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A short biography of Yakov Petrovich Polonsky is the most important thing. Message on the topic Yakov Petrovich Polonsky. Brief biography of Polonsky. Brief biography - Polonsky Ya. P.

A short biography of Yakov Petrovich Polonsky is the most important thing. Message on the topic Yakov Petrovich Polonsky. Brief biography of Polonsky. Brief biography - Polonsky Ya. P.

Yakov Polonsky was born December 6 (18), 1819 in Ryazan in the family of an official-intendant. The poet's mother, Natalya Yakovlevna, was an educated woman - she read a lot, wrote down poems, songs, and romances in notebooks.

At first, Polonsky was educated at home, and then he was sent to the Ryazan gymnasium. At this time, Polonsky read the works of Pushkin and V. Benediktov and began to write poetry himself. The gymnasium authorities instructed Polonsky to write congratulatory poems on the occasion of the arrival of the heir to the throne Alexander with the poet Zhukovsky in Ryazan. The venerable poet liked the poems of the young high school student, and he gave him a gold watch. It was in 1837, and the next year Polonsky graduated from high school and entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Law.

At the university, Polonsky, like many other students, was delighted by the lectures of Professor T.N. Granovsky. The young man met N.M. Orlov, son of the famous general, hero Patriotic War M.F. Orlova. I.S. gathered at the Orlovs’ house. Turgenev, P.Ya. Chaadaev, A.S. Khomyakov, F.N. Glinka and others. At these evenings, Polonsky read his poems.

In 1844 Polonsky graduated from the university and soon graduated first collection of his poems - “Gammas”, received favorably in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski.

In the autumn of 1844 Polonsky moved to Odessa to serve in the customs department. There he lives with the brother of the later famous anarchist Bakunin, and visits the house of Governor Vorontsov. The salary was not enough, and Polonsky gave private lessons. In the spring of 1846. the poet moved to the Caucasus, where he was transferred by the governor M.S. Vorontsov. Polonsky serves in his office. Soon he also became the editor of the Transcaucasian Vestnik newspaper.

In the newspaper he publishes works of various genres - from journalistic and scientific articles to essays and stories.

Caucasian impressions determined the content of many of his poetic works. In 1849 Polonsky published collection "Sazandar"(singer (Georgian)). Service in the Caucasus lasted 4 years.

In 1857 Polonsky went abroad as a teacher-tutor in the family of Governor N.M. Smirnova. However, the poet soon abandoned the role of a teacher, since the absurd character and religious fanaticism of A.O. Smirnova-Rosset was disgusted by Polonsky. He is trying to take up painting in Geneva ( 1858 ), however, he soon meets with the famous literary philanthropist Count Kushelev-Bezborodko, who offered him the post of editor in the magazine he organized. Russian word" Polonsky accepted this offer. Before 1860 the poet edited the Russian Word, later became a secretary in the Committee of Foreign Censorship, and three years later - a junior censor in the same committee. He held this position until 1896, after which he was appointed a member of the Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs.

Polonsky was in good relations with Nekrasov, I. Turgenev, P. Tchaikovsky, for whom he wrote the libretto (“Blacksmith Vakula”, later “Cherevichki”), with A.P. Chekhov - he dedicated the poem “At the Door” to him.

In 1887 the 50th anniversary was solemnly celebrated creative activity Polonsky.

Ya. Polonsky died October 18 (30), 1898 in St. Petersburg, buried in the Lgov Monastery. In 1958, the poet’s ashes were transported to Ryazan (the territory of the Ryazan Kremlin).

Polonsky wrote poems, poems, satirical newspaper feuilletons, published short stories, novellas and novels, and acted as a playwright and publicist. But from the vast creative heritage Its value is represented only by poetic works and lyrics.

Keywords: Yakov Polonsky, detailed biography of Yakov Polonsky, criticism, download biography, download for free, abstract, Russian literature of the 19th century, poets of the 19th century

Born on December 6, 1819 in Ryazan. Yakov was the first-born in the family of Pyotr Grigorievich (1790-1852) and Natalya Yakovlevna (1796-1832).
Jacob's education began early. From the age of six, his mother taught him to read and various teachers were invited. The first teacher was Ivan Vasilyevich Volkov. By the age of seven, Yakov Petrovich was already reading well. When the boy was 12 years old, his mother died. In 1838, his father helped with admission to the gymnasium. Thus ended childhood, and everyday life at the gymnasium began.
In 1838 he began studying at the First Ryazan Men's Gymnasium. The first glory came in the gymnasium. During the arrival of Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich (future Emperor Alexander II) in Ryazan, Polonsky wrote welcoming poems that pleased the Tsarevich and his tutor Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. For this, the crown prince gave Yakov a gold watch. This glorified the young poet throughout Ryazan. But Yakov could not boast of academic success. In all subjects, except literature, which he knew perfectly well, he had average results. In 1838 he graduated from high school and went to Moscow to enter the university.
From 1838 to 1844 he studied at Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. During this period, he met Fet, Grigoriev, Chaadaev, Turgenev and others. He was friends with Fet and Turgenev for many years. In 1840, the first publication of poems in “Notes of the Fatherland” thanks to Belinsky. In 1844, with the help of friends, he collected money to publish his first book of poems, “Gamma,” which was published when Polonsky took his final exams. During his studies, Yakov Petrovich constantly faced financial difficulties, and this forced him to earn extra money as a tutor.
After graduating from university, the issue of earning money becomes acute, which pushes Polonsky to move to Odessa. Here in 1845 he published his second book, “Poems of 1845,” which was modestly praised on the pages of Sovremennik, but the poems were strongly criticized by Belinsky. Further searches for work prompted the poet to move to Tiflis in 1846, where he worked for the Transcaucasian Messenger.
In 1851 he left Tiflis. First to Ryazan, to see his sick father, and then to St. Petersburg, with creative hopes. Until 1857, he was trying to somehow earn a living and combine his creativity. In 1857 he goes abroad. He returned from a trip abroad in 1858 with his young wife Elena Vasilievna Ustyuzhskaya (1840-1860). In 1859 he began working in the magazine “Russian Word”. In the spring of 1860, with the help of friends, he got a job in the Committee of Foreign Censorship. The head there at that time was Fyodor Tyutchev. In 1863 he received a promotion. He worked in the Committee of Foreign Censorship for 36 years, until 1896. In 1866, his second marriage to Josephine Antonovna Rühlmann (1844-1920). During the 60s-70s, Polonsky continued his work. But during this period he was very often criticized and was not particularly loved by readers. This changed in the 80s. Reader recognition has arrived. “Polonsky Fridays” became very popular in the 80s. Evenings attended by many celebrities. In 1896, Polonsky began work on the Press Council.
Yakov Petrovich Polonsky died on October 30, 1898 in St. Petersburg. He was buried on the territory of the Olgov Monastery in Ryazan. In 1959, the grave was moved to the Ryazan Kremlin.

