Human DNA molecule. How genes work, what RNA is, nucleotides, protein synthesis. DNA and the subconscious: information viruses, generic and alien programs Human DNA

An approach to determining the amount of information."

Option No. 1

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 8 characters. The message has 20 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 4096 bits and contains 1024 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 12288 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 4096 characters is written, if its size is 1.5 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 16-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/64 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes 4 pages of 30 lines. Each line contains 50 characters. The entire message contains 4500 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

Option No. 2

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 16 characters. The message has 25 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of a message is 1008 bits and contains 1008 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 16384 bits?


No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 8192 characters is written, if its size is 2 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 32-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/128 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 5 pages of 50 lines. Each line contains 52 characters. The entire message contains 3250 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA ( genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Option No. 3

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 32 characters. The message has 30 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 2160 bits and contains 135 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 20480 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 5120 characters is written, if its size is 2.5 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 64-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/32 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 6 pages of 55 lines. Each line contains 60 characters. The entire message contains 7425 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Option No. 4

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 64 characters. The message has 35 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 4608 bits and contains 144 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 24576 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 6144 characters is written, if its size is 3 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 128-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/16 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 7 pages of 52 lines. Each line contains 54 characters. The entire message contains 9828 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).


Option No. 5

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 128 characters. The message has 45 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 9792 bits and contains 153 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 28672 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 3584 characters is written, if its size is 3.5 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using an 8-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/8 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 8 pages of 53 lines. Each line contains 55 characters. The entire message contains 14575 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Option No. 6

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 8 characters. The message has 50 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 20736 bits and contains 162 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 32768 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 4096 characters is written, if its size is 4 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 128-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/4 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 9 pages of 54 lines. Each line contains 56 characters. The entire message contains 20412 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Option No. 7

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 32 characters. The message has 55 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 43776 bits and contains 171 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 36864 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 2304 characters is written, if its size is 4.5 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 512-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/2 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 10 pages of 60 lines. Each line contains 57 characters. The entire message contains 29925 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Option No. 8

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 64 characters. The message has 60 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of a message is 1440 bits and contains 180 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 40960 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 5120 characters is written, if its size is 5 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 32-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/64 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 11 pages of 56 lines. Each line has 58 characters. The entire message contains 26796 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Option No. 9

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 128 characters. The message has 65 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 756 bits and contains 189 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 45056 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 1408 characters is written, if its size is 5.5 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 64-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/32 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 12 pages of 58 lines. Each line contains 59 characters. The entire message contains 25665 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Option No. 10

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 8 characters. The message has 70 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 3168 bits and contains 198 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 49152 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 8192 characters is written, if its size is 6 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using an 8-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/16 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 13 pages of 58 lines. Each line contains 60 characters. The entire message contains 22620 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Option No. 11

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 16 characters. The message contains 75 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 6624 bits and contains 207 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 53248 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 832 characters is written, if its size is 6.5 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 128-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/8 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes 14 pages of 64 lines. Each line contains 61 characters. The entire message contains 20496 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Option No. 12

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 64 characters. The message has 80 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 13824 bits and contains 216 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 57344 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 14336 characters is written, if its size is 7 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 64-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/4 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 15 pages of 60 lines. Each line contains 62 characters. The entire message contains 13950 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Option No. 13

No. 1 The power of the alphabet is 128 characters. The message has 85 characters. What is its information volume?

No. 2 The information volume of the message is 28880 bits and contains 225 characters. What is the power of the alphabet with which this message is composed?

No. 3How many kilobytes is a message containing 61440 bits?

No. 4 What is the power of the alphabet with which a message containing 20,480 characters is written, if its size is 7.5 KB?

No. 5 How many characters does a message written using a 128-character alphabet contain, if its volume is 1/2 of a MB?

No. 6 The message takes up 16 pages of 61 lines. Each line contains 63 characters. The entire message contains 30744 bytes of information. What is the power of the alphabet used?

No. 7 Human DNA (genetic code) can be thought of as a word in a four-letter alphabet, where each letter represents a link in the DNA chain, or nucleotide. How much information (in bits) does human DNA contain, containing approximately 1.5 x 1023 nucleotides?

No. 8 Find out how many bits of information each two-digit number carries (distracting from its specific numerical value).

Researchers have concluded that DNA molecules contain a mysterious text that appears as encoded information.

Specialists from the Institute of Quantum Genetics in this moment trying to decipher the mysterious data.

New scientific work helped establish that the DNA molecule contains not only genes that are responsible for the shape of people’s faces, but also unusual and unique encoded texts. At the same time, the encrypted data accounts for about ninety-five percent of the chromosomes. And the remaining five percent are genes synthesized by proteins.

At the moment, scientists are trying to decipher the information that is hidden in chromosomes. According to some assumptions by the authors of the work, the text in DNA is similar to what we see in books, but the difference is that there is no break between the words, so the text can be read from any letter.

In addition, researchers believe that if the series is flat, then it is necessary to read DNA in reverse side, and if the chain is expanded in three-dimensional space, then in any direction. Interestingly, the text is constantly changing and moving.

The genetic code appears to have been invented outside the solar system several billion years ago.

This statement supports the idea of ​​panspermia, the hypothesis that life was brought to Earth from outer space. This is, of course, a new and bold approach to the conquest of galaxies, if we imagine that this was a deliberate step by alien superbeings who can operate with genetic material.

Researchers suggest that at some stage our DNA was encoded with an alien signal from an ancient extraterrestrial civilization. According to scientists, the mathematical code lying in human DNA cannot be explained only by evolution.

The galactic signature of humanity.

Surprisingly, it turns out that once the code has been installed, it will remain unchanged over cosmic time scales. As the researchers explain, our DNA is the most durable “material” and that is why the code is an extremely reliable and intelligent “signature” for those aliens who will read it, as stated in the journal Icarus.

