified. In the northeast, forests are better preserved.
2.1 Mineral resources
In the west of the Leningrad region, oil shale is mined underground (Leningradskoe deposit in the Slantsev area), and peat is widespread. In the Novgorod region (Borovichi) there is a brown coal deposit. The Tikhvin bauxite deposit is exploited southeast of St. Petersburg. Phosphorites (Kingisepp deposit in the Baltic basin) are mined in the west of the Leningrad region. In the Novgorod region in 1984, diamonds were discovered in the valley of the Msta River. Amber reserves are concentrated in the Kaliningrad region.
Mineral building materials are quite widespread: building stone and crushed stone, clays (raw materials for the production of refractory products) - in the north of the Novgorod region (Borovichsko-Lobytninskoye deposit), cement and flux limestones (Pikalevo), in the Leningrad region - facing stones, granites, quartzites , marbles (Kaarlahtinskoye or Kuznechnoye granite deposits in the Priozersk region); deposits of mineral paints (umber, ocher, Prussian blue) are located near Vsevolozhsk.
2.2 Forest resources
Forest resources are important. Forests occupy 45% of the region's territory. In the northern part of the region, coniferous species (spruce, pine) predominate, in the southern part - mixed species. The main forest areas are located in the Leningrad and Novgorod regions, where forested areas account for 50%.
2.3 Water resources
Inland waters include numerous rivers, lakes, swamps, groundwater, artificial reservoirs, soil moisture, as well as glaciers and permafrost. All of them are closely interconnected by the water cycle and constitute an important natural resource, since fresh water is necessary for the existence of living organisms. The North-Western region has significant water resources - underground and surface. The rivers are high-water (Neva, Narva, Luga, Volkhov), with a total flow in an average year of 124 cubic meters. There are many large lakes in the area - Ladoga, Chudskoye, Ilmen, Pskovskoye. There are more than 3,700 lakes in the Pskov region, the largest of which is Pskov-Chudskoye Lake, whose area is 3,521 square meters. km. Over 30 rivers and rivers flow into the lake, and the river flows out. Narva. Most lakes are in the southern part of the region.
The Leningrad region has significant water potential. Large rivers: Neva, Volkhov, Svir, Luga, Vuoksa, Syas. Numerous lakes, especially on the Karelian Isthmus. The Gulf of Finland stretches from west to east for 420 km, its area is 29.5 thousand km2. Salinity is low - 3-6% (large influx of water from the Neva River). In the region there are more than 1800 lakes, Ladoga and Onega are the largest reservoirs of fresh water.
2.4 Fuel and energy complex
The reserves of fuel and energy resources in the region are small - 6 billion tons. standard fuel. The lion's share of resources comes from peat, which is used in agriculture and as fuel for power plants. Deposits are developed near large cities. The region has reserves of oil shale - 1.8 billion tons. - raw materials for the chemical industry and agriculture. The region's energy sector is developing both on local resources - peat, shale (part of the Baltic shale basin), oil and gas (Timan-Pechora oil and gas basin), coal (Pechora coal basin), hydraulic resources, and on imported fuel. The region's fuel shortage and the import of large volumes of expensive Kuznetsk and Pechora coals make the problem of using nuclear fuel increasingly urgent. In the western part of the region, due to the lack of these resources, two nuclear power plants (Murmansk and Leningrad) were built. Electricity production is concentrated at large state district power plants and thermal power plants located in St. Petersburg and other centers. In the region there are hydroelectric power stations of small and medium power, built on the rivers Volkhov (Volkhovskaya HPP), Svir, etc. St. Petersburg, with its population of almost five million, and its powerful industry require a lot of energy and fuel. In addition to thermal power plants and hydroelectric power stations, the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant operates in the region - one of the largest in the country. There is already a project to introduce new capacities there.
In Kirishi, which is located on the path of a powerful pipeline, there is an oil refinery. The laying of new oil pipelines in the region and proximity to export terminals stimulate the expansion of oil refining. “Surgutneftegaz” plans to build a new refinery “Kirishi-2” next to the existing one, “Rosneft” - in the city of Slantsy.
2.5 Hydropower resources
Potential hydropower reserves in the region amount to 11.5 billion kilowatt-hours, technically possible - 6 billion, and economically possible - 4.7 billion kilowatt-hours. Construction in 1921-1926. The Volkhov hydroelectric power station, large at that time, with a capacity of 66 MW, according to the GOELRO plan, marked the beginning of the rapid development of the domestic hydropower industry. The annual electricity generation at the Volkhov hydroelectric station is 0.4 billion kilowatt-hours. A cascade of two small hydroelectric power stations was built on Svir. The Narva Hydroelectric Power Station was built on the Narva River; Due to the flat nature of the flow, a large reservoir had to be created for its operation. There are small hydroelectric power stations in the north of the Karelian Isthmus.