The not often remembered poet Ya.P. Polonsky (1819-1898) created many works not only in poetry, but also in prose. However, the main thing in his romantic work was romance. The poet is alien to everything loud, but is not indifferent to the fate of the Motherland. He himself valued the “Bell” most of all.

Small Motherland

In the quietest Ryazan, in a small provincial town, on the night of December 6-7, 1819, a baby was born, who two weeks later was named Jacob in baptism. His aunts were at the governor-general's ball, but upon learning that their sister had gone into labor safely, they left the ball to offer their congratulations. The Polonsky family was an ancient one, having left Poland to enter the service of Ivan the Terrible. The Polonskys had a coat of arms, on an azure background of which a star with six horns, a helmet with peacock feathers and a young month were depicted. Father of the future poet good education I couldn’t get it, but I learned to read and write, and my handwriting was beautiful. He was a minor official, and his large family demanded exorbitant expenses for him. Yakov was the eldest child, and besides him there were six more children. His mother, Natalya Yakovlevna, died in the last birth. The child grieved her death, and it seemed to him that his mother was buried alive. As a child, Yakov Polonsky often had terrible dreams. He was scared. The imagination began to work, poetic images appeared. The older brother told the fairy tales he had invented to the younger ones and began to write poetry in secret from everyone.

After high school

Yakov Polonsky graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium in 1838. By this time, the father was completely broken by the death of his beloved wife and, after serving for three years in the Caucasus, returned to his hometown. He did not interfere in the affairs of children. But Jacob had an event that he himself considered an important milestone in his life. In 1837, Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich visited Ryazan, accompanied by V.A. Zhukovsky. Young Yakov Polonsky presented one of his creations to the future emperor. This meeting connected all thoughts young man with literary activities. From 1838 to 1844, Yakov Polonsky studied at Moscow University. He is terribly poor, because the family is completely ruined, and he can only rely on his own strength. They had to rent housing in the slums, earn a living by tutoring and private lessons. There were days when there was nothing to eat for lunch. We had to make do with tea and kalach.

During this period, he became closely acquainted with A. Grigoriev and A. Fet, who appreciated the talent of the young poet. Inspired, he published the poem “The Holy Good News Sounds Solemnly” in Otechestvennye zapiski in 1840. His circle of Moscow acquaintances is expanding. In the house of a descendant of the Decembrist, Yakov Polonsky meets Professor T. Granovsky and philosopher P. Chaadaev. There, in 1942, he became lifelong friends with Ivan Turgenev, with whom he would maintain correspondence.

Collection "Gammas"

In 1844, Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev actively collected money by subscription for the publication of the young poet’s first book. M. Lermontov's lyrics left an imprint on her. But overall it gives a favorable review. The critic noted in the verses “the pure element of poetry.” N. Gogol rewrites one of the poems for himself. V.A. Zhukovsky gave the aspiring poet a watch, showing that he appreciated his talent. presented him with a truly priceless gift - a briefcase that belonged to his brilliant brother.

Odessa

After graduating from university and moving to the south, the life and biography of Yakov Polonsky is filled with acquaintances with people of Pushkin’s circle. Harmony and clarity characterize the poet’s second collection, “Poems of 1845.” However, V. Belinsky did not find a single successful work in it.

Caucasus

The desire to gain new impressions brought Yakov Petrovich to Tiflis in 1846. He serves in the office of Viceroy M.S. Vorontsova and at the same time works in the newspaper “Transcaucasian Vestnik” as an assistant editor. It is also published in it. Using exotic Caucasian material, he tries to work in the traditional genre of ballads and poems. At the same time, he uses less common different foot sizes. In 1849, the poet published the collection “Sandazar”. But in 1851 he comes to Russia because he learns about his father’s serious illness.

Petersburg

So, the biography of Yakov Polonsky tells about his return to Russia, where he was warmly received by readers and writers. But he has no material well-being. In 1857 he was forced to become a repeater. In this capacity, he accompanies a family with an extremely unstable and difficult character to Switzerland. But 38 years is no longer the age when you can tolerate the whims of employers. A few months later he leaves this position and visits Geneva, Rome, Paris.

Poet in love

In the capital of France, a “fatal meeting,” as the poet called it, took place with his future wife. This girl, Elena Ustyuzhskaya, was young, and the lovers had to wait about a year for the wedding. In 1858 they got married and went to St. Petersburg. His chosen one saw inner nobility in her future husband. Alas, the marriage was short-lived.

Their happiness lasted only two years. At first it was overshadowed by the fall of Yakov Petrovich from the droshky. He severely injured his leg, which haunted him for the rest of his life, and he was forced to use crutches. Then his six-month-old son dies, and a few months later his wife dies. Here is a short biography of Yakov Polonsky related to his first marriage. The yearning poet will spill out from the depths of his soul the poems “The Seagull”, “Madness of Grief”, “If only your love...”.

