Creating a scientific picture of the world" outline of a history lesson (8th grade) on the topic. “Science in the 19th century. Creating a scientific picture of the world" outline of a history lesson (grade 8) on the topic Science, creating a scientific picture
"Nizhneikoretsk Secondary School"
Liskinsky district, Voronezh region
Integrated subjects: history, biology, physics.
Topic: “Science in the 19th century. Creation of a scientific picture of the world."
Form of conduct: scientific conference.
Target audience: 8th grade (with invitation to 7th and 9th grades).
Duration 2 training hours.
Objectives: to determine trends in the development of scientific thought in Europe in the 19th century;
introduce students to the biographies of scientists and their discoveries;
determine the significance of scientific discoveries of the 19th century for modern times.
Tasks:
teach students to work with literature and Internet resources, compose and present electronic presentations;
develop the ability to speak in front of an audience;
teach to make generalizations and formulate conclusions.
Multimedia projector, computer, equipment for demonstrating the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction (magnets, ammeter, copper wire). Exhibition of objects invented in the 19th century (typewriter, sewing machine, matches, photography, telephone, microphone, rubber, aluminum, celluloid). Portraits of scientists (Faraday, Maxwell, Pasteur, Mechnikov, Koch, Darwin, Roentgen, Curie, Nobel).
During the classes.
Organizing time. Communicating the goals and objectives of the lesson. Presentations of groups of students who were formed in advance and received advanced tasks - to make electronic presentations about scientists and their discoveries. Students are placed in groups of “biologists,” “physicists,” and “experts.”
Introduction. History teacher's words:
Three boys run out with newspapers and take turns shouting the news.
1800 - Volta created batteries. The age of inventions and discoveries begins.
1816 - English postmen switched to bicycles: quickly and conveniently.
1827 - photography was invented: now you can immortalize events and people.
1829 - Braille invented the alphabet and made it possible for blind people to read and write.
1832 - acetylene gas and its ability to weld metal were discovered. It became possible to use metal structures in the construction of bridges, houses, and towers.
1852 - the elevator was invented for lifting high-rise buildings.
1854 - a new metal was born - aluminum. For now it is used as decoration, but in the next century it will be used to make airplanes.
1855 - matches - fire in a small box. Now it's safer and more convenient.
1861 - Celluloid was invented. Children's toys have become lighter and more practical.
1866 - humanity switches to artificial food. Margarine replaces butter.
1867 - Sholes gives a patent to Rellington for a typewriter.
1866 - Singer invented the sewing machine, but only patented a needle with a hole in the point.
1866 - Alfred Nobel created dynamite - good and evil in “one bottle”.
A history teacher:
Every year since 1901, Nobel Prizes have been awarded for discoveries in science and the promotion of peace. Among the representatives of science of the 19th century there are also Nobel Prize laureates, but everything is in order.
Performance by a group of physicists led by a physics teacher. Students present their presentations.
In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. He noticed that if a copper wire is placed in a magnetic field, an electric current arises in it.
This discovery gave life to all generators, dynamos and electric motors. Faraday was called “Lord of Lightning” by his contemporaries.
He became a member of the Royal Society and many academies around the world.
The discovery of the English physicist Maxwell was a sensation. In the 60s he developed the electromagnetic theory of light. According to the theory, there are invisible electromagnetic waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. This is how the idea of non-mechanical movement was born. For Maxwell, light appears as a type of electromagnetic oscillation. 10 years later, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and obtained them in laboratory conditions and proved that no objects could interfere with their propagation. Based on these discoveries, Popov and Marconi created a wireless telegraph.
In 1874, the Dutch physicist Lorentz, continuing to develop Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, tried to explain it from the point of view of the atomic structure of matter. The Englishman Stoney introduced the term “electron” to designate the atom of electricity in 1891. Later it turned out that the electron is an integral part of the atom. This was the beginning of atomic physics.
In 1895, the German physicist Roentgen discovered invisible rays, which he called x-rays. Invisible rays penetrated the barrier and reflected the image on the photographic film. This invention is widely used in medicine. Roentgen was the first physicist to receive the Nobel Prize.
Maria Sklodowska-Curie, together with her husband Pierre Curie, investigated the phenomenon of radioactivity and obtained new radioactive elements in addition to uranium, also radium and polonium. The element curium is named in honor of these dedicated scientists. Marie Curie was the first female doctor of science, a teacher at the Sorbonne, and a member of the French Academy of Medicine. She received the Nobel Prize twice.