Experts say: “the recorded code can remain unchanged over cosmic time scales; in fact, this is the most reliable design. Therefore, it provides an exceptionally robust storage solution for smart signatures.

The genome, having been appropriately rewritten into a new code with a signature, will remain frozen in the cell and its offspring, which can then be carried through space and time.”

Researchers believe that human DNA is organized in such a precise way that it reveals “a set of arithmetic and ideographic structures of symbolic language.” Scientists' work leads them to believe that we were literally "created outside of Earth" several billion years ago.

These ideas and beliefs are not accepted in the scientific community. However, these studies proved what some researchers have been saying for decades, that evolution could not have happened on its own, and that there is something extraterrestrial about our entire species.

However, these studies and statements do not reveal the main secret. A mystery that remains as it is now; if extraterrestrial beings truly created humanity and life on planet earth, then “who” or “what” created these extraterrestrial beings?

So, we are the MESSAGE?
Humanity has been assigned the role of SMS with a view to the future...

Here they write about animals that also have DNA...

Scientists from Deakin University have discovered genes responsible for the Tasmanian devil's genetic resistance to a species-specific facial tumor. The results of the study were published in Nature Communications.

Devil facial tumor is a malignant disease that is transmitted from animal to animal. ...The tumor is expressed in the appearance of lesions in the mouth of the Tasmanian devil, which then spread from the muzzle to the body. Since 1996, the disease has reduced between 20 and 95 percent of some animal populations. However, some individuals acquired resistance to the tumor in just four to six generations. By comparison, it took 50-80 generations for Australian rabbits to develop resistance to myxomatosis.

"The information underlying Iissiidiology is intended to radically change your entire current vision of the world, which, together with everything that is in it - from minerals, plants, animals and humans to distant stars and Galaxies - in reality is an unimaginably complex and extremely dynamic Illusion, no more real than your dream today."

Table of contents:

1. Introduction

1. Introduction

The question of the relationship between the factors of heredity and upbringing in the process of formation of the human personality, especially in the formation of a complex of humanism traits, often caused frantic debate. Science indisputably proves that these factors are inextricably linked: hereditary capabilities can only be realized under the influence of the external environment, and the influence of the external environment and factors is always limited to individual hereditary capabilities.

It turns out to be a kind of vicious circle. Is it so? To what extent are these two factors interdependent on each other? Is it possible to influence hereditary possibilities? If yes, then how? These and many other questions arise as a result of the collision of these scientific approaches.

This paper provides answers to these questions through a comparative analysis of the knowledge of such scientific fields as genetics, epigenetics, as well as issiidiology, which is new system knowledge that interprets many scientific directions using more universal representations. That is, those ideas that form the basis of Iissiidiology, in my opinion, reveal additional facets that science lacks in understanding the essence of higher-level tasks and issues and help expand the boundaries of human capabilities.

Many people know that aesthetic education and appropriate environmental conditions are absolutely necessary for the humanization of the individual. However, in order for this influence to be most effective and targeted, so that every person can realize his potential to the maximum for the benefit of others, it is also necessary to know the hereditary mechanisms for the manifestation of all hidden abilities archived in the structure of DNA and in a person’s self-awareness.

2. Look at genetic information from the standpoint of genetics and issiidiology

2.1. DNA in the views of official science

First, we need to consider what DNA and the genetic code are from the point of view of genetics.

At the beginning of this millennium, an event of exceptional importance occurred: the human genome was deciphered - the instructions describing our structure. The genome decoding project was launched in 1990 under the leadership of James Watson (molecular biologist, geneticist) under the auspices of the US National Health Organization. A working draft of the genome structure was released in 2000, the complete genome was released in 2003, however, even today additional analysis of some sections has not yet been completed. The goal of the project was to understand the structure of the genome of the human species, determine the sequence of nucleotides that make up DNA, and identify 25-30 thousand genes in the human genome.

In the nucleus of every cell in our body there is a control center - DNA, the program for the evolution of all living beings. The code of this giant thread-like molecule contains important information that regulates cell activity and passes on hereditary traits from generation to generation. It can change as a result of mutations, which can be positive and change it in a direction favorable for the body, or in an unfavorable one, or even destructive in certain cases. This information contained in DNA consists of a sequence of nucleotides (adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine) forming a set of triplets (codons) that determine the order of amino acids in the protein molecule.

The discovery of nucleic acids belongs to the Swiss chemist F. Miescher, who for a long time studied the nuclei of leukocytes that make up pus. The painstaking work of a remarkable researcher was crowned with success. In 1869, F. Miescher discovered a new thing in leukocytes chemical compound, which he called nuclein (lat. nucleus - nucleus). Further research showed that nuclein is a mixture of nucleic acids. Subsequently, nucleic acids were found in all plant and animal cells, bacteria and viruses. And so it turned out that in nature there are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic. The difference in names is explained by the fact that the DNA molecule contains the sugar deoxyribose, and the RNA molecule contains ribose.

To get a complete picture, you should describe what a gene is (from the Greek genos - genus, origin), as structural element this macromolecule, which is elementary unit heredity, which is a certain specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

In the genome of each human cell there are about 30-40 thousand genes, which are located on chromosomes, divided into sections - loci, that is, the location of a particular gene. As a result of sequencing the entire set of genomic DNA, it was established that the human genome contains 25-30 thousand active genes encoding proteins and functional RNA, which constitutes only 1.5% of the total genetic material. The rest is non-coding DNA, often called "junk DNA".

The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes, where each chromosome contains hundreds of genes separated by intergenic space. The intergenic space contains regulatory regions and non-coding DNA.

