Time zones of Russia. From winter to summer: Where and when the clocks are changed What is daylight saving time
Throughout almost its entire existence Russian Federation, namely, from October 23, 1991, a resolution of the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR “On streamlining the calculation of time on the territory of the RSFSR” was in force on the territory of our country. This legal act established the annual introduction of summer time; the procedure and date for the transition to it were to be determined in accordance with the requirements of the European Economic UN.
Cancellation of the annual transfer of hands
In 2011, the then President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev signed a law that abolished the practice of changing the hands on the clock. However, this legal act was signed in June, that is, after the country’s residents switched their clocks to summer time.Thus, Federal Law No. 107-FZ of June 3, 2011 “On the Calculation of Time” actually established permanent summer time in Russia. The main factor that caused the refusal to change the clock hands twice annually was the negative impact of the change in time on the human body, expressed in an increase in morbidity and the country's population.
Discussion about the temporary regime in Russia
At the same time, the decision made several years ago cannot be called unambiguously popular: it had quite a lot of opponents. The main argument that is usually put forward to challenge the legality of fixing summer time on the territory of the country is the continued operation of the so-called maternity time.The fact is that back in 1930, by a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a temporary regime was introduced on the territory of all republics, one hour ahead of standard time. And although this decree was canceled in 1991, about a year later this temporary regime was restored on Russian territory.
The introduction of summer time actually represents the addition of one more hour to maternity time: thus, residents of the Russian Federation find themselves two hours ahead of standard time. In this regard, in last years There are periodic proposals to return to winter time.
At the moment, a draft law establishing the country’s transition to permanent winter time, accepted State Duma RF in the third reading. If it comes into force, the actual time in Russia will be closer to standard time.
1. Local time.
Time measured on a given geographical meridian is called local time this meridian. For all places on the same meridian, the hour angle of the vernal equinox (or the Sun, or the mean sun) is at any moment the same. Therefore, throughout the entire geographic meridian, local time (sidereal or solar) is the same at the same moment.
If the difference geographical longitudes there are two places D l, then in a more eastern location the hour angle of any luminary will be at D l greater than the hour angle of the same star in a more western location. Therefore, the difference in any local times on two meridians at the same physical moment is always equal to the difference in the longitudes of these meridians, expressed in hourly measure (in time units):
those. the local mean time of any point on Earth is always equal to universal time at that moment plus the longitude of that point, expressed in hourly units and considered positive east of Greenwich.
In astronomical calendars, the moments of most phenomena are indicated in universal time. T 0 . Moments of these phenomena in local time T t. are easily determined by formula (1.28).
3. Standard Time. IN Everyday life Using both local mean solar time and universal time is inconvenient. The first is because there are, in principle, as many local time systems as there are geographical meridians, i.e. countless. Therefore, in order to establish the sequence of events or phenomena noted in local time, it is absolutely necessary to know, in addition to the moments, also the difference in longitudes of those meridians on which these events or phenomena took place.
The sequence of events marked by universal time is easy to establish, but the large difference between universal time and the local time of meridians located at considerable distances from Greenwich creates inconvenience when using universal time in everyday life.
In 1884 it was proposed belt system of calculation of average time, the essence of which is as follows. Time is counted only by 24 main geographical meridians located from each other in longitude exactly 15° (or 1 h), approximately in the middle of each time zone. Time zones areas are called earth's surface, into which it is conditionally divided by lines coming from its north pole to the south and spaced approximately 7°.5 from the main meridians. These lines, or boundaries of time zones, accurately follow geographic meridians only in open seas and oceans and in uninhabited land areas. For the rest of their length they follow government, administrative and economic or geographical boundaries, retreating from the corresponding meridian in one direction or another. Time zones are numbered from 0 to 23. Greenwich is taken as the main meridian of the zero zone. The main meridian of the first time zone is located from Greenwich exactly 15° east, the second - 30°, the third - 45°, etc. until the 23rd time zone, the main meridian of which has an east longitude of Greenwich 345° (or west longitude 15°).
Standard timeT p is the local mean solar time measured at the prime meridian of a given time zone. It is used to keep track of time throughout the entire territory lying in a given time zone.
Standard time of this zone P connected with universal time by an obvious relationship
| Tn = T 0 +n h . | (1.29) |
It is also quite obvious that the difference between the zone times of two points is an integer number of hours equal to the difference in the numbers of their time zones.
4. Summer time. In order to more rationally distribute electricity used for lighting enterprises and residential premises, and to make the most complete use of daylight in the summer months of the year, in many countries (including our republic), the clock hands of clocks running in standard time are moved forward by 1 an hour or half an hour. The so-called summer time. In the fall, the clocks are again set to standard time.