The presenter gives the floor to the “biologists.” Under the guidance of the biology teacher, students make their presentations.
A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great English scientist Charles Darwin “The Origin of Species”. For five years on a trip around the world, Darwin collected, studied, systematized botanical and zoological material and came to the sensational conclusion that it was not God who created all living things, but nature was gradually formed in the process of development. He introduces the term “evolution” and proves that man is a product of the evolution of ape-like creatures.
French scientist Louis Pasteur studied the fermentation process. He discovered microbes that cause food spoilage and milk souring. He also discovered a way to fight them. Pasteurization and sterilization are thoroughly included in medicine and industry, as well as in the kitchen of housewives. Pasteur introduced the concept of “immunity” and proved that weakened microbes in vaccines contribute to the body’s resistance and prevent disease.
Pasteur's theory was supported by Jenner. He noticed that milkmaids did not suffer from smallpox, which claimed the lives of millions of people. Jenner proved that milkmaids in a weak form become infected with smallpox from cows and they develop immunity to the disease. He created a vaccine that saves people's lives. “Vakka” means “cow”. In 1882, Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacillus and developed a vaccine against consumption. The Nobel Prize laureate was the Russian scientist Ilya Mechnikov, who created the doctrine of protecting organisms from microbes. A new science has emerged - microbiology. They invented a vaccine against typhoid and rabies.
In the 19th century, medications were invented - aspirin and sulfa drugs. The use of a new device, a stethoscope, made it possible to listen to the lungs and detect wheezing. In 1831, chloroform gas was discovered, which is used for anesthesia. The industry began to produce soap, which also reduced the risk of infection.
In my hand I have another invention of the 19th century - a student’s pen. This invention became a symbol of change in education. The development of science and technology required changes in education. At the end of the century, universal compulsory primary education was introduced in England and France. The school is exempt from the patronage of the church. American philosopher John Dewey said: “Education is already life, not preparation for it.” Dewey created a laboratory school at the University of Chicago, where labor was put at the forefront. Instead of retelling and memorizing, the children made crafts, talked, discussed various topics and argued. A new generation was growing up, capable of developing the scientific ideas of their predecessors.
The lead teacher gives the floor to a group of “experts”. Experts voice their conclusions about the trends in the development of scientific thought in the 19th century and their significance for humanity.
The main feature of the natural scientific discoveries of the second half of the 19th century was that ideas about the structure of matter, space, movement, the development of living nature, the causes of disease and the origin of life on earth changed radically.
Science has refuted previous knowledge and provided the key to discovering the invisible secrets of nature. A new picture of the world was being formed, because Science has come close to the structure of the atom.
The development of science has led to advances in medicine, which is very important for all humanity.
Thanks to science, the daily life of society has changed.
New directions in science have emerged: microbiology, nuclear physics - an unlimited field for new research and discoveries.
Lead teacher:
Thanks to the experts, and now we invite our audience to take part in a short quiz.
1.Who discovered the all-penetrating X-rays? (X-ray)
2. Who gave an explanation of the origin of life on earth that differed from church teaching? (Darwin)
3. Who discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity? (Curie)
4. Whose discoveries led doctors to sterilize medical instruments? (Pasteur)
5. Who studied the wave theory of light? (Maxwell)
6. Who discovered the pathogen and taught how to treat tuberculosis? (Koch)
7. Who established the prize for scientists for outstanding achievements in science? (Nobel).
Lead teacher:
Thanks everyone for your work. Good luck in your studies!
List of literature and online resources:
Physics. Encyclopedia for children. Volume 16.- M.: Avanta, 2003.
Reader on physics / ed. B.I. Spassky. – M.: Education, 1987.
fermenting liquid. In clarifying this issue, Pasteur had to refute
Liebig's view of fermentation as a chemical process, which was dominant at that time.
Particularly convincing were Pasteur's experiments with a liquid containing
pure sugar, various mineral salts that served as food for the fermenting fungus, and
ammonium salt, which supplied the fungus with the necessary nitrogen. The fungus has developed
increasing in weight; ammonium salt was wasted. Pasteur showed that for dairy
fermentation the presence of a special “organized enzyme” is also necessary (as in
time called living cells of microbes), which multiply in fermenting liquid,
also increasing in weight, and with the help of which fermentation can be caused in
new portions of liquid.