Genes encode information about the biosynthesis of one polypeptide chain with a specific amino acid sequence and about the structure of RNA molecules: matrix or informational (coding proteins), ribosomal, transport and some other types of so-called non-coding RNA. The average size of a human gene is 30,000 base pairs. The shortest genes contain only two dozen nucleotide letters, for example, the genes for endorphins - proteins that cause a feeling of pleasure. Genes of interferons - proteins that protect humans from viral infections, are about 700 nucleotides in size. The longest gene encoding one of the muscle proteins, dystrophin, contains 2.5 million nucleotide pairs.

They perform several functions, one of which is encoding the primary structure of the polypeptide (protein). In each cell (except for erythrocytes, which lack a nucleus), genes encoding enzymes for DNA replication and repair, transcription, components of the translation apparatus (ribosomal proteins, r-RNA, t-RNA, aminoacyl synthetases and other enzymes), enzymes for ATP synthesis and others work. components necessary for maintaining the “housekeeping” of the cell. About one-fifth of all genes are responsible for housekeeping. Most genes in each cell are silent. The set of active genes varies depending on the type of tissue, the period of development of the organism, and the received external or internal signals. We can say that each cell “sounds” its own chord of genes, determining the spectrum of m-RNAs synthesized, the proteins they encode and, accordingly, the properties of the cell.

DNA itself is not directly involved in protein synthesis, but serves as a template for constructing a messenger or messenger RNA molecule into which the gene code is transmitted (transcription). In ribosomes, the m-RNA code is “translated” into the amino acid sequence of the protein synthesized on them (translation).

2.2 Comparison of DNA structure from the point of view of issiidiology and genetics

DNA, as a structure that ensures storage, transmission from generation to generation and implementation of the genetic development program, from the point of view of issiidiology, is also considered as an information base about all existing forms. The evolution of humans and many other forms of life is associated with many factors, one of which is the inclusion in our DNA of relationships characteristic of other forms of self-consciousness (proto-forms): animals, plants, minerals, and so on. Iissiidiology interprets that part of DNA, which scientists call working, as relationships varying degrees covariance (similarity) between different types proto-forms, that is, working on the basis of different protoform sfuurmm-forms (ideas), reformatted into the human type of thinking. In our body, all possible functions of organs and systems are represented by thousands of protoform genes; including viruses and bacteria. It is important to note here that human body represents not only a collection of several trillion human cells itself, but also more than 100 trillion bacterial, viral and fungal forms of self-awareness. As you can see, so far in this bio-conglomerate of life the creators are not dominant at all, since in terms of the total number of various DNA structures in our bodies, the leaders are precisely the creators of protoform (other forms of self-consciousness) cells that structure our bodies in abundance.

That is, from the above we can conclude that the genetic code, represented by a multimillion-dollar sequence of nucleotides, contains not only human, but also experience characteristic of other forms of self-consciousness (proto-forms), received by different representatives of the kingdoms of nature in certain living conditions.

The formation of all kinds of different types (different protoform) relationships is possible due to the principles that are described in Iissiidiology. One of them is the principle of diffusivity.

Diffusion(from lat. diffusio- propagation, spreading, mutual penetration of particles of matter into each other with partial transfer of their individual properties to the resulting state) allows the form-creators of some proto-forms to form the necessary basis of energy-informational relationships by attracting additional information fragments that structure the focal dynamics of other proto-forms.

Each self-conscious being, manifested in the surrounding space, carries out different-quality transformations in the focal dynamics of its consciousness due to the introduction of multi-protoform relationships (information fragments), which, interacting with certain sections of DNA, converted into an electrical impulse, are reprojected along neural pathways for further deciphering into such sections brain, such as the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and so on. As a result, the ideas and images necessary for further development are formed, that is, experience is integrated that corresponds to the quality of the form configuration.

So everything existing species proto-forms, including people, through transgression into the general information field of their own experience of sfuurmm-forms, participate in the evolution (amplification) of each other in the chosen direction of development. This is the evolutionary essence of diffusivity, that is, the ability to continuously reproject all the experience gained between all existing forms by making certain choices that contribute to the universalization of perception and improving the quality of psychomental processes.

An important link that also explains the mechanism for integrating heterogeneous experience in the structure of genes is the photonic nature of the DNA of any living organism, the photonic-wave basis of which allows it to interact with the DNA of all other forms of self-consciousness (animal, plant and mineral kingdoms). That is, everything that is individually thought, felt and uniquely experienced anywhere on the globe by a person, animal, plant, mineral, at that same moment is projected into the resonantly corresponding wave sections of the DNA of all other living organisms, regardless of the distance from places of this event they are.

Some newest Scientific research also indicate a connection between the information field and DNA. In 1990, a group of Russian physicists molecular biologists, biophysicists, geneticists, embryologists and linguists began studying certain parts of DNA. By irradiating samples of this macromolecule with a laser, they discovered that it attracts and, like a sponge, absorbs light and stores its photons in the form of a spiral. This was further proven by the fact that the wave pattern remained in the same place where the irradiated sample was located, the light continued to spiral, although physically the DNA was no longer there. Many control experiments showed that the DNA energy field existed on its own, as an energy twin, since the resulting wave pattern took on the same shape as the physical molecule and existed after the sample was removed.

The Chinese doctor Jiang Kanzheng speaks about this in his work “The Theory of Field Control.” He substantiated the possibility of direct transmission of information from one brain to another using radio waves and confirmed it with numerous experiments. " Previously, it was believed that the carrier of genetic information is DNA, the molecules of which contain the genetic code, but advances modern physics allowed me to assume that DNA is just a “cassette” with information recorded, and its material carrier is bioelectromagnetic signals. In other words, the electromagnetic field and DNA are a combined genetic material that exists in two forms: passive - DNA and active - EM field. The first preserves the genetic code that ensures the stability of the body. The second one is able to change it. To do this, it is enough to influence bioelectromagnetic signals, which simultaneously contain energy and information. By their nature, such signals are moving photons, which, according to quantum theory, have corpuscular-wave properties».