Second marriage

It is impossible to exist on literary fees, and Yakov Petrovich begins work on the foreign censorship committee. 6 years after the collapse of his first marriage, he falls in love with the beautiful Josephine Ruhlmann.

This romance ends in a marriage that produces two sons and a daughter. A literary and musical salon is being created at his home, where on Fridays the cream of the intelligentsia of St. Petersburg gathers: poets, prose writers, composers, painters, critics. The cultural life of the capital is vibrant here. With this, the short biography of Yakov Polonsky in our presentation is already coming to an end. In honor of the 50th anniversary celebration literary activity Polonsky was solemnly presented with a silver wreath, and Romanov dedicated a poem to him.

Romances based on words by Polonsky

The romantic, who tried to respond to socio-political themes, is nevertheless associated in our minds with romance. Yakov Polonsky, whose poems were loved by many Russian composers, is familiar to many, first of all, according to the words “My fire shines in the fog.” Here is a list of romances based on his words, which is far from complete:

Composer E.F. Guide:

Birdie: “The clean air smells of the field”;

Waltz "Ray of Hope";

Prayer: “Our Father! Hear your son with prayer..."

S.V. Rachmaninov:

Meeting: “Yesterday we met...”;

Music: “And these wonderful sounds float and grow...”;

Dissonance: “Let fate dictate...”

A.G. Rubinstein:

Duma: “The sacred gospel sounds solemnly...”;

Loss: “When there is a presentiment of separation...”

P.I. Chaikovsky:

“It flickers in the shadows outside the window.”

By the way, Polonsky wrote the libretto for the opera “Cherevichki” for P. Tchaikovsky. In addition to such a small number of romances indicated in this article, you can turn to the work of , who put a line from a poem by Ya. Polonsky in the title of one of his stories, namely “In a Familiar Street.”

Polonsky died at the age of 78 and was buried near Ryazan. And now he is reburied in the Ryazan Kremlin. All the poems of Yakov Petrovich Polonsky found a lively response from his contemporaries and the next generation of symbolists, especially from A. Blok.

IN Soviet time not a single (!) work dedicated to his life and work was published. Now in Ryazan, local historians are correcting this situation by publishing monographs, articles and books that return to us an undeservedly forgotten poet who left a great creative legacy.

Biography

Yakov Polonsky is a Russian poet and prose writer. Born on December 6 (18), 1819 in Ryazan into a poor noble family. In 1838 he graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium. Polonsky considered the beginning of his literary activity to be 1837, when he presented one of his poems to the Tsarevich, the future Tsar Alexander II, who was traveling around Russia accompanied by his tutor V. A. Zhukovsky.

In 1838 Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University (graduated in 1844). During his student years, he became close to A. Grigoriev and A. Fet, who highly appreciated the talent of the young poet. I also met P. Chaadaev, A. Khomyakov, T. Granovsky. In 1840, Polonsky’s poem “The Holy Gospel Sounds Solemnly” was first published in the magazine “Otechestvennye zapiski”... It was published in the magazine “Moskvityanin” and in the student almanac “Underground Keys”.

The first one came out in 1844 poetry collection Polonsky Gamma, in which the influence of M. Lermontov is noticeable. The collection already contained poems written in the genre of everyday romance (Meeting, Winter Journey, etc.). Polonsky’s lyric masterpiece, Song of the Gypsy (“My fire shines in the fog…”, 1853), was subsequently written in this genre. Literary critic B. Eikhenbaum subsequently called the main feature of Polonsky’s romances “the combination of lyrics with narration.” They are characterized by a large number of portrait, everyday and other details reflecting the psychological state lyrical hero(“The shadows of the night came and became...”, etc.).

After graduating from university, Polonsky moved to Odessa, where he published his second collection of poetry, Poems of 1845 (1845). The book caused a negative assessment by V. G. Belinsky, who saw in the author “an unrelated, purely external talent.” In Odessa, Polonsky became a prominent figure in the circle of writers who continued Pushkin’s poetic tradition. Impressions of Odessa life subsequently formed the basis for the novel Cheap City (1879).

In 1846 Polonsky was appointed to Tiflis, to the office of the governor M. Vorontsov. At the same time, he became an assistant editor of the Transcaucasian Vestnik newspaper, in which he published essays. Polonsky's poetry collection Sazandar (Singer) was published in Tiflis in 1849. It included ballads and poems, as well as poems in the spirit of the “natural school” - that is, replete with everyday scenes (Walk through Tiflis) or written in the spirit of national folklore (Georgian song).

In 1851 Polonsky moved to St. Petersburg. In his diary in 1856 he wrote: “I don’t know why I feel an involuntary disgust from any political poem; It seems to me that in the most sincere political poem there are as many lies and untruths as in politics itself.” Soon Polonsky definitely declared his creative credo: “God did not give me the scourge of satire... / And for the few I am a poet” (For the few, 1860). Contemporaries saw in him “a modest but honest figure of the Pushkin trend” (A. Druzhinin) and noted that “he never shows off or plays any role, but always appears as he is” (E. Stackenschneider).

In St. Petersburg, Polonsky published two collections of poetry (1856 and 1859), as well as the first collection of prose, Stories (1859), in which N. Dobrolyubov noticed “the poet’s sensitive sensitivity to the life of nature and the internal merging of the phenomena of reality with the images of his fantasy and with the impulses of his heart " D. Pisarev, on the contrary, considered such traits to be manifestations of a “narrow mental world” and classified Polonsky among the “microscopic poets.”