At the same time, Louis Pasteur made another important discovery. He found that
There are organisms that can live without oxygen. For some of them
Oxygen is not only unnecessary, but also poisonous. Such organisms are called
strict anaerobes . Their representatives are microbes that cause butyric acid
fermentation . At the same time, organisms capable of both fermentation and respiration, in
in the presence of oxygen they grew more actively, but consumed less organic matter
from the environment. Thus, it has been shown that anaerobic life is less efficient. Now it is shown
that from the same amount of organic substrate aerobic organisms
capable of extracting almost 20 times more energy than anaerobic ones.
Study of infectious diseases
In 1864, French winemakers turned to Pasteur with a request to help them
development of means and methods to combat wine diseases. The result of his research
a monograph appeared in which Pasteur showed that diseases caused by wine
various microorganisms, and each disease has a specific pathogen. For
to destroy harmful “organized enzymes”, he proposed heating the wine at
temperature 50-60 degrees. This method, called pasteurization, found
Widely used in laboratories and in the food industry.
IN 1865year Pasteur was invited by his former teacher to the south of France to find
cause of silkworm disease. After publication in 1876year work Roberta
Koch “Etiology of Anthrax” Pasteur devoted himself entirely to immunology,
finally establishing the specificity of pathogens anthrax, maternity
fevers, cholera ,rabies , chicken cholera and other diseases, developed ideas about
artificial immunity, suggested method of preventive vaccinations, in particular
from anthrax (1881), rabies (together with Emil Roux 1885), attracting
specialists from other medical specialties (for example, surgeon O. Lannelong).
The first rabies vaccination was given on July 6 1885years 9- summer Joseph
Meister at the request of his mother. The treatment was successful, the symptoms of rabies were
the boy did not appear.
Interesting Facts
Pasteur studied biology all his life and treated people without receiving either medical or
biological education.
Pasteur also painted as a child. When AND.- L. Jerome I saw it years later
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 2 What changes have occurred in the development of science What reasons contributed to the development of science and scientific knowledge; How did these studies influence the lives of modern people; Today you will learn:
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 3 1. Reasons for the rapid development of sciences. 2. "Lord of Lightning." 3. The sensations continue. 4. Revolution in natural science. 5. New science - microbiology. 6. Advances in medicine. 7. Development of education. We are working according to plan:
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 4 Working with the table Scientific field Year of discovery Name of the scientist Content and significance of the discovery
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 5 Reasons for the rapid development of sciences Why did various sciences begin to develop so actively in the 19th – early 20th centuries? You will find the answer to the question by reading point 1 on page 39.
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 6 Reasons for the rapid development of sciences 1. Life itself demanded to know the laws and use them in production 2. Fundamental changes in the consciousness and thinking of people of modern times
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 7 In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which made it possible to begin creating an electric motor. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society. "The Lightning Lord" Michael Faraday
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSH 8 In the 1860s, he developed the electromagnetic theory of light, which summarized the results of experiments and theoretical constructions of many physicists from different countries in the field of electromagnetism. "The Sensation Continues" James Carl Maxwell
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 9 According to his theory, there are invisible waves in nature that transmit electricity in space. Light is a type of electromagnetic vibration. Maxwell with a color spinning top in his hand "The sensations continue"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 10 In 1883, the German engineer Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and proved that no material object could prevent them from spreading “The sensations continue” Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya OOSH 11 Hertz established that electromagnetic waves propagate at a speed of 300 thousand km/s. These waves became known as Hertz waves. "The Sensations Continue" Hertz's 1887 experimental apparatus.