2.6 Recreational resources
In Russia, only the famous “Golden Ring” can compare with the North-West in the number of wonderful historical places and architectural masterpieces. The most ancient Russian museum cities of Novgorod (859), Pskov (903), Belozersk (862), Orthodox monasteries on Valaam and Kirillov, wooden architectural ensembles of Vologda and Kizhi, Pushkin's places in Trigorskoye and Mikhailovskoye - this is just the beginning of a long list of places that are tempting for travelers. The brightest diamond of the North-West's tourist collection is St. Petersburg and its environs. The residences of Russian autocrats are so different and therefore always so attractive to tourists: Petrodvorets - with its grandeur and amazing fountains, Pavlovsk - with the sophistication of its park ensemble, Gatchina - with park lakes and the similarity of the palace with a knight's castle. Tsarskoe Selo - with the luxury of the Catherine Palace and Alexander Park, the glory of the Pushkin Lyceum, Oranienbaum - with an ancient shady park and an elegant "Chinese" palace... And St. Petersburg itself, a huge city at the mouth of the Neva, the northern capital of Russia, encased in granite banks, wide and the full-flowing Neva with its branches and canals, bridges thrown across them, is a true decoration of the city, which is rightly called the Venice of the North. The countless treasures of St. Petersburg's museums and palaces attract tourists to their quiet, luxurious halls.
3. Population and labor resources
In the North-West region, according to the 2007 census, there are 8.5 million people. The population density is about 40 people per 1, which is 5 times higher than the Russian average. At the same time, among other economic regions of Russia, the North-Western region stands out for its very high concentration of residents in one of the regions - about 60% of its population lives in St. Petersburg. The share of the urban population is 87% - the highest level of urbanization among the country's regions. The high share of the urban population is associated with the presence in the area of St. Petersburg - the second most populous city in Russia (4.7 million inhabitants), leading an urban agglomeration with a population of more than 5.5 million people. The Novgorod and Pskov regions are relatively poorly urbanized. In the 90s, the North-Western region combined a natural population decline (more than 10%, i.e. the maximum among all regions of Russia) and a migration influx in all regions, but less significant ( up to 7% in the whole region). In previous decades, the Novgorod and Pskov regions were characterized by intense migration outflow of residents, which led to the formation of a very old age structure of the population in these regions. People came to St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, but the birth rate in the city and its surroundings is traditionally the lowest in Russia (it was here that the demographic transition began earliest in the country), so the age structure of the population is also old. The Pskov region stands out among all regions of Russia with the maximum mortality rate (up to 23%) and the maximum natural population decline (up to 15%).
Population size is one of the most important demographic indicators. From the data below it follows that the population in this economic region is declining.
Table 1. Population, thousand people.
The population size can be influenced by various negative and positive factors: birth rate, mortality, population migration, the dynamics of which, in turn, depend on economic and political situation in the region and in the country, peace or martial law in the region, etc. The decline in the total number is also influenced by the unfavorable ecological state of the environment in many regions of Russia.
Table 2. Natural population growth, per 1000 people
|
Mortality per 1000 people |
Saint Petersburg |
Leningrad region. |
Pskov Region |
Novgorod region |
|
|
We give birthawn on1000 people |
|||||
Table 3. Summary data for the North-West region
The labor resources of the region, primarily St. Petersburg and its agglomeration, are distinguished by a high level of qualifications. This is due to the fact that from the very beginning of its foundation as the capital Russian Empire the city was the largest scientific, cultural and industrial center. It retained this significance during the Soviet period - after the return of the capital to Moscow, although on a smaller scale. The high potential for socio-economic development allows St. Petersburg to retain relatively low level unemployment. Whereas in the Pskov region, which was characterized by a maximum decline in production in the 90s, this level is constantly higher than the Russian average. In all regions of the North-Western region, the Russian population predominates. The indigenous Finno-Ugric peoples (Vepsians, Izhorians, etc.) were almost completely assimilated, which was facilitated by their initially small numbers and the long-standing spread of Orthodoxy. In St. Petersburg, as in any large city with an intense migration influx over many decades, there are numerous diasporas of peoples of the entire former USSR: Ukrainian, Tatar, Jewish, Estonian, etc.
Table 4. Ethnic composition population,%
There are also intraregional differences in population dynamics: for the Leningrad region, the main source of population growth is the influx from the Pskov and Novgorod regions, as well as from other economic regions. And the regions of the region are characterized by a low birth rate and a constant outflow of population to the capital. But recently there has been a tendency to stabilize the number of residents in these regions. Currently, there has been a re-emigration of the population to rural areas due to the worsening economic situation and the influx of refugees and internally displaced persons.