Daylight saving time connection T l any point with it standard time T p and with universal time T 0 is given by the following relations:
| (1.30) |
The transition to daylight saving time allows you to more rationally use daylight hours and save energy. Typically, the clocks are moved forward an hour on the last Sunday in March (and moved back an hour on the last Sunday in October). But this is not done everywhere. A number of countries, including Russia, have refused to switch to daylight saving time, and the rest do not necessarily do it synchronously. The Village has figured out the intricacies of daylight saving time.
Text: Anastasia Kotlyakova
In the northern hemisphere
(daylight saving time is used almost everywhere)
Europe: Since 1996, European countries have had a system of moving the clock hand forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and one hour back on the last Sunday in October. The exceptions are Russia, Iceland and Belarus (these countries do not switch to summer time).
In 2018, the transition takes place on the night of March 24-25. The clock hands move at two o'clock in the morning - from 02:00 to 03:00. After this, the time difference with Moscow will be one hour.
USA, Canada (except Saskatchewan), Mexico:
USA: Transfer to the second Sunday of March at 02:00, back at 02:00 on the first Sunday of November. The only countries not crossing are Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Arizona does not change clocks (but Americans from the northern part of the state do the transition).
Other countries: The transition is also taking place in Cuba, Morocco, Iran, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Palestine.
In the southern hemisphere
Australia: In the states of South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, clocks are changed twice a year: to daylight saving time (October 1 at 02:00) and back (April 1 at 03:00).
In the states of Western Australia and Queensland, as well as in Northern Territory Clocks are not changed between summer and winter time.
Chile: The data is different everywhere! But RIA Novosti writes that since 2015 there has been no transition.
Brazil: There is almost no transition anywhere, except for the states of Campo Grande, Cuiaba, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro (where summer time begins on November 4 at midnight and ends at midnight on February 18).
Who gave up on daylight saving time?
Japan, China, India, Singapore, Turkey, Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Donetsk People's Republic, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lugansk People's Republic, Russia (since 2011), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia.
Strange countries
In the equatorial countries, the transition to summer and winter time was not introduced at all. Many agricultural countries, where the working day already determines the daylight hours, have abandoned the transition to summer time.
Illustrations: Anahit Ohanyan
When traveling around the world, people inevitably find themselves in different time days - this is due to the movement of the planet around its axis. Russia is very big country, occupying an impressive territory. For greater convenience, its area was divided into a certain number of zones corresponding to the number of time zones in Russia.
What determines time on Earth?
Our planet, as you know, has a spherical shape. In 24 hours, it manages to make a full revolution around its axis, that is, 360°. Accordingly, in one hour the Earth rotates around its axis by 15°.
In different parts of the world, people experience sunset or sunrise at different times. In places located on different meridians, at the same moment, the clock hands will show different times of day. For example, in Yakutsk it will be 21 hours, while in Yekaterinburg it will be only 17.
But at the same time, on the same meridian along its entire length from the North to the South Pole, the time of day will be the same. This time is called local or solar.
However, using local time is extremely inconvenient: it makes the development of relations between countries very difficult. To eliminate this discomfort, astronomers have proposed introducing a standard time system around the world.
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As a result, the entire planet was divided along the meridians into 24 zones, each of which included 15° longitude. Thus, the time in each time zone differs from the time in neighboring zones by 1 hour.
Zero is considered the time zone in the center of which the Greenwich meridian passes. He is also the 24th in a row. Time zones are counted from zero from west to east.
Rice. 1. Reference point – Greenwich meridian.
Time zones of Russia
The extent of Russia from west to east is very large, covering 11 time zones. The capital of the Russian Federation - Moscow - is located in the second time zone, and, say, Chukotka autonomous region- in the twelfth.
Moscow time serves as the reference point for determining local time anywhere in Russia. The difference is calculated by the number of full hours: the count of minutes and seconds is the same in all time zones.
To avoid confusion on Russian territory, all work of river, sea, aviation and railway transport, as well as various types of communications are carried out only according to Moscow time.
Rice. 2. Time zones of Russia on the map.
For greater convenience, the second and eleventh time zones in Russia were combined into one. For this reason, within the Russian Federation they are encountered not eleven, but ten times.
Independently calculate the standard time of each individual settlement It's not difficult at all. It is enough to know the boundaries of its location and the number of the time zone in which it is located. For example, if in Moscow, located in the second zone, it is 8 o’clock in the morning, then in Yekaterinburg, located in the fourth zone, it will be 10 o’clock in the morning, since the difference with Moscow will be 2 hours.
Table by city (time difference)
Maternity and summer time
In 1930, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars, clock hands throughout Russia were moved one hour ahead of relative standard time. The country lived in this regime for more than 50 years on the so-called “maternity” time. It was believed that the transition to a new time was established in order to save electricity. The return to seasonal time occurred only in 1981.