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 12 The Dutch physicist tried to explain Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory from the point of view of the atomic structure of matter “The sensations continue” Hendrik Anton Lorenz
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 13 “The sensations continue” A revolution took place in the natural scientific ideas of mankind, a new picture of the world was formed, which still exists today
Antonenkova A.V. MOU Budinskaya OOSH 14 At the end of 1895 in Germany, physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, based on Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic waves, discovered invisible rays, which he called X-rays. "The sensations continue"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 15 Remaining invisible, the rays penetrate various objects to varying degrees. The resulting image can be captured on film. This discovery has found wide application in medicine. "The sensations continue" X-rays
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 16 Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Maria Sklodowska-Curie “The sensations continue” Ernest Rutherford Niels Bohr Scientists studying the phenomenon of radioactivity
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 17 In 1903, Marie and Pierre Curie, together with Henri Becquerel, received the Nobel Prize in Physics “for outstanding services in joint research into radiation phenomena.” Pierre and Marie Curie In the laboratory "The sensations continue"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School 18 A revolution in natural science was made by the book of the great scientist and naturalist Charles Darwin “The Origin of Species” Charles Darwin “Revolution in Natural Science”
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 19 In 1885, a scientist saved the life of a young man who was bitten 14 times by a rabid dog. He was working on obtaining a rabies serum. Louis Pasteur gave the world a new science - microbiology "Revolution in Medicine"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 20 Worked with the fermentation process, created a method for sterilization and pasteurization of various products. Developed several vaccinations against infectious diseases. Explained to surgeons the need to disinfect hands and instruments before work. "Revolution in Medicine"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 21 English doctor, developed the first vaccine against smallpox. Jenner came up with the idea of injecting the seemingly harmless cowpox virus into the human body. "Revolution in Medicine" Edward Jenner
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 22 Rene Laennec established that solid bodies produce sounds in different ways. He constructed a tube made of beech wood - a stethoscope. One end was applied to the patient’s chest, and the other to the doctor’s ear “Revolution in Medicine” The first stethoscopes
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 23 German microbiologist, discovered the anthrax bacillus, Vibrio cholera and tuberculosis bacillus. For his research on tuberculosis he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905. "Revolution in Medicine" Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 24 Russian and French biologist (zoologist, embryologist, immunologist, physiologist and pathologist). One of the founders of evolutionary Embryology, phagocytosis and intracellular digestion, creator of the comparative pathology of inflammation. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1908). "Revolution in Medicine"
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 25 “Development of education” Read the paragraph “Development of education” on page yourself and answer the question “How did the development of education occur in different countries?”
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school 27 Homework: Paragraph 5, questions, notes in a notebook.
Antonenkova A.V. Municipal educational institution Budinskaya secondary school %D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B A%D0%BE%D0%B2http:// ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BB %D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0 %B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B A%D0%BE%D0%B2 %D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/% D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_ %D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85 * * 0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0 %B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8Chttp://nova.rambler.ru/search?query=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0% 91%D 0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C Anzhelika Viktorovna Antonenkova History teacher, Budinskaya secondary school, Tver region
THE SCIENCE. CREATING A SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD
Target:
Determine the trends in the development of scientific thought in Europe in the 19th century;
Consider the achievements of science in the 19th century.
Dictionary:
MICROBIOLOGY is a science that studies microorganisms, their systematics, morphology, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, distribution and role in the cycle of substances in nature, microorganisms that cause diseases in humans, animals and plants. The creator of microbiology is L. Pasteur.
During the classes
Checking homework
Several students are given task cards on the topics covered;
Two or three students are given test options on the topic covered.
The rest of the students work according to the form of frontal questioning.
An explanation of the material can be carried out in the form of independent class work with a textbook. As the work progresses, the children make a table in their notebooks. At the end of the lesson, we all draw conclusions about the lesson together.
| Scientific area | Opening year | Scientist's last name | |
| Michael Faraday | The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction - the creation of an electric motor |
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| James Michael Maxwell | Electromagnetic theory of light - transmission of electricity in space |
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| Heinrich Hertz | He confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and established that their propagation speed = 300 thousand km/s. |
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| A.S. Popov | Wireless telegraph |
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| Henrik Lorenz | Continued to develop the theory of electromagnetism |
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| John Stoney | Introduced the term "electron" to designate an atom. |
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| Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen | Discovery of invisible X-rays - creation of the X-ray machine - Nobel Prize |
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| Pierre Curie and Marie Skłodowska-Curie | They created the doctrine of the complex structure of the atom - the Nobel Prize. |
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| Biology | Charles Darwin | He substantiated the hypothesis of human origin from an ape-like ancestor. |
|
| Louis Pasteur | The discovery of a new science - microbiology, a rabies vaccination was created. Laid the foundations of the doctrine of immunity. |
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| Discovered the smallpox vaccine |
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| Rene Laennec | Constructed a tube from beech wood - a stethoscope |
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| Robert Koch | Discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis - Koch's bacillus |
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| Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov | Founder of evolutionary embryology and domestic microbiology. |
The discoveries summarized in the table were of great importance for the development of industrial society.
Homework