Based on this theory, an installation was created that “reads” information from the DNA of one living object and sends it to another living object. In one of the experiments, he exposed the electromagnetic field of a melon to sprouted cucumber seeds. The grown fruits had the taste of the donor - melon, and biochemical analysis showed that corresponding changes occurred in the DNA, which were passed on from generation to generation.

Conducting a number of such experiments in genetics allowed researchers to suggest that the genetic codes of an organism may not be located in the DNA molecule at all, but in an energy - photon-wave - twin.

2.3. We are able to change hereditary information

After revolutionary and cutting-edge research in science and genetics in recent years, we are now approaching a new and very interesting frontier, behind which there is even more valuable information about the influence of thoughts on human health and psyche. This new frontier is where issiidiology, genetics and epigenetics meet, and where science and self-healing come together.

At this stage, we ask new questions: How do our thoughts and emotions influence the perceptual mechanisms and signals within our genes? How can we use this information to heal ourselves?

Scientists are increasingly pointing out that the human genome and the activity of many genes are influenced by external factors and behavioral reactions. Depending on the degree of quality and stability of a person’s psychomental reactions to information coming from outside, the corresponding sections of genes are activated, which leads to changes in physiological processes, the emergence of new signs in behavior, in the psyche (configuration), which become stable over time. But, on the other hand, there is also an opposite opinion in the scientific community: the degree of harmony of psychomental processes occurring in a person’s self-consciousness is influenced by hereditary information and often (to a greater extent) by expressing genes that work due to the influence of those epigenetic markers that are transmitted from generation to generation. And from an issiidiological position, as I understand it, this influence is considered as an interdependent and complementary process, but requiring further research in the field of genetics, epigenetics, and psychology.

Through the specificity of processes of different quality occurring in genes, information not only about external features and the state of functional activity of a biological organism, but also generalized information can be transmitted to subsequent generations. life experience(or some part of it), accumulated by parents (as well as their ancestors) and specially encoded in chromosome configurations. In other words, not only the size of the nose, eyes, weight, height, other features of the physiological constitution that are most characteristic of both parents and their closest relatives, but also the type of character, inclinations, habits, skills, abilities, and the whole wide range of mental and psycho-emotional experiences , which took place not only in the lives of parents, but also of other blood representatives of both clans, is basic information for each born person, initially connecting him with certain, most probable scenarios development.

Inherited genetic programs do not always appear immediately after our birth. Sometimes specific patterns remain hidden until something happens in our lives that triggers them. The likelihood that we will develop a disease may be present in our genes all the time. However, the disease remains harmless to us until some specific event or emotion awakens an ancient memory, and with it a gene, causing the disease to come out of the shadows. Like many functions of our physical body, these processes occur in a manner completely invisible to us.

But with all this, there is another side to this coin. Any type of heredity is just a physiologically and psychomentally expressed cliché of increased creative activity of stable psychomental manifestations characteristic of the parents at the time of the conception of a child and similarly adopted by them from their own ancestors. And like any form-cliché, synthesized on the basis of a stable interaction of specific information and the mental realizations subjectively caused by it, it is subject to the influence of influences similar to it in vibrations, but more powerful and stable in its intensity.

This means that by strengthening the influence on the configuration of one’s own self-awareness with radically new quality sfuurmm-forms, consciously modernized in the right direction and carrying in their structure significantly more favorable (for a given development vector) energy information, with a sufficiently high volitional effort, one can achieve such The result is that this hereditary trait in the genetic code will no longer be as dominant, and therefore it will either be expressed to a much lesser extent, or will be suppressed by stronger forms and not expressed at all.

Depending on the direction in which we make choices, in addition to those that are transmitted by parents and therefore become characteristic of descendants, hidden or already clearly expressed genetic heredity will either decrease and smooth out, or manifest itself to an even greater extent, that is, through self-awareness in active form the least qualitative, or selfish, sfuurmm forms will appear.

Experimental data on the value positive thinking in DNA management, as proof of the above, they also say that genes determine us only partly, but for the rest, a person himself is responsible for his own illnesses, inclinations and mental disturbances that occur in his self-awareness.

Here it is worth giving an example of the research of the American geneticist Bruce Lipton. For many years he specialized in the field of genetic engineering, successfully defended doctoral dissertation, became the author of a number of studies. All this time, Lipton, like many geneticists and biochemists, believed that a person is a kind of biorobot, whose life is subordinated to a program written in his genes.

The turning point in Dr. B. Lipton's views was the experiments he conducted in the late 1980s to study the behavior of the cell membrane. Until then, science believed that it was the genes located in the cell nucleus that determined what should be passed through this membrane and what should not. However, B. Lipton's experiments showed that the behavior of genes can be influenced external influences on the cell and even lead to changes in their structure.

B. Lipton said: “It has long been known that two people can have the same genetic predisposition to cancer. But in one the disease manifested itself, and in the other it did not. Why? Yes, because they lived differently: one experienced stress more often than the other; they had different self-esteem and sense of self, different trains of thought. Today I can say that we are able to manage our biological nature; We can, with the help of thoughts, faith and aspirations, influence our genes, including processes occurring at the molecular level. In essence, I didn't come up with anything new. For centuries, doctors have known about the placebo effect - when a patient is offered a neutral substance, claiming that it is a medicine. As a result, the substance actually has a healing effect. But, oddly enough, scientific explanation this phenomenon has never happened before.”

The placebo effect is the main evidence that we are able to control our body. As you know, the effect works if a person has a certain attitude, absolute confidence in something, and as a result he gets what he wants. IN Everyday life

In the context of the use of conscious control impulses, the same process occurs. If you use your mind to tune into resonance with the desired wave, you can begin to receive information - the information that this wave carries. And the higher the frequency of the wave, the more harmonious the information received will be.

To summarize all of the above, we can briefly say that “people have power over the genome.” This statement makes a person free, but at the same time gives him new responsibility for his own destiny.