4. Cstructure and location of leading sectors of the economy
4.1 Mechanical engineering complex
The North-Western region specializes in the production of industrial products, which require deep specialization in combination with numerous and diverse connections for intra- and inter-industry production cooperation and skilled labor. The leading role in specialization belongs to the machine-building complex. The machine-building complex is multidisciplinary. Historically, heavy engineering has developed without a metallurgical base. The peak of development of the mechanical engineering complex occurred in the 1930s - 40% of mechanical engineering comes from the St. Petersburg industrial hub. Mechanical engineering is characterized by a great need for labor in mass professions (energy, agriculture, printing engineering). Mechanical engineering enterprises focused on highly qualified labor, metal-intensive (radio electronics, instrument making, electronics).
Mechanical engineering in the North-Western region has the following stages:
1) production of machine bodies;
2) production of components and parts, spare parts;
3) iron and steel casting;
4) assembly.
Leading branches of mechanical engineering:
1) shipbuilding;
2) electrical engineering;
3) power engineering;
4) tractor engineering;
5) agricultural engineering;
6) instrument making;
7) machine tool industry;
8) electronics industry.
Most of our country's electricity is generated by turbines and generators produced in the city on the Neva. Domestic nuclear icebreakers were built by Leningrad shipbuilders. Since the times of Peter the Great, the city has been distinguished by military-industrial complex enterprises.
The bulk of machine-building enterprises are concentrated in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Production associations have been created on the basis of most enterprises.
The largest machine-building enterprises are the Elektrosila plant (production of powerful generators for thermal and hydraulic power plants), the Kirov plant (production of powerful tractors), the Admiralty and Vyborg plants (unique ships, fishing vessels, tankers), the Nevsky Metallurgical Plant (piece, small-scale machines, equipment for nuclear power plants, powerful excavators), the LOMO association (optical-mechanical products), Svetlana (electronic equipment), as well as machine tool associations, precision engineering factories, radio electronics, computer technology and instrument making.
Nowadays, there has been a revival of mechanical engineering in the North-West based on the automotive industry, which is new to the region. A Ford passenger car assembly plant already operates in Vsevolozhsk (with a capacity of 75 thousand cars per year). Car assembly production in St. Petersburg has been established by the largest corporations: Toyota (in 2007, with a capacity of 20 thousand per year, it is planned to expand production to 200-300 thousand), General Motors (in 2008, while working in test mode, when reaching the design capacity it is capable of producing 70 thousand cars per year). The assembly of small batches of Yarovit trucks has been established in the workshops of the Leningrad Metal Plant. Suppliers are also joining the assembly plants. Tire production has been established in Vsevolozhsk (4 million per year), and an auto glass plant is being built in St. Petersburg. Canadian Magna intends to open an auto components plant. Plans to create automobile factories were announced by Nissan (50 thousand per year), Hyundai, and Suzuki (30 thousand, with the prospect of expansion to 100 thousand). True, due to the global economic crisis, the world's auto giants are now adjusting their production programs in Russia.
Our northern capital attracts auto giants with its qualified workforce, developed infrastructure, coastal location, which ensures easy transportation of auto components, and a capacious consumer market. The pre-crisis production program of all automakers in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region is quite comparable with the capacity of AvtoVAZ (728 thousand cars - sales volume in 2008).
4.2 Chemical complex
One of the leading places in the industry of the North-Western region is occupied by the chemical complex. The production of rubber products, tires, synthetic resins, fertilizers, plastics, paints and varnishes, acids, reagents, and chemical and pharmaceutical preparations has greatly developed in the region.
The production of phosphate fertilizers was established in St. Petersburg and Volkhov. In Kingisepp, phosphate rock is produced from local phosphorites (the Phosphorit association), at the Novgorod plant, using natural gas, produce nitrogen fertilizers; production of double superphosphate was mastered at the Volkhov plant.
The Red Triangle chemical production association, which produces tires, rubber shoes and other rubber products, is widely known. The chemical industry is represented by shale processing (Slantsy). In general, the chemical industry tends to reduce production that is particularly environmentally harmful.
4.3 Forest complex
A forestry complex has also been developed in the area, including timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. The complex's timber needs are met both by local logging and, to a large extent, by raw materials from neighboring Karelia and other regions of the North.
Lumber, plywood, fibreboard (Fiberboard) and particle board (Particleboard), furniture, cardboard, paper and other types of products are produced in almost all areas of the region. But their production is especially developed in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The largest pulp and paper mills are: Svetogorsk, Kamennogorsk PPM, Priozersky, Sovetsky on the Karelian Isthmus. The production of plywood and furniture is developed in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Plywood is also produced in the Novgorod region. The main direction of development of the forestry complex is deep processing of wood, improving the quality of its products, and restoration of forests.