In 1857 Polonsky left for Italy, where he studied painting. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1860. He experienced a personal tragedy - the death of his son and wife, which was reflected in the poems The Seagull (1860), Madness of Grief (1860), etc. In the 1860s he wrote the novels Confessions of Sergei Chalygin (1867) and The Marriage of Atuev (1869) , in which the influence of I. Turgenev is noticeable. Polonsky was published in magazines of various directions, explaining this in one of his letters to A. Chekhov: “I have been a nobody’s whole life.”

In 1858-1860 Polonsky edited the magazine “Russian Word”, in 1860-1896 he served on the Committee for Foreign Censorship. In general, the 1860s and 1870s were marked for the poet by reader inattention and everyday disorder. Interest in Polonsky's poetry arose again in the 1880s, when, together with A. Fet and A. Maykov, he was part of the “poetic triumvirate”, which enjoyed the respect of the reading public. Polonsky again became an iconic figure in literary life Petersburg, “Polonsky Fridays” brought together outstanding contemporaries. The poet was friends with Chekhov and closely followed the work of K. Fofanov and S. Nadson. In the poems The Madman (1859), The Double (1862), and others, he predicted some of the motifs of 20th century poetry.

In 1890, Polonsky wrote to A. Fet: “You can trace my whole life through my poems.” In accordance with this principle of reflecting internal biography, he built his final Complete Works in 5 volumes, published in 1896.

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich (1819 - 1898), poet. Born on December 6 (18 NS) in Ryazan into a poor noble family. He studied at the Ryazan gymnasium, after which he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. During his student years he began to write and publish his poems in

“Notes of the Fatherland” (1840), “Moscowite” and in the student almanac “Underground Keys” (1842). He is friends with A. Grigoriev, A. Fet, P. Chaadaev, T. Granovsky, I. Turgenev.

In 1844, Polonsky’s first collection of poems, “Gammas,” was published, attracting the attention of critics and readers.

After graduating from university he lived in Odessa. There he published his second collection, “Poems of 1845.”

In 1846, Polonsky moved to Tiflis, joined the office and at the same time worked as an assistant editor of the Transcaucasian Vestnik newspaper. While in Georgia, Polonsky turned to prose (articles and essays on ethnography), publishing them in the newspaper.

Georgia inspired him to create the book of poems “Sazandar” (Singer) in 1849, and the historical play “Darejana of Imereti” in 1852.

From 1851 Polonsky lived in St. Petersburg, traveling abroad from time to time. The poet's collections of poems (1855 and 1859) were well received by various critics.

In 1859 - 60 he was one of the editors of the magazine “Russian Word”.

In the social and literary struggle of the 1860s, Polonsky did not take part on the side of any of the camps. He defended the poetry of “love,” contrasting it with the poetry of “hate” (“For the Few,” 1860; “To the Citizen Poet,” 1864), although he recognized the impossibility of love “without pain” and life outside the problems of modernity (“To One of the Weary” , 1863). During these years, his poetry was sharply criticized by radical democrats. I. Turgenev and N. Strakhov defended Polonsky’s original talent from attacks, emphasizing his “worship of everything that is beautiful and lofty, service to truth, goodness and beauty, love of freedom and hatred of violence.”

In 1880 - 90 Polonsky was a very popular poet. During these years he returned to the themes of his early lyrics. A variety of writers, artists, and scientists unite around him. He is very attentive to the development of creativity of Nadson and Fofanov.

In 1881 the collection “At Sunset” was published, in 1890 - “ evening call, evening Bell", imbued with motifs of sadness and death, reflections on the fleeting nature of human happiness.

From 1860 to 1896, Polonsky served on the Committee of Foreign Censorship and on the Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs, which gave him the means to support himself.

Coming from a poor noble family, Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (1819-1898) was a Russian poet from Ryazan. In Ryazan he graduated from high school. After this, he enters Moscow University and studies at the Faculty of Law. As a student, he wrote poetry and published it in Otechestvennye zapiski (Otechestvennye zapiski) (1840). He made friends with famous writers, among whom were A. Grigoriev, A. Fet, P. Chaadaev, T. Granovsky, I. Turgenev.

Polonsky as a poet was noticed and adequately appreciated when his poetry collection "Gammas" was published.

After graduating from Polonsky University, he lived in Odessa. There he published his second collection of poems, Poems of 1845.

In 1846, the poet traveled to Tiflis (Georgia), where he served in the office and worked as an assistant editor of the Transcaucasian Bulletin publication and published ethnographic articles and essays. In 1849 he created a book of poems “The Singer”, then wrote the historical play “Darejana of Imereti” (1852).

Since 1851, the poet has lived in St. Petersburg, sometimes traveling abroad. He wrote poetry and compiled collections in 1855 and 1859.

In 1859-1860 – works as one of the editors of the Russian Word publication. His poems are criticized by radical democrats, and his friends and comrades actively come out in defense. Popularity came to the poet in the 1880-1890s. In 1881 the collection “At Sunset” was published, in 1890 “Evening Bells” was published. They are dominated by the motif of sadness and death, and the poet also reflects on the fragmented happiness of man.

The poet earns money by serving in the Committee of Foreign Censorship from the 60s to 1896. The poet died in St. Petersburg, but was buried in Ryazan.

Born in Ryazan into a poor noble family. In 1838 he graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium. Yakov Polonsky considered the beginning of his literary activity to be 1837, when he presented one of his poems to the crown prince, the future Tsar Alexander II, who was traveling around Russia accompanied by his tutor.

In 1838, Yakov Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University (graduated in 1844). During his student years, he became close to and who highly appreciated the talent of the young poet. I also met P. Chaadaev, T. Granovsky. In 1840, Polonsky’s poem “The Sacred Gospel Sounds Solemnly Sounds” was first published in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski. It was published in the Moskvityanin magazine and in the student almanac Underground Keys.