2.4. How can you most effectively influence a particular section of DNA?

According to Iissiidiology, the human genome code, for all its apparent inviolability and immutability, is not an absolutely fixed energy-informational indicator of our three-dimensional biological structure due to the fact that the DNA molecule is the most dynamic part of a biological organism, continuously emitting electromagnetic fields of different quality, intensity and quality characteristics which continuously change as under the influence environment, and under the influence of internal psycho-bio-chemical processes.

By generating positive thoughts based on positive emotions, we give orders to highlight “positive” chemical substances. Accordingly, negative thoughts give a negative adjustment. And this fact has a tremendous impact on how our cells behave.

This is also evidenced by some research conducted by scientists in the field of genetics. Renowned American scientists, doctors of science Glen Rein and Rollin McCraty, working together with the Institute of HeartMath, demonstrated that focused good feelings and thoughts change DNA patterns in solution and produce biological effects “inside” human body and beyond." In one experiment, subjects were able to make DNA molecules curl or unwind by expressing their intention. The twisting of the DNA helix is ​​associated with the restoration of the molecule, and unwinding precedes cell division. In another experiment, the subject was able to influence the state of DNA when the sample was located at a distance of about half a kilometer from him. As a result of such studies, scientists have suggested (although they have not yet proven this experimentally) that with the help of conscious intention, it is possible to influence processes on cellular level and even change the structure of DNA - that is, our genetic code!

All our ideas, emanations (thoughts), psychonations (feelings), like the DNA molecule itself, have their own frequency of implementation and a highly specific configuration of what they form. electromagnetic field. Consequently, the dynamics of the creative activity of each of the functionally similar groups of genes is stimulated or, conversely, suppressed by the active manifestation in the structures of our self-consciousness of all kinds of thoughts, feelings and aspirations.

At every moment of our existence, depending on the degree of quality of the configuration, in information space of our self-awareness, only certain parts of the DNA structure can be activated. As soon as the focal dynamics changes its frequency, other parts of the genes are immediately connected to the process, which is reflected in the quality of life’s creativity; accordingly, the sphere of application of interests immediately changes. Hence the conclusion that everything is interdependent, inseparable, which explains why the quality of processes occurring in one area immediately causes the same changes in everything.

By consciously and quite steadily changing the dynamics of gene activity in certain sections of DNA with our good thoughts, positive feelings and altruistic-intellectual aspirations, we automatically (through the occurrence of a certain resonant effect in space-time) focus (that is, qualitatively self-identify) only in those configurations , whose environment is structured by more favorable (harmonious) circumstances of existence. Any person, with the help of a powerful altruistic intention, spiritual aspiration and stable mental and sensory focusing in the highest quality states, can thoroughly transform and modify the entire qualitative direction of the creative activity of the genes of his DNA, namely: to beneficially influence the changes occurring in the structure of the genetic apparatus.

To achieve such a state, you need to become more perfect and humane. The essence of this state lies in highly developed intellect and altruism, which contribute to the emergence of a powerful desire to live for others, to learn to focus only on choices that correspond to this high goal. If any obstacles appear in the fulfillment of your plans, then it is important to always remember that they - consciously and subconsciously - were also once created not by someone else, but by you personally, and, therefore, do not represent obstacles on the way to the goal , but hidden possibilities that are simply not deciphered at the moment.

To minimize the number of adverse consequences of our choices, each of us has only one reliable way: try to motivationally invest in any decision as many signs of highly sensitive intelligence and highly intellectual altruism, which are in the inexhaustible implementation possibilities of many protoform directions that potentially structure our focal dynamics , are characteristic precisely of the human principle of existence, that is, they are the main guidelines for the most harmonious human path of development.

But here it is important to pay attention to the fact that at the levels of altruism and intellectualism, the influence of protoform diffusivity is also observed, which is expressed in the form of excessive activity of one of the two components. That is, we can begin to show altruism, but at the same time be completely incompetent at the level of intelligence, or we can be intellectual, but extremely selfish. Both the first and second options are indicators of a shift in the focal dynamics of a person’s self-awareness in some protoform direction. Consequently, it is the harmonious fusion of altruism and intelligence, which are defined in Iissiidiology as highly intellectual altruism and highly sensitive intelligence, that represent the basis of the lluuvvumic, that is, human path. And responsibility, mercy, sympathy, tolerance, honesty are harmonious components of these characteristics that we develop in the human direction of development.

Once such choices become a natural part human consciousness, the form-creators of DNA will begin to steadily modulate only the dynamics of high-frequency radiation into the geometry of space, and the current conditions of existence will automatically (resonantly) change, which will contribute to a much greater extent to further development in the lluuvvumic (human) direction than everything that surrounds our biological bodies now. We will not become more cold-blooded, it’s just that the blood plasma will acquire a different composition, the structure of the cell will change, and the next pair of chromosomal strands will be steadily formed in the DNA structure, and the number of synthetic amino acids will also increase. As a result of these massive mutagenic processes, the nervous, autonomic, hematopoietic, genitourinary, digestive, endocrine and respiratory systems in our biological organisms will change significantly in the future. Over time, this will lead to the fact that the activity of the bulk of DNA will shift to a greater extent from the spectrum of coarse-wave - low- and mid-frequency - levels to photon types of energy-informational relationships, in which biochemical reactions will lose their now decisive role. ,

Improving the quality of psychomental processes will be accompanied by the rapid development of technology in various fields of science. For example, all those qualitative tendencies that you would like to strengthen or, conversely, weaken with the help of precisely directed to specific areas of the brain laser radiation, can be changed and steadily replaced with the expected ones. Approximately the same results can be achieved with the help of individual developments of special microscopic nanodevices (nanorobots), programmed for deep penetration into the chromosomal structure of each cell, either for its thorough targeted reconstruction or for easy correction. How will this be done? After introducing several nanorobots into the body, they first begin intensive self-duplication (due to the existing chemical elements), gradually - like viruses - filling the cells of all systems and organs, and then begin to carry out the reconstruction program of the entire biological organism embedded in them.