4.4 Non-ferrous metallurgy
The development of non-ferrous metallurgy is hampered by the tension in the fuel and energy balance and the poverty of the raw material base. Its share in the total volume of industrial production will gradually decrease. Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by enterprises producing aluminum raw materials (Severonezhsky bauxite mine, Pikalevsky, Boksitogorsky alumina refineries), aluminum plants (Volkhovsky, Nadvoitsky, Kandalaksha), mining of copper-nickel ores, production of concentrates and nickel smelting (Nickel, Zapolyarny, Monchegorsk), etc.
4.5 Light and food industry
In the complex of light industry sectors, the leading place is occupied by the textile, leather and footwear, porcelain and earthenware industries. The development of the textile (in particular, cotton, silk, wool) industry was facilitated by the region's great need for fabrics, as well as the concentration of highly qualified personnel in St. Petersburg. The main center of the textile and knitting industry is St. Petersburg. The linen industry is developed in Pskov, the production of shoes is in St. Petersburg (Skorokhod association), porcelain and earthenware products are in the Novgorod region. The glass and porcelain-faience industry is one of the oldest industries in the Leningrad region. Glass factory in the village. Druzhnaya Gorka produces chemical laboratory glassware and instruments.
Among the industry enterprises that appeared in the post-Soviet period, we note the Baltika brewery in St. Petersburg - the leader of the Russian beer market, the large Russian Standard distilleries in the northern capital and Veda in Kingisepp. Accordingly, containers were required for alcoholic products. In 1998, a plant for the production of aluminum cans (with a capacity of almost 1 billion pieces per year) began operating in Vsevolozhsk, and in 2003, a glass container plant began operating in Kirishi.
4.6 Agro-industrial complex
Agro-industrial complex. Agriculture occupies a central place in it. It plays an important role for the region. Its goal is to meet the food needs of the population of the North-West. The structure of agricultural production is dominated by dairy and dairy-meat livestock farming, potato growing and flax growing. The focus on meeting intra-regional food needs determined the territorial organization of agriculture. Dairy, pig, poultry, and vegetable farms are concentrated near large cities. Potato growing is developed in suburban areas, and flax growing, which is of interregional importance, is developed in the Pskov and Novgorod regions. Agricultural land makes up 1/5 of the entire territory. More than 1/2 of the crops are occupied by grain crops, the main areas of these crops are located in the Pskov region. This same region is also distinguished by its developed livestock farming - it accounts for 45% of the total cattle population in the region, and the bulk of the pig population.
All agricultural products are intended for domestic consumption, and only flax and its products are exported outside the region. The food needs of the region's population (except for eggs and vegetables) are satisfied to a large extent by imports from other regions.
In the agro-industrial complex of the North-West, the growth of production is associated with the strengthening of interregional ties, the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas, the diversity of forms of ownership, especially farms and personal subsidiary plots, as well as the creation of a network of processing enterprises of small and medium-sized businesses. Dramatic changes can be expected provided there is a significant increase in farms and their agricultural land areas. This process in the region is possible, since the reserves of agricultural land are significant, especially in the Pskov and Novgorod regions, and the problem of labor resources in the agro-industrial complex can be solved by the influx of population here from other regions and CIS countries.
5.Transport system of the region and economic relations
The North-Western region has all types of modern transport. It accounts for a significant share of sea and river transport. Currently, the transport system is focused on solution of three main tasks:
Access to the Baltic through Moscow to the entire southern and southeastern part of Russia and adjacent CIS countries,
Access to the Baltic Sea for Belarus and Ukraine and the connection of the Baltic basin with the Black Sea,
Connection with the Baltic of the northern regions of Russia.
It is the solution of these three tasks that makes the North-West the most promising zone of Russia’s world economic relations.
St. Petersburg is the largest port in the country and the world, but the prospects for further development of the port are very limited by the fact that it has grown “in a body” large city, mass transit through which is impractical. And the resources of the urban area are also limited. Therefore, the estimated capacity of the St. Petersburg port after its expansion is estimated at 25-30 million tons of cargo turnover per year. And Russia’s needs in this region are estimated in the future at 100-120 million tons annually. Therefore, the creation of a system of Russian ports in the Baltic has begun. It is planned to expand existing small ports in Vyborg and Vysotsk and build new large ports at the mouth of the Luga River and in the area of the city of Lomonosov.
The leading mode of transport is railway. The area is one of the first in the country in terms of railway network density. 12 directions of roads to Moscow, the Urals (via Cherepovets-Vologda), Belarus and Ukraine (via Vitebsk-Orsha-Kharkov) originate from St. Petersburg. Railways connect the North-West with the North (St. Petersburg-Petrozavodsk-Murmansk and through Vologda and Kotlas with Syktyvkar and Vorkuta), the Baltic states (St. Petersburg-Tallinn, St. Petersburg-Pskov-Riga, St. Petersburg-Pskov- Vilnius and further - to Kaliningrad).