In 1844, Polonsky’s first poetry collection, “Gammas,” was published, in which his influence is noticeable. The collection already contained poems written in the genre of everyday romance (, etc.). Yakov Polonsky’s lyric masterpiece (“My fire shines in the fog…”, 1853) was subsequently written in this genre. Literary critic B. Eikhenbaum subsequently called the main feature of Polonsky’s romances “the combination of lyrics with narration.” They are characterized by a large number of portrait, everyday and other details reflecting the psychological state of the lyrical hero (and others).

Upon graduation from university Yakov Polonsky moved to Odessa, where he published his second collection of poetry, “Poems of 1845” (1845). The book caused a negative assessment by V.G. Belinsky, who saw in the author “an unconnected, purely external talent.” In Odessa, Polonsky became a prominent figure among writers who continued the Pushkin poetic tradition. Impressions of Odessa life subsequently formed the basis for the novel “Cheap City” (1879).

In 1846, Yakov Polonsky was appointed to Tiflis, to the office of the governor M. Vorontsov. At the same time, he became an assistant editor of the Transcaucasian Vestnik newspaper, in which he published essays. Polonsky’s poetry collection “Sazandar” (“Singer”) was published in Tiflis in 1849. It included ballads and poems, as well as poems in the spirit of the “natural school” - i.e. replete with everyday scenes (“Walk through Tiflis”) or written in the spirit of national folklore (“Georgian Song”).

In 1851 Polonsky moved to St. Petersburg. In his diary of 1856 he wrote: “I don’t know why I feel an involuntary disgust from any political poem; It seems to me that in the most sincere political poem there are as many lies and untruths as in politics itself.” Soon Yakov Polonsky definitely declared his creative credo: “God did not give me the scourge of satire... / And for the few I am a poet” (“For the few,” 1860). Contemporaries saw in him “a modest but honest figure of the Pushkin trend” (A. Druzhinin) and noted that “he never shows off or plays any role, but always appears as he is” (E. Stackenschneider).

In St. Petersburg, Yakov Polonsky published two collections of poetry (1856 and 1859), as well as the first collection of prose “Stories” (1859), in which he noted “the poet’s sensitive sensitivity to the life of nature and the internal merging of the phenomena of reality with the images of his fantasy and with the impulses of his heart " D. Pisarev, on the contrary, considered such traits to be manifestations of a “narrow mental world” and classified Yakov Polonsky among the “microscopic poets.”

In 1857 Yakov Polonsky left for Italy, where he studied painting. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1860. He experienced a personal tragedy - the death of his son and wife, which was reflected in the poems “The Seagull” (1860), “Madness of Grief” (1860), etc. In the 1860s he wrote the novels “Confessions of Sergei Chalygin” (1867) and “The Marriage of Atuev” (1869), in which the influence is noticeable. Polonsky was published in magazines of various directions, explaining this in one of his letters to A. Chekhov: “I have been a nobody’s whole life.”

In 1858-1860 Yakov Polonsky edited the magazine “Russian Word”, in 1860-1896 he served on the Committee for Foreign Censorship. In general, the 1860-1870s were marked for the poet by reader inattention and everyday disorder. Interest in Polonsky's poetry arose again in the 1880s, when, together with him, he was part of the “poetic triumvirate”, which enjoyed the respect of the reading public. Yakov Polonsky again became an iconic figure in the literary life of St. Petersburg; outstanding contemporaries gathered at “Polonsky Fridays”. The poet was friends with Chekhov, closely followed the work of K. Fofanov, etc. In the poems “Madman” (1859), (1862), etc., he predicted some motifs of 20th century poetry.

In 1890, Polonsky wrote to A. Fet: “You can trace my whole life through my poems.” In accordance with this principle of reflecting internal biography, he built his final “Complete Works” in 5 volumes, published in 1896.

In 1838, Yakov Polonsky entered the law faculty of Moscow University (graduated in 1844). During his student years, he became close to A. Grigoriev and A. Fet, who highly appreciated the talent of the young poet. I also met P. Chaadaev,

A. Khomyakov, T. Granovsky. In 1840, Polonsky’s poem “The Sacred Good News Sounds Solemnly…” was first published in the magazine “Otechestvennye zapiski” in 1840. It was published in the magazine “Moskvityanin” and in the student almanac “Underground Keys.”

In 1844, Polonsky’s first collection of poetry, “Gammas,” was published, in which the influence of M. Lermontov is noticeable. The collection already contained poems written in the genre of everyday romance (“Meeting”, “Winter Road”, etc.). Yakov Polonsky’s lyric masterpiece “Song of the Gypsy” (“My fire in the fog”) was subsequently written in this genre

It’s shining…”, 1853). Literary critic B. Eikhenbaum subsequently called the main feature of Polonsky’s romances “the combination of lyrics with narration.” They are characterized by a large number of portrait, everyday and other details reflecting the psychological state of the lyrical hero (“The shadows of the night came and became…”, etc.).

After graduating from the university, Yakov Polonsky moved to Odessa, where he published his second collection of poetry, “Poems of 1845” (1845). The book caused a negative assessment by V. G. Belinsky, who saw in the author “an unrelated, purely external talent.” In Odessa, Polonsky became a prominent figure among writers who continued the Pushkin poetic tradition. Impressions of Odessa life subsequently formed the basis for the novel “Cheap City” (1879).

In 1846, Yakov Polonsky was appointed to Tiflis, to the office of the governor M. Vorontsov. At the same time, he became an assistant editor of the Transcaucasian Vestnik newspaper, in which he published essays. Polonsky’s poetry collection “Sazandar” (“Singer”) was published in Tiflis in 1849. It included ballads and poems, as well as poems in the spirit of the “natural school” - that is, replete with everyday scenes (“Walk through Tiflis”) or written in the spirit of national folklore (“Georgian song”).