By conducting thorough experiments based on this knowledge, scientists will establish which sections of a person’s DNA correspond to certain types of creative activity of the form-creators of her self-consciousness, and will be able to use these features to carry out targeted genetic engineering. Scientists already know which section of DNA and which genes are responsible for what, and in the future it will be possible to regulate the work of almost all the necessary sections of genes - set a program to activate some and suppress others.

But at the same time, we must not forget that if the focal dynamics begin to steadily deepen into the implementation of some selfish tendencies, then there will be a reorientation to worlds where the abilities for targeted virtual modeling of one’s own form will consistently - as their quality deteriorates - decrease and, in the end, we can again find ourselves in those worlds where such technological and genetic capabilities for the constant transformation of the forms we focus and our other universal abilities are completely absent.

Life constantly - and in the coming years will become more and more demanding - will begin to set for each of us certain boundaries of the quality of current choices, which will determine the tendentiousness of the next stage of our life: either we withdraw ourselves more and more from this direction of development, continuing to continue to realize themselves in low-quality living circumstances with extremely disabilities for high-frequency creative realizations, including the lack of the ability of our biological organism to self-heal, or we become more and more altruistic and highly intelligent, gradually beginning to increasingly realize ourselves as a creatively active part of new favorable worlds with more harmonious relationships in the human community, including expanding not only our creative realization capabilities, but also the properties of the surrounding world, because the configurations of the forms we focus on are the configuration of the geometry of space-time (the reality around us): what we ourselves are, such is the World around us.,

3. Conclusion

This paper provides a review of scientific views that indicate that our genetic code is not static and can change under the influence of external factors and behavioral reactions. Based on an individual understanding of issiidiology, answers were given to the following questions: what is the structure of DNA? Can a person or any other form of existence influence the genetic information embedded in this structure, and how effectively can this be done? A comparative analysis of scientific data was also carried out regarding the ability of a person and any other form of self-awareness to influence genetic information.

The following conclusions can be drawn:

Heredity and external factors, as well as human psychomental activity, are inextricably linked, in their totality being the basis for the formation of new relationships at the genetic level, which contributes to the universalization of the DNA structure of humans and all living beings - this gives rise to new opportunities for development;

Genetic information, as a set of energy-informational relationships, includes not only human, but also other experiences transmitted to us through identical genes that structure the organisms of animals, plants, minerals, and so on, obtained in different conditions of existence; Before we begin to develop in the human direction, we are forced by our focal dynamics to go through many protoform realizations; this is the essence of evolutionary development;

The diffusivity and photonic nature of DNA make it possible to continuously reproject all gained experience between all existing forms, as well as interact with the DNA of all other forms of self-consciousness, which is the reason for the formation additional experience, which, intuitively perceived, becomes a hint when solving certain problems;

The genetic program passed on by inheritance does not always manifest itself immediately after birth, it all depends on the quality of the choices made;

One of effective ways influence on DNA is the development by a person of such characteristics as highly sensitive intelligence and highly intelligent altruism; but here it is also important to remember that due to the diffusivity of all forms of self-consciousness, a predominance of the activity of one of these qualities, characteristic of one of the protoform directions, can occur;

Thus, a variant of the development of any individual trait, both biological and psychological, unique in each specific case, can be the result of both a unique genetic constitution (genotype) and a unique life experience.

In any case, the quality of psychomental states and individual characteristics biological organisms of people, through certain choices, continuously change, becoming either more coarse and painful, which is an indicator of the deepening of self-awareness into protoform realizations, or more perfect, universal, that is, humane.

We ourselves are what we imagine ourselves to be. Both the world and people are also exactly the way we imagine them, how we treat them, what we think about them, this is the kind of relationship we build with them.

While working on this essay, I became convinced that we are quite capable of rewriting the stories imprinted in our genes, and thereby changing our destiny in the direction in which we want to see ourselves. I also came to the conclusion that new information about the structure and methods of influencing DNA, presented in issiidiology, will greatly help scientists in further work on the description (annotation) of the genome. And this is the identification of all genes (sequencing), establishing their functions, characterizing conditions, finding the causes of disease-causing mutations and other future research in the field of genetics that will lead to new revolutionary discoveries.

Articles on similar topics:

Footnotes:

Focal Dynamics is the main mechanism for the manifestation of any of the Form-structures of Space-Time (the so-called “geometry of space”); inertial formation (dynamics) in the information space of self-awareness of SFUURMM-Forms (ideas) about oneself and about the surrounding reality. Everything that we subjectively imagine as “worlds” and “realities” is an intermediate product of our own mental and psycho-creativity, adapted to the characteristic features of the perception system of our Self-Consciousness.

Http://www.bankreferatov.ru/referats/759B24F05C6A5D38C32570150078349B/%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%821.doc.html&Key=765987

5. Youth can be passed on from one DNA to others. http://www.spiritualschool.ru/?p=6108

6. Surkov O.V. Psychologist. The influence of stress at the gene level. http://www.b17.ru/article/3382/

8. The power of thought can change the genetic code of an organism. http://paranormal-news.ru/news/sila_mysli_sposobna_izmenjat_geneticheskij_kod_organizma/2014-06-11-9193

9. What key opens DNA? http://newspark.net.ua/texnologii/kakim-klyuchom-otkryvaetsya-dnk/

10. O.V. Oris, “Iissiidiology. Immortality is available to everyone,” 15th volume, publishing house: OJSC Tatmedia, PIK Idel-Press, Kazan, 2012 http://ayfaar.org/iissiidiology/books/item/427-tom-15

11. O.V. Oris, “Iissiidiology. Fundamentals”, 3rd volume, publishing house: OJSC “Tatmedia” “PIK “Idel-Press”, Kazan, 2014 http://ayfaar.org/iissiidiology/books/item/457-tom-3