Table 5. Operating length of public railways, km:
All these roads are of particular importance because they connect almost all of Russia with the Baltic. This is also where the “introduction” of the Mariinsky water system into the Baltic Sea takes place, providing a direct connection between the northern seas of Russia and its southern seas. Currently, a very significant scale of new transport construction is planned in the North-Western region. The project of a high-speed highway, which through St. Petersburg (bypassing the city) will connect Moscow with Scandinavia, has become widely known. At the same time, reconstruction and modernization of the Oktyabrskaya Mainline are being designed.
The region's railways transport timber products, metal, fuel, equipment, machinery and other products. Exports are dominated by products from the mechanical engineering, chemical, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. Imports include fuel and energy resources, timber, metal, building materials, food. IN last years Pipeline transport has developed. The region is characterized by a significant predominance of imports over exports, which is a consequence of the region’s specialization in the manufacturing industry. The closest ties have developed with the Northern region. Economic ties with the Central Economic Region have been developed.
The geopolitical position of the region deserves a significantly new assessment. After the collapse of the USSR, this region became for Russia practically the only direct access to the Western (Atlantic) sphere of the world market. And it immediately became clear that this exit was completely insufficiently equipped for successful implementation its new role - the preferences of previous years are reflected (in terms of the number of ports, land routes abroad, infrastructure support, arrangement of the state border). But the problem will inevitably have to be solved, since Russia cannot seriously count on either the Black Sea ports or the ports of the Baltic states. It must be especially emphasized that creating a full-fledged sea access for Russia to Europe is an extremely important task not only for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, but for all of Russia. But, of course, she herself must play the main role Russian Federation. It is possible that this is the most important development resource in the future.
It should also be noted that in the near future (within the next 5-10 years) the global economic importance of the Northern Sea Route may noticeably increase. There are a lot of ambiguities in this issue, but in general the trend is that scientific and technological progress and the polarization of the world market into western and eastern zones with epicenters in the North Atlantic and the Northern part Pacific Ocean will require more intensive and large-scale development of the Northern Sea Route zone. The controversial problem of developing the Northern Sea Shelf is clearly visible. The North-West will inevitably have to participate in solving both problems.
Currently, the region's transport, especially sea transport, which cannot cope with the volume of export-import traffic, is experiencing great difficulties. Therefore, a very significant scale of new transport construction is planned here. The project of a high-speed highway, which through St. Petersburg (bypassing the city) will connect Moscow with Scandinavia, has become widely known. At the same time, the reconstruction and modernization of the Oktyabrskaya Mainline is being designed.
In the plans for creating a regional intersectoral transport system, great importance is given to the construction of a ring highway around St. Petersburg (this will free the city from a significant part of freight transport), the reconstruction of Pulkovo airport and the construction of a new modern airport. Finally, the construction of pipelines (primarily from the Kirishi Oil Refinery) should take on a significant scale. Automobile transport plays a very important role both in intra-district transportation and in inter-district and foreign transportation. Also, a significant part of population movements, both within the region and outside it, occurs by cars and buses. As already mentioned, the construction of a ring road around St. Petersburg is being prepared, which will greatly facilitate travel to the northern countries of Europe.
Table 6. Density of public roads with hard surface, km of roads per 1000 sq. km of territory
6.Intra-district differences by region
6.1 St. Petersburg
The territory of St. Petersburg is 1439. The city is located in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland.
St. Petersburg is located within the flat Neva Lowland, slightly inclined towards the Gulf of Finland and the Neva River. Much of the urban area is at risk of flooding.
Climatic conditions
The city's maritime climate with frequent changes in air masses determines the instability of the weather throughout the year. Winters are mild, summers are moderately warm, average temperature January -7.8°C, July - +17.8°C. Most of the annual precipitation (620 mm) falls in the summer months, and fog is frequent.
Population
According to the preliminary results of the 2002 census, the population of St. Petersburg was 4,669 thousand people. The economically active population is 2,468 thousand people. In 2002, the registered unemployment rate was 0.9%.
Age structure of the population: 61.6% of the population is of working age, 14.8% is younger than working age, 23.6% is older than working age.
The city is home to (according to the 1989 census) a population of more than 120 nationalities. The bulk of the population is Russian (89.1%). Ukrainians (1.9%), Jews (2.1%), Belarusians (1.9%), Tatars (0.9%) and others also live here. St. Petersburg is divided into 13 administrative districts. In addition, 8 cities are under its control: Kolpino, Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Petrodvorets, Pushkin, Sestroretsk and Zelenogorsk.