In St. Petersburg, Yakov Polonsky published two collections of poetry (1856 and 1859), as well as the first collection of prose “Stories” (1859), in which N. Dobrolyubov noticed “the poet’s sensitive sensitivity to the life of nature and the internal merging of the phenomena of reality with the images of his imagination and with impulses of his heart.” D. Pisarev, on the contrary, considered such traits to be manifestations of a “narrow mental world” and classified Yakov Polonsky among the “microscopic poets.”

In 1857 Yakov Polonsky left for Italy, where he studied painting. He returned to St. Petersburg in 1860. He experienced a personal tragedy - the death of his son and wife, which was reflected in the poems “The Seagull” (1860), “Madness of Grief” (1860), etc. In the 1860s he wrote the novels “Confessions of Sergei Chalygin” (1867) and “The Marriage of Atuev” (1869), in which the influence of I. Turgenev is noticeable. Polonsky was published in magazines of various directions, explaining this in one of his letters to A. Chekhov: “I have been a nobody’s entire life.”

In 1858-1860 Yakov Polonsky edited the magazine “Russian Word”, in 1860-1896 he served on the Committee for Foreign Censorship. In general, the 1860-1870s were marked for the poet by reader inattention and everyday disorder. Interest in Polonsky's poetry arose again in the 1880s, when, together with A. Fet and A. Maykov, he was part of the “poetic triumvirate” that enjoyed the respect of the reading public. Yakov Polonsky again became an iconic figure in the literary life of St. Petersburg; outstanding contemporaries gathered at “Polonsky Fridays.” The poet was friends with Chekhov and closely followed the work of K. Fofanov and S. Nadson. In the poems “Crazy” (1859), “Double” (1862), etc., he predicted some motifs of 20th century poetry.

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Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky(December 6, Ryazan - October 18, St. Petersburg) - Russian writer, known mainly as a poet.

Biography

From the nobles. Born into the family of a poor official in 1819. He graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium (1838). He studied at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University (1838-1844), listened to lectures by professors P. G. Redkin, D. L. Kryukov and T. N. Granovsky, who had a significant influence on the formation of Polonsky’s worldview. I studied at the university for five years instead of the required four, because in the 3rd year I did not pass the exam in Roman law to Professor N.I. Krylov. During his student years, Polonsky became close to A. A. Grigoriev and A. A. Fet, and also met P. Ya. Chaadaev, A. S. Khomyakov, T. N. Granovsky. During his student years, Polonsky made a living by giving private lessons.

Polonsky's addresses:

Polonsky died in St. Petersburg in 1898 and was buried in the Olgov Monastery near Ryazan; in 1958 he was reburied on the territory of the Ryazan Kremlin (photo of the grave).

Creation

Polonsky's literary heritage is very large and unequal; it includes several collections of poems, numerous poems, novels and stories. According to the characteristics of Yuli Aikhenvald,

A writer of rare inspiration, Polonsky was a remarkably skillful versifier, and at times it was as if technical efforts and difficulties of meter and rhyme did not exist for him. Unforcedly and easily, like conversational speech, his simple, unorthodox and often inexpensive verse flows.

Polonsky also wrote prose. The first collection of prose, “Stories,” was published as a separate edition in 1859. In the novels “Confessions of Sergei Chalygin” (1867) and “The Marriage of Atuev” (1869) he followed I. S. Turgenev. The novel “Cheap City” (1879) was based on impressions of Odessa life. He also published texts of a memoir nature (“My uncle and some of his stories”).

Many of Polonsky's poems were set to music by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rachmaninov, S. I. Taneyev, A. G. Rubinstein, M. M. Ivanov and became popular romances and songs. " "( My fire is shining in the fog"), written in 1853, has become a folk song.

Journalism

Yakov Polonsky, 1880s

From 1860 until the end of his life, scientists, cultural and artistic figures gathered in the poet’s apartment on Fridays at meetings called “Fridays” by Ya. P. Polonsky.

Polonsky wrote letters in defense of the Doukhobors to Pobedonostsev, and also planned to write memoirs about them.

Conservative and Orthodox, at the end of his life Ya. P. Polonsky opposed criticism of the church and state by Leo Tolstoy. In 1895, regarding Tolstoy’s work “The Kingdom of God is Within You,” which was published abroad, Polonsky published a polemical article in “Russian Review” (No. 4-6) “Notes on one foreign publication and the new ideas of Count L.N. Tolstoy.” After the appearance of Tolstoy’s article “What is art?” Polonsky also wrote a harsh article. This prompted a letter from L.N. Tolstoy with a proposal for reconciliation: Tolstoy became aware of Polonsky’s friendly attitude towards the persecuted Doukhobors.

Family

First wife since July 1858 - Elena Vasilievna Ustyuzhskaya(1840-1860), daughter of the headman of the Russian church in Paris, Vasily Kuzmich Ustyuzhsky (Ukhtyuzhsky), and a French woman. The marriage was concluded for love, although the bride knew almost no Russian, and Polonsky knew no French. She died in St. Petersburg from the consequences of typhoid fever, combined with a miscarriage. Their six-month-old son Andrei died in January 1860.

Second wife since 1866 - Josephine Antonovna Rühlman(1844-1920), amateur sculptor, sister of the famous doctor Anton Antonovich Ryulman. According to a contemporary, “Polonsky married her because he fell in love with her beauty, but she married him because she had nowhere to lay her head.” The marriage had two sons, Alexander (1868-1934) and Boris (1875-1923), and a daughter Natalya (1870-1929), married to N. A. Jelacich.