12. DNA is influenced by consciousness. http://heart4life.com.ua/psikhologiya/dnk_poddaetsja_vlijaniju_soznanija

13. O.V. Oris, “Iissiidiology. Immortality is available to everyone,” 13th volume, publishing house: OJSC Tatmedia, PIK Idel-Press, Kazan, 2011 http://ayfaar.org/iissiidiology/books/item/417-tom-13

14. O.V. Oris, “Iissiidiology. Immortality is available to everyone,” 14th volume, publishing house: OJSC Tatmedia, PIK Idel-Press, Kazan, 2011 http://ayfaar.org/iissiidiology/books/item/418-tom-

O.V. Oris, “Iissiidiology. Fundamentals”, 3rd volume, publishing house: OJSC “Tatmedia” “PIK “Idel-Press”, Kazan, 2014 http://ayfaar.org/iissiidiology/books/item/457-tom-3

Bruce Lipton "The Biology of Belief"


Australian author and researcher Danielle Fenton published her new book“Hybridhumans” (http://hybridhumans.net/). Millions of people around the world believe that in the distant past of the Earth there were visits from alien spaceships. Perhaps these creatures left evidence of their existence, but what evidence could there be?


Australian author and researcher Danielle Fenton published her new book “Hybrid Humans” (http://hybridhumans.net/) in mid-April 2018. Millions of people around the world believe that in the distant past of the Earth there were visits from alien spaceships. Perhaps these creatures left evidence of their existence, but what evidence could there be?




Recent evidence suggests that such evidence can now be identified, in the form of numerous ancient artifacts, monuments, and artefacts created using high technology, and second, the now detectable genetic interference in the human genome.


The traditions of the Mayans, Egyptians and even Sumerians speak of gods who came from heaven and passed on their civilization and their knowledge to the peoples of the earth.


In her book, Danielle Fenton writes about one of the most important discoveries in human history, and she compares the discovery to the discovery of the "black monolith" in Stanley Kubrick's classic film in 2001. This indicates that extraterrestrial civilization interfered with human development. Fenton is convinced that such evidence is indeed in our genes and in our DNA!





Research on this topic began in a rather unconventional way: there were many sessions of spiritual research with 20 people who claimed to have incarnated past life in the distant past on Earth. All these people, under hypnosis, said that aliens visited Earth in prehistoric times.


All this coincides with the moment of birth Homo sapiens, and Daniel Fenton sees evidence of extraterrestrial influence in that new DNA studies now show the "fingerprints" of these stellar aliens.


If you believe the evidence given in the book, then this happened 700,000 - 800,000 years ago. The book describes that ancient spaceships came through wormholes from the Pleiades constellation to our solar system. These creatures could not tolerate the environmental conditions of Plantin Erde and therefore decided to genetically alter the existing early humans of Earth and make them more intelligent.


Evidence of this is the fusion of human chromosome-2, which has a unique lineage and is the fusion of two medium-sized chromosomes into a new very large chromosome. Chromosome 2 consists of approximately 243 million base pairs that are currently being decoded. This fusion is thought to have occurred around 780,000 years ago, and chromosome 2 is surprisingly found in Neanderthals and the recently discovered Denisova Cave humans, but not in primates!


According to Danielle Fenton, chromosome 2 is responsible for the fact that the modified modern man can develop a civilization with art, culture and sophisticated technology. The first sequencing of chromosome 2 in 2005 revealed a total of 1,346 active coding genes and 1,239 putatively inactive pseudogenes—the inactive genes are now known to have important functions. This chromosome has a major influence on the structure of the human brain and its complexity, immune functions and reproductive functions, that are important prerequisites to improve a person's appearance.


Inactive DNA was commonly called "junk DNA" because it was not understood how it worked.



The fusion of the two "original chromosomes" into chromosome 2 completely changed the human species on Earth, and since then humans have 46 chromosomes, up from apparently 48. In fact, only thanks to the new chromosome 2 was it possible for humans to become the dominant life form on Earth — the dramatic increase in the size of our brains has long been an unsolved mystery for anthropologists.


It should be absolutely clear that only then can human abilities for active decision-making, long-term planning and language formation be formed! Monkeys do not have the anatomical requirements for speech in the same way that humans do. If, as evolution theorists claim, this was a random mutation, then it would be isolated and not common among humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans - this mutation should only disappear with the first generation of mutants, yet it is still present after 780,000 years...





Danielle Fenton makes it clear in her book that she believes they are clearly signatures of aliens who have tampered with human genetics. The Australian Journal of Paleontology Alheringa also published the theory, which is now being accepted by more and more alternative researchers. According to this theory, an extraterrestrial spaceship exploded in the Earth's atmosphere hundreds of thousands of years ago, the passengers of this ship were unable to survive on Earth without their motherhood intact, and with their advanced technology they created Homo sapiens for various reasons.


Fenton further states in his book that glass objects found in Australia, so-called "Australians", may have come from exposure to this broken spaceship, which was previously thought to be a meteorite impact. According to NASA research, individual fragments of this mass then formed circular letters in zero gravity about 780,000 years ago, then immediately froze and thus entered the Earth's atmosphere. As a result, they heated up again and then coalesced into the curious shape today - these fragments are scattered across Australia. South-East Asia and China.


Fenton's Human Hybrid Theory suggests that space aliens came from the Pleiades constellation further away from a star called HD 23514. Fenton points out that many ancient cultures of the world report aliens from the Pleiades constellation, often also reporting portals that connect different planets And star systems together. Another sign of a possible extraterrestrial origin of a person is blood types: every person has a blood type 0, A, B or AB. But there are also subgroups with a positive or negative Rh factor. It is not known where the Rh negative blood types, which are found in approximately 15% of the world's population, come from.