In the same year, summer time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. Between April 1 and October 1, clocks across the country were moved forward an hour. The official reason for this transition is the rational use of daylight hours and energy savings.
Rice. 3. Physiologists are against the transition to a new time.
However, physiologists are confident that such jumps in time have a very negative impact on people’s well-being. For any organism, the transition to a new time is stressful, and it takes some time for life cycles to adjust to new conditions.
Daylight saving time in the Russian Federation was canceled in 2011.
What have we learned?
While studying one of the topics in the 8th grade geography program, we found out how many time zones there are in Russia. We found out that their number of time zones corresponds to the number of meridians, and the time difference in each neighboring zone is exactly one hour. Moscow time is considered the main time in Russia, according to which all types of transport operate and connections are established throughout the country.
Test on the topic
Evaluation of the report
average rating: 4.2. Total ratings received: 1027.
The transition to winter time takes place on the last Sunday of October.
(in 2019 – 27th October– at 04:00 in Kyiv).
A person tends to get up at dawn in order to make the most of the daylight hours. This is where the idea of summer and winter time, which is now used in many countries around the world, originates. Combining waking hours with daylight hours allows you to save energy consumption: in the spring, the hands of the clocks running according to standard time are moved forward an hour, and in the fall they are set again to standard time.
Divide the whole Earth into sentinels belts 15 degrees in each, and taking the Greenwich meridian - the middle of the zero zone - as the zero line - was proposed by the Canadian communications engineer S. Fleming. Inside the zone, time is assumed to be the same everywhere, and at the border the hands are moved forward or backward an hour. In 1883, Fleming's idea was accepted by the US government. And in 1884, at an international conference in Washington, 26 countries signed an agreement on time zones and standard time. There were also representatives from Russia at the conference. I didn’t like the new account of time for the same reason that Russia stubbornly held on to a mile and a pound: any change seemed to be a “shock to the foundations” and an impetus to “popular fermentation.”
After October revolution, February 8, 1918, zone division was introduced by decree of the Council People's Commissars“in order to establish a uniform calculation of time during the day with the entire civilized world, which determines the same clock readings in minutes and seconds throughout the entire globe and significantly simplifies the registration of relationships between peoples, social events and most natural phenomena in time.”
By government decree of June 16, 1930, the hands of all clocks in the territory Soviet Union were moved forward an hour. Formed maternity leave time, the introduction of which made it possible to save energy. The duration of maternity time was set “until repealed” (lasted until 1981).
By resolution of the Council of Ministers on April 1, 1981, the clock hands were moved forward another hour. Thus, summer time was already two hours ahead of standard time. For ten years, during the winter period, the clock hands were moved back an hour compared to summer time, and in the summer they returned to their place again.
In March 1991, maternity time was abolished. The two-hour advance lead was abolished. We have switched to the summer-winter time reference system. Now, in winter, standard time is used, and in summer, clocks are moved forward 1 hour. This is the brief history of changes in time counting.
We measure time by the average solar day, divided into hours, minutes and seconds. Those. based on the arithmetic average of the durations of all true solar days per year (the difference between the duration of the true and average days reaches 15 minutes due to the non-circular orbit of our planet).
Rice. 1. Changes in light and dark times of day throughout the year
In Fig. Figure 1 shows the change in light and dark times of day during the year for latitude 50° (latitude of Kyiv). The border between light and dark time is considered to be the beginning or end of the so-called civil twilight, that is, the time when the Sun dropped below the horizon by 6°. In the evenings, the city streets should be lit by this time. The graph shows sunny true time(true solar time begins and ends at noon, i.e. when the luminary passes through the meridian and stands as high as possible).
The average person gets up at 7 am and goes to bed at 11 pm local time. On the graph, the waking time of such a person is marked by two horizontal dotted lines. Beginning With Martha, he gets up after dawn. By moving the clock forward, he is forced to get up earlier (solid horizontal lines). This is justified by the fact that he will get up during daylight hours and spend less electricity on lighting.
Return to winter time V October does not lead to energy savings. As it turned out, this is done solely so that in winter people do not get up much earlier than sunrise. Therefore, the transition to winter time does not seem justified.
From point of view common sense It is rational to return to maternity time, abandon the annual change of clocks and live with a constant reference, which will differ by one hour in comparison with standard time. This rhythm of life, from a biological point of view, is most favorable for humans.
Donetsk and Lugansk people's republics from October 26, 2014 switched to new standard time calculations and moved the hands in accordance with the third time zone of the international system.
On 10/24/2014, the Supreme Council of the DPR adopted a resolution “On the transition to Donetsk time”, now Donetsk will have the same time as Moscow and an hour difference with Kiev. A corresponding resolution was adopted by the leadership of the LPR.