Notes

Polotskaya E. A. Polonsky // Brief literary encyclopedia - M.: Soviet encyclopedia, 1962. - T. 5.
Polonsky Yakov Petrovich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ed. A. M. Prokhorov - 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969.
Vl. Soloviev // encyclopedic Dictionary - SPb. : Brockhaus - Efron, 1898. - T. XXIV. - P. 361–363.
Eisenstadt, V.; Aizenstadt, M. Along the Fontanka. Pages of the history of St. Petersburg culture. - M.: Tsentropoligraf, 2007. - p. 227. -

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky (December 6 (18), 1819, Ryazan - October 18 (30), 1898, St. Petersburg) - Russian poet and prose writer.

Born into the family of a poor official. After graduating from high school in Ryazan (1838), he entered the law faculty of Moscow University. He became close to A. A. Grigoriev and A. A. Fet, and also met P. Ya. Chaadaev, A. S. Khomyakov, T. N. Granovsky.

A writer, if only he
There is a nerve of a great people,
Can't help but be amazed
When freedom is defeated.
“To the album of K. Sh...” (1864)

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

In 1840 he published his first poem in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. Participated in the student almanac “Underground Keys”.

After graduating from the university (1844), he lived in Odessa, then was assigned to Tiflis (1846), where he served until 1851. From 1851 he lived in St. Petersburg, edited the magazine “Russian Word” (1859–1860). He served on the Foreign Censorship Committee and on the Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs (1860–1896).

He died in St. Petersburg and was buried in Ryazan.

We have enough bread for now
And there is also a jug of wine,
Don't irritate Heaven with your tears
And know that your melancholy is sinful.
"Old Sazandar"

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

Polonsky's literary heritage is very large and unequal; it includes several collections of poems, numerous poems, novels, and stories.

The first collection of poetry is “Gammas” (1844). The second collection of “Poems of 1845”, published in Odessa, caused a negative assessment by V. G. Belinsky. In the collection “Sazandar” (1849), he recreated the spirit and life of the peoples of the Caucasus.

A small part of Polonsky’s poems refers to the so-called civil lyrics (“I must admit, I forgot, gentlemen,” “Miasm” and others). He dedicated the poem “Prisoner” (1878) to Vera Zasulich. In his later years he turned to the themes of old age and death (collection “Evening Bells”, 1890).

Among Polonsky’s poems, the most significant is the fairy tale poem “The Grasshopper the Musician” (1859).

He also wrote in prose. The first collection of prose, “Stories,” was published as a separate edition in 1859. In the novels “Confessions of Sergei Chalygin” (1867) and “The Marriage of Atuev” (1869) he followed I. S. Turgenev. The novel “Cheap City” (1879) was based on impressions of Odessa life.

Many of Polonsky's poems were set to music by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, P. I. Tchaikovsky, S. V. Rachmaninov, S. I. Taneyev, A. G. Rubinstein, M. M. Ivanov and became popular romances and songs. “Song of the Gypsy” (“My fire shines in the fog”), written in 1853, became a folk song.

Polonsky was one of Alexander Blok's favorite poets.

From 1860 until the end of his life, scientists, cultural and artistic figures gathered in the poet’s apartment on Fridays at meetings called “Fridays” by Ya. P. Polonsky.

Believe me, you don't need to be in Paris,
To be closer to the truth with your heart,
And in order to create,
There is no need to wander around Rome.
Traces of a beautiful artist
He sees and creates everywhere,
And his incense burns
Wherever he places a tripod,
And where the Creator speaks to him.
"A. N. Maikov"

Polonsky Yakov Petrovich

After the appearance of Tolstoy’s article “What is art?” Polonsky also wrote a harsh article. This prompted a letter from L.N. Tolstoy with a proposal for reconciliation: Tolstoy became aware of Polonsky’s friendly attitude towards the persecuted Doukhobors.

Polonsky wrote letters in defense of the Doukhobors to Pobedonostsev, and also planned to write memoirs about them.

Addresses in St. Petersburg
* 1888–1892 - apartment building of N. I. Yafa - embankment of the Fontanka River, 24.

Yakov Petrovich Polonsky - photo

POLONSKY Yakov Petrovich was born into a noble family - a poet.

He graduated from the Ryazan gymnasium, then from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University. He served for four years in the office of the Caucasian governor in Tiflis.

In 1851 he moved to St. Petersburg. For some time he lives on odd jobs (literary fees, tutoring).

In 1858-59 - editor of the magazine "Russian Word", later junior censor of the Foreign Censorship Committee and, finally, one of the members of the council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs.

IN last years life organized “Fridays” in his apartment, which brought together St. Petersburg writers, artists, and scientists.

Despite the genre diversity of Yakov Petrovich Polonsky’s work (poems, poems, novels), he entered the history of Russian literature as a lyrical poet.

In 1844, the first collection of his poems, “Gammas,” was published and still bears the mark of imitation of the romantic poetry of Pushkin and Lermontov.

In 1849, the second collection was published - “Sazandar” (Georgian - singer), it was distinguished by great originality, written based on the living impressions of his stay in the Caucasus. In this book, the poet managed to convey the peculiarities of the local color of Caucasian life in its daily, everyday manifestations:

"Walk around Tiflis"

"Usta-Bati Elections"

"Tatarka".

With the move to St. Petersburg, Yakov Petrovich became a permanent contributor to the magazines Sovremennik, Otechestvennye zapiski, and Russkoe Slovo. In an atmosphere of intensified struggle between supporters of “pure” and “civil” art, he did not openly join any of the warring camps. While not sharing the revolutionary views of the leaders of Sovremennik, he at the same time does not confine himself to the framework of “pure art,” expressing in his poems a keen interest in social issues. This is evidenced, first of all, by Polonsky’s recognition of the importance of civic poetry (the poem “To I. S. Aksakov”, "A writer, if only he...").

In the 50-60s, under the influence of heightened interest in the peasant issue, the poet wrote poems about the lack of rights of the people, about their ascetic labor. This theme was reflected especially clearly in such works as “The Runaway,” written in the form of a folk tale, “In the Steppe,” and “Miasm.”