The average age of the population is 38.5 years.
Transport system
The transport system of St. Petersburg is represented by all types. There are 12 railway lines and 11 highways going in different directions; it is Russia's largest seaport on the Baltic and a major river port; the Volga-Baltic waterway ends here. An international airport has been built in Pulkovo.
The St. Petersburg transport hub is second only to Moscow in terms of freight and passenger turnover. Transport routes radiate from this city in different directions. St. Petersburg is currently one of the largest foreign trade seaports in Russia. The Volga-Baltic waterway provides connections with other economic regions of the European part of the Russian Federation. The White Sea-Baltic Canal opens access to the White and Barents Seas.
Key Resources
Hydro resources. Surface fresh waters are concentrated in the catchment area of the water system “Lake Ladoga - Neva River - Neva Bay - Gulf of Finland”. There are 40 rivers, branches, channels and canals flowing within the city, their total length is 217.5 km. The largest are the Bolshaya and Malaya Neva, Bolshaya, Srednyaya and Malaya Nevka, Fontanka, Karpovka, Okhta, Zhdanovka, Moika, Chernaya Rechka and Obvodny Canal.
Environmental conditions
St. Petersburg is a city with a difficult environmental situation. To improve the environmental situation, it is necessary, first of all, to take measures to disinfect water runoff into the Neva River, dispose of sludge from treatment facilities, build additional centralized and local treatment facilities, and expand the use of water supply systems.
The leading industries of St. Petersburg are mechanical engineering and metalworking, and the food industry. Their share in industrial production is 68.3%.
Food industry.
The industry's share in industrial production is 34.9%. Leading enterprises in the industry: CJSC Confectionery Factory named after. N.K. Krupskaya", JSC Petmol, JSC Parnas-M, JSC St. Petersburg plant "Piskarevsky", JSC Liviz, JSC Nevo-tabak, JSC Petro, JSC Baltika Brewing Company, JSC "Combine named after. Stepan Razin", JSC "Vena".
.
The share of the engineering industry in industrial production is 33.4%. Compared to 2001, the growth was: in mechanical engineering for light and Food Industry- 122.9%, diesel engineering - 119.8%, production of electric welding equipment - 118.9%, material handling machinery - 113.8%, production of sanitary and gas equipment - 108.2%. The largest machine-building enterprises: OJSC Izhora Plants, OJSC Leningrad Metal Plant, OJSC Kirov Plant, OJSC Nevsky Plant, OJSC Elektrosila.
St. Petersburg is the center of shipbuilding in Russia. Ships are being built at the Baltic Shipyard OJSC, the Admiralty Shipyards Federal State Unitary Enterprise, and the Almaz Shipbuilding Company OJSC. various types: nuclear icebreakers, tankers, refrigerators, hovercraft, racing and cruise yachts.
Electric power industry.
The share of electricity in industrial production is 11.7%. The city's power supply system is represented by the generating capacities of city thermal power plants that are part of the structure of JSC Lenenergo, small installations of individual industrial enterprises, high-voltage lines and transformer substations of the JSC Lenenergo system.
Metallurgical industry.
The industry's share in industrial production is 4.7%. The largest enterprises are: Metallurgical Plant CJSC, Neva-Met CJSC, Stal CJSC, LST Metal CJSC, Splav CJSC, Kermet JSC.
Woodworking, pulp and paper industry.
The industry's share in industrial production is 2.4%. Production volume in 2002 increased by 10% compared to 2001. In 2003-2005. growth is expected at 9-10% per year. The largest enterprises: OJSC Ust-Izhora Plywood Mill, OJSC Lenraumamebel, OJSC MKO Sevzapmebel, OJSC Svetoch, CJSC PO Parus.
.
The industry's share in industrial production is 1.2%. Production volume in 2002 increased by 7% compared to 2001. The largest enterprises: OJSC NPF "Pigment" (paint and varnish industry), OJSC "Red Triangle" (rubber products), CJSC "Petrospirt" (products of basic organic synthesis) , JSC "Plastpolymer" (plastic products).
6.2 Leningrad region
Geographical position
The territory of the Leningrad region is 84.5 thousand km2 (excluding the city of St. Petersburg). This is the largest region in the North-West by area (85.9 thousand km2): its length from north to south is almost 300 km, and from west to east - more than 400 km. The region is located in the northwestern part of Russia. In the northwest it borders with Finland, in the west - with Estonia, in the southwest and south - with Pskov and Novgorod regions, in the east - from Vologda region, in the north - with the Republic of Karelia. The region has a favorable transport and geographical location. The region has a great military-strategic position, where the main naval bases Baltic Fleet, and proximity to countries Western Europe contributes to the rapid integration of the economy with the countries of the Baltic region, which includes the Leningrad region. The city of St. Petersburg has a huge impact on the development of the regional economy.