Lara Starr, another alternative researcher, argues in an article on The Spiritscience that not all primate humans could have evolved because they all needed the same blood type.


Each population can only have the genetics that must be present in their ancestors, excluding mutations. But mutations apparently never had any effect positive effect. So, if everything modern people and the apes evolved from a common and still unknown ancestor, then their blood would have evolved the same and it would be compatible - but it is not!


Rh negative blood is not found in primates and is also unknown in the rest of the animal kingdom!


Lara Starr believes that at least those people who are Rh negative are clearly descendants of aliens or members of an unknown ancient civilization such as Atlantis. The Basque people today have the highest proportion of people with Rh negative blood, and alternative researchers claim that they are most likely descendants of Atlantis and that their language is the original human language of the biblical creation. Even Edgar Cayce, the "sleeping prophet", confirmed this.


As you can see, there are whole new scientific dimensions opening up here, and these theories may be completely correct! Secret space program whistleblowers have even more to say amazing stories, namely, that alien civilizations are still conducting genetic testing on Earth.


Legacies of ancient terrestrial and extraterrestrial civilizations still remain on the Moon, even from a crashed giant spaceship. We are talking about whose remains are today under the ice of the Antarctic. Ancient traditions around the world do report:


Many millennia ago, human aliens from the Pleiades constellation settled on earth, and in space between human civilizations and reptilian breeds or artificial intelligence(AI) there has been a battle since time immemorial.



The abbreviation cellular DNA is familiar to many from school course biology, but few can easily answer what it is. Only a vague idea of ​​heredity and genetics remains in memory immediately after graduation. Knowing what DNA is and what impact it has on our lives can sometimes be very necessary.

DNA molecule

Biochemists distinguish three types of macromolecules: DNA, RNA and proteins. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a biopolymer that is responsible for transmitting data about the hereditary traits, characteristics and development of a species from generation to generation. Its monomer is a nucleotide. What are DNA molecules? It is the main component of chromosomes and contains the genetic code.

DNA structure

Previously, scientists imagined that the DNA structure model was periodic, where identical groups of nucleotides (combinations of phosphate and sugar molecules) were repeated. A certain combination of nucleotide sequences provides the ability to “encode” information. Thanks to research, it has become clear that the structure differs in different organisms.

American scientists Alexander Rich, David Davis and Gary Felsenfeld are especially famous in studying the question of what DNA is. They presented a description in 1957 nucleic acid of three spirals. 28 years later, scientist Maxim Davidovich Frank-Kamenitsky demonstrated how deoxyribonucleic acid, which consists of two helices, folds into an H-shape of 3 strands.

The structure of deoxyribonucleic acid is double-stranded. In it, nucleotides are connected in pairs to form long polynucleotide chains. These chains make possible the formation of a double helix using hydrogen bonds. The exception is viruses that have a single-stranded genome. There are linear DNA (some viruses, bacteria) and circular (mitochondria, chloroplasts).

DNA composition

Without knowledge of what DNA is made of, there would be no medical advances. Each nucleotide is made up of three parts: a pentose sugar residue, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphoric acid residue. Based on the characteristics of the compound, the acid can be called deoxyribonucleic or ribonucleic. DNA contains a huge number of mononucleotides of two bases: cytosine and thymine. In addition, it contains pyrimidine derivatives, adenine and guanine.

There is a definition in biology called DNA - junk DNA. Its functions are still unknown. Alternative version names – “non-coding”, which is not true, because it contains coding proteins and transposons, but their purpose is also a mystery. One of the working hypotheses suggests that a certain amount of this macromolecule contributes to the structural stabilization of the genome with respect to mutations.

Where is

The location inside the cell depends on the characteristics of the species. In single-celled organisms, DNA is located in the membrane. In other living beings it is located in the nucleus, plastids and mitochondria. If we talk about human DNA, it is called a chromosome. True, this is not entirely true, because chromosomes are a complex of chromatin and deoxyribonucleic acid.

Role in the cage

The main role of DNA in cells is the transmission of hereditary genes and the survival of the future generation. Not only the external data of the future individual, but also its character and health depend on it. Deoxyribonucleic acid is in a supercoiled state, but for a high-quality life process it must be untwisted. Enzymes help her with this - topoisomerases and helicases.

Topoisomerases are nucleases; they are capable of changing the degree of torsion. Another of their functions is participation in transcription and replication (cell division). Helicases break hydrogen bonds between bases. There are ligase enzymes, which “cross-link” broken bonds, and polymerases, which are involved in the synthesis of new polynucleotide chains.

How DNA is deciphered

This abbreviation for biology is familiar. The full name of DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. Not everyone can say this the first time, so DNA decoding is often omitted in speech. There is also the concept of RNA - ribonucleic acid, which consists of amino acid sequences in proteins. They are directly related, and RNA is the second most important macromolecule.

Human DNA

Human chromosomes are separated within the nucleus, making human DNA the most stable, complete carrier of information. During genetic recombination, the helices are separated, sections are exchanged, and then the connection is restored. Due to DNA damage, new combinations and patterns are formed. The whole mechanism contributes natural selection. It is still unknown how long it has been responsible for genome transmission and what its metabolic evolution has been.

Who opened

The first discovery of the structure of DNA is attributed to the English biologists James Watson and Francis Crick, who in 1953 revealed the structural features of the molecule. It was found by the Swiss doctor Friedrich Miescher in 1869. He studied chemical composition animal cells with the help of leukocytes, which accumulate en masse in purulent lesions.

Miescher was studying methods for washing white blood cells, isolated proteins when he discovered that there was something else besides them. A sediment of flakes formed at the bottom of the dish during processing. Having examined these deposits under a microscope, the young doctor discovered nuclei that remained after treatment hydrochloric acid. It contained a compound that Friedrich called nuclein (from the Latin nucleus - nucleus).

If , you can apply the formula