One of the most poetically powerful works of this cycle is the ballad "Casimir the Great", created by the author under the influence of the hunger epidemic of the late 60s. The ballad contrasts with great force the complacency, callousness, and selfishness of the aristocrats with the suffering of the people dying of hunger. The poet's voice rises in it to high, mournful civil pathos. Where Yakov Petrovich writes about a woman, he is again broader and more democratic than the poets of “pure art.”

He is deeply concerned about the fate of the peasant woman, who was taken into the manor's house as a girl and deprived of joys. family life(“Old Nanny”).

In the city, his sympathy is focused on women doomed by poverty to hard and sometimes humiliating work (“The Model”).

The poet was one of the first to respond to the Russian girl’s desire for light, for knowledge, for meaningful, inspired work (“In the Wilderness”).

Unlike the poets of the revolutionary camp, Polonsky does not rise in his work to the theme of revolutionary protest against social injustice. In his journalistic articles, he openly sympathizes with those whom he calls “progressives” and “reformers.” In poetry, these trends are reflected in the celebration of brotherly love, which should bind all humanity together: "Schiller's Jubilee", "From Bourdillien", "Crazy".

The preaching of love and brotherhood never led the poet to calmness and reconciliation with evil. The love he sings awakens people and forces them to help everyone who needs protection and compassion. This is how it is born in the lyrics of Yakov Petrovich special kind heroics - the heroism of self-sacrifice, embodied by the poet in the image of Prometheus (“Prometheus”), in the feat of a young aristocrat who exchanged a quiet life in St. Petersburg society for the selfless work of a sister of mercy ( "Under the Red Cross"). This also includes one of the best poems of this cycle - “What is she to me?” , dedicated to the famous revolutionary - populist Vera Zasulich.

Polonsky’s narrow love lyrics are also closely related to the poeticization of love as a feeling that unites people. In the woman he loves, the poet sees, first of all, a friend, a sister, a person. It is not beauty that determines the strength of feeling in his poetry, but the need for protection, support and at the same time the desire to provide this help to a loved one:

“When we worry about the worries or the topic of the day”,

"Kiss"

"Finnish Coast"

"N. A. Griboyedov".

In intimate lyrics, Yakov Petrovich managed to create his own, unique and in his own way very poetic author's image. This lyrical “I” also has its own social and moral face. Socially, he is a poor man, a commoner, always driven by poverty and failures in life:

"On Lake Geneva"

"In the cart of life"

"On the railway" .

At the same time, this is a person who is deeply responsive to the grief of others, seeking to soften other people’s pain with affection and attention, and romantically believing in the life-giving power of selfless love. This feature of the poet’s poetry was uniquely reflected in the form of many of his poems. He does not confine himself to a narrow circle of intimate experiences, but introduces us to the world of feelings of his poetic heroes, whose social position is often indicated in the title of the poems:

"Model"

"Old Nanny"

"Blind Tapper"

"Worker"

"Runaway".

At the same time, the poem turns into a lyrical confession of the hero, and the author himself seems to merge with the hero in a single, common feeling:

"Bulgarian"

"Model"

"Runaway"

"In the backwoods" .

Polonsky's favorite stanza is a quatrain with cross rhyme or even rhyming verses. The lyricism of the content, the extreme simplicity of the form, and the conversational naturalness of intonation determined the transition of poems into songs and romances, the music for which was written by prominent composers of the 19th century. Among these poems the most famous are:

"Come to me, old lady"

“It flickers in the shadows outside the window,”

"Steppe"

"Song of the Gypsy".

Yakov Petrovich's poems are less significant in their artistic merit than his lyrics. Of these, the most interesting are:

"Grasshopper Musician" (1859),

"Fresh legend" (1861-63).

In the first, which is allegorical in nature, the poet depicts his relationship with the prim St. Petersburg society. The poem's finely drawn pictures of nature and its gentle humor give it a special charm.

The unfinished poem “Fresh Tradition” is also connected with the author’s biography. It is based on the poet’s memories of his student years in Moscow, and of the Moscow manor houses that were well known to the poet. The prototype of the main character of the poem, Kamkov, was a friend of the author - the poet I. P. Klyushnikov.

Novels are at approximately the same artistic level as poems. In some of them, the same biographical basis is too felt. Thus, the novel “Cheap City” (1879) reflected the events associated with the author’s stay in Odessa. The novel is more significant "Confessions of Sergei Chalygin"(1876). It talks about the Decembrist uprising, but this event itself is presented extremely poorly in the book and did not receive a proper historical assessment from the author.

The lack of precision and clarity in the poet’s political views determined the attitude towards him from revolutionary-democratic criticism.

Belinsky, without denying the poet’s talent (“possesses to some extent a pure element of poetry”), blamed him for the lack of “direction and ideas” (“Russian literature in 1844”).

Dobrolyubov, noting Yakov Petrovich’s ability to “sad about the domination of evil,” at the same time pointed to the poet’s inability to be imbued with the spirit of “indignation and vengeance” towards this evil (“Poems by Ya. P. Polonsky. 1859. Grasshopper-musician. 1859. Stories by Ya. P. Polonsky 1859").

The most harsh critical review of Ya. P. Polonsky’s literary activity belongs to Saltykov-Shchedrin: “a writer of secondary importance and dependent” (“Works of Ya. P. Polonsky. Two volumes, St. Petersburg, 1869”). Saltykov-Shchedrin’s article aroused a sharp objection from Turgenev, who, in his “Letter to the Editor of the St. Petersburg Gazette,” without exaggerating the power of the poet’s poetic talent, reserved for him the right to originality and originality (“pours from a small, but from his own glass "

Died - St. Petersburg, buried in Ryazan.