Climatic conditions
The Leningrad region is located in a zone with a temperate continental climate.
The average long-term air temperature in January is -10°C, in July +17°C. The average annual precipitation is 550-850 mm.
Population
According to the preliminary results of the 2002 census, the population of the Leningrad region was 1671 thousand people. The average population density is 19.8 people/km2. The economically active population is 764 thousand people. In 2002, the registered unemployment rate was 6.9%.
Age structure of the population: 62.1% of the population is of working age, 16.3% is younger than working age, 21.6% is older than working age.
Population of the largest cities in the Leningrad region (thousand people, 2002): Gatchina - 82.9, Vyborg - 78.6, Tikhvin - 66.6.
Transport system
In the transport system of the Leningrad region, maritime transport is becoming increasingly important, ensuring the expansion of connections between Central Russia and the countries of Western Europe and America. The construction of new ports in Ust-Luga, Batareinaya Bay near the city of Lomonosov, and in Primorsk facilitates the solution of this problem. Great importance has river transport that navigates the Volga-Baltic waterway. Railway transport has a length of 2780 km. The transit function of the region, which provides access to many areas of the European part to the Baltic ports, and the structure of its industrial production determined the traditional list of imported (oil, coal, machinery, equipment, food, consumer goods) and exported goods (paper, cardboard, electricity, engineering products ).
Key Resources
The main natural resources of the Leningrad region are bauxite, phosphorite, oil shale, molding and glass sands, carbonate rocks for metallurgy and cement production, refractory and cement clays. A total of 26 types of minerals have been explored, incl. 20 types of non-metallic minerals used for the production of building materials and organic fertilizers. The state balance of reserves includes 173 deposits of solid minerals, of which 46% are being developed.
The groundwater. There are 3 known deposits of mineral waters, which are not yet used. The region has a high supply of groundwater of suitable quality for domestic and drinking use.
Forest resources. The forest fund area is 6.1 million hectares. The following species predominate: pine - 37%, spruce - 29%, birch - 26%. Wood reserves in 2002 amounted to 647 million cubic meters. m. The annual volume of timber harvesting (without damage to forestry and the ecological state of forests) is 12.3 million cubic meters. m.
Environmental conditions
There is a tense environmental situation in the region: there are more than 16 thousand sources of emissions of air pollutants, but only 16% of stationary sources are equipped with gas and dust collection units. Significant emissions into the atmosphere were noted in Kirishi and Slantsy; the largest share in the total volume of dust emissions (36%) comes from enterprises in the city of Slantsy, sulfur dioxide (60%) - in the city of Kirishi, fluoride compounds (80%) - in the city of Volkhov.
Nine sources of groundwater pollution have been identified in the region. Typical types of pollution are agricultural, municipal and industrial. The main pollutants are ammonia, petroleum products, phenols, nitrates, lead, ammonium.
Industrial production by main industries
The leading industries of the Leningrad region are: food, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper, fuel industry, and electric power. Their share in industrial production is 71.4%. For the period 1998-2002. as a result of sustainable growth in industrial production, total output increased by 1.9 times.
The basis of the region's industry is made up of about 300 enterprises, most of which are joint-stock companies. Many regional industrial enterprises were formed as branches of enterprises in St. Petersburg.
Food industry. The industry's share in industrial production is 25.3%. The largest enterprises: CJSC Philip Morris Izhora (tobacco products) and CJSC Veda (alcoholic beverages), CJSC Gatchina Feed Mill, OJSC Kingisepp Bread Factory, LLC Maleta, OJSC Sosnovsky Dairy Plant, LLC "National Wine Terminal".
Forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries. The industry's share in industrial production is 17.4%. The timber industry complex of the Leningrad region consists of technologically interconnected sub-sectors - logging, wood processing and pulp and paper.
Fuel industry. The industry's share in industrial production is 17.1%. The largest enterprises are: PA Kirishinefteorgsintez LLC, Leningradslanets OJSC, Slantsy Plant OJSC. The increase in production in the industry in 2002 compared to 2001 was 1.6%.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking. The industry's share in industrial production is 7%. The largest enterprises: Vyborg Shipyard OJSC (shipbuilding), Burevestnik OJSC (production of fittings for ships and the fuel and energy complex), Pirs OJSC (production of equipment for the coal, mining and chemical industries), CJSC Instrument Maker (instrument making), Helkama Forste Viipuri LLC (refrigeration equipment production), Luga Abrasive Plant OJSC (abrasive tool production), Caterpillar Tosno LLC (road construction equipment production), Krizo Plant OJSC ( production of marine electrical power equipment), OJSC ToMeZ (production of municipal and road equipment), CJSC Ford Motor Company (production of automobiles), CJSC TZTM Titran (production of tractors, metal structures).
Non-ferrous metallurgy. The industry's share in industrial production is 7%. The largest enterprises are: OJSC Boksitogorsk Alumina (production of alumina, hydrate, coagulant for water purification, grinding materials, refractories), OJSC Metallurg, which includes branches Pikalevsky Aluminum and Volkhov Aluminum (production of aluminum and chemical products).
Chemical and petrochemical industry. The industry's share in industrial production is 5.7%. The increase in production volumes in 2002 compared to 2001 was 8.3%. The chemical and petrochemical industry of the Leningrad region is represented by 150 large and medium-sized enterprises, including: PG Phosphorit LLC (production of mineral fertilizers, feed additives, other chemical production), Henkel-Era JSC (production of synthetic detergents), JSC Volkhov Chemical Plant" (production of household chemical goods), JSC "Khimik" (production of solvents), State Unitary Enterprise "Plant named after. Morozov" (production of organic silicate paint, military products), CJSC "Production of polymer footwear", CJSC "Polymer-Faro" (production of rubber coatings, rubber products) and others. Chemical production also created at PA Kirishinefteorgsintez LLC (production of raw materials for the production of detergents), the Volkhov Aluminum branch of OJSC Metallurg (production of fertilizers, additives for metallurgical production, raw materials for the production of detergents (polyphosphate, aluminum sulfate) and other enterprises .
Construction materials industry. The industry's share in industrial production is 4.8%. The increase in production volumes in 2002 compared to 2001 amounted to 31.4%. The production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, cement, ceramic tiles for interior wall cladding, and non-metallic building materials has increased. The region's building materials production complex includes: quarries for the extraction of natural building materials (ceramic and refractory clays, limestones and dolomites, crushed stone, sand, gravel); factories for the production of cement, asphalt, lime, clay, building ceramics, slate, soft roofing, brick, concrete and reinforced concrete products and structures, building parts (more than 50 factories). Enterprises of the building materials industry in the Tosnensky district produce (of the total production in the region) 60% of building bricks, 100% of tiles for interior wall cladding and ceramic tiles for floors.
Light industry. The industry's share in industrial production is 0.8%. The increase in production volumes in 2002 compared to 2001 amounted to 16.1%. The production of knitted products, fabrics, and non-woven materials has increased. The main enterprises in the industry: OJSC Fanema, CJSC Luga Knitwear, LLC Komatso, CJSC Volkhovchanka, CJSC Finskor, CJSC Nika, OJSC Scanvokware, OJSC Uzor.
...Similar documents
Economic and geographical position of the North Caucasus economic region. North Caucasus as an area of highly developed agriculture. Natural resource potential of the region. Water resources of the region, structure and industry. District development programs.
abstract, added 03/15/2010
Geographical location, characteristics of natural conditions and natural resources North-Western economic region. Characteristics of the population and demographic situation of the region. Problems and prospects for the development of the region, its territorial structure.
course work, added 06/13/2014
Characteristics of the economic region. Natural resource potential. Population and labor resources. Structure and location of leading sectors of the economy. Fishing industry, mechanical engineering, timber industry, agro-industrial complex.
abstract, added 09/06/2006
Natural and fuel resources of the Northwestern economic region of Ukraine. Climate of the area, precipitation, soil condition, vegetation, animal world. Population, labor resources, industry and agriculture. Interdistrict economic relations.
abstract, added 06/01/2010
Economic and geographical characteristics of the Far Eastern region. Natural resource potential. Structure and location of production forces. Territorial organization of the economy. Transport and economic relations. Problems and prospects for the development of the region.
course work, added 05/14/2010
Climatic characteristics of the North-Western region. Distribution of snow cover and its thickness. General economic characteristics Northwestern region. Characteristics of natural resource potential. Structure of the leading sectors of the economy.
abstract, added 12/20/2011
Internal economic potential, labor resources of the region. External economic relations, enterprises and foreign investments. Prospects for economic development and system of development principles, priority areas development of the North-West region.
abstract, added 05/20/2010
The composition of the Central Black Earth economic region, the formation of its economic complex. Interdistrict territorial division of social labor. Natural resource potential, population and labor resources. Location of leading sectors of the economy.
abstract, added 11/15/2010
Modern economic zoning and forms of territorial organization of the Russian economy. Economic and geographical position of the Ural economic region. Natural resource potential. Main sectors of the economy. Prospects for the development of the region.
course work, added 05/14/2010
Characteristics of the transport network of the North-Western economic region. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Oktyabrskaya Railway. Calculation of the density of the railway network for the regions included in the North-Western gravity region and for the region as a whole.