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Bionic forms in architecture and design presentation. Architectural bionics The presentation was prepared by Shalina Natalya Mikhailovna. Application of bionics knowledge

Bionic forms in architecture and design presentation. Architectural bionics The presentation was prepared by Shalina Natalya Mikhailovna. Application of bionics knowledge

“Molecular biology” - Gene structure in pro- and eukaryotes. Consists of 9 nucleotides. Gene – definition, classification. Gene. Conclusion. S. Benzer Experiments on bacteriophage T4, which infects Escherichia coli. Cistronic organization of the gene. Molecular organization of the eukaryotic gene (schematically). A gene is an elementary (indivisible) structural and functional unit of heredity.

“Developmental Biology” - MULTI-ROW MODELS built by combining slices. Grating defects. THEM. Sechenov RAS, St. Petersburg [email protected] http://members.tripod.com/~Gensav. Disclination mosaic pattern. Transformations of mosaics. Differences in geometry and topology of mosaics. 3-D organization of a formation with histion of composition AB2.

“Soil organic matter” - Contents: Radiocarbon dating organic matter(OM) soils. Selection of the “dating” fraction and search for “inert” carbon. The amount of rejuvenation of soil organic matter at different depths (in % over 100 years) in different zones. Age of humus fractions in humus horizons of some soils of the Russian Plain.

“Soil phytotoxicity” - Key areas. Left Bank area (Mayakovsky Street). The phytotoxicity coefficient for beans corresponds to the results of the experiment for corn. Tasks. Object of study. Conclusions. Hypothesis. Environmental project Determination of phytotoxicity of soils in the city of Magnitogorsk using the seedling method. Goal of the work. The phytotoxicity coefficient varies in different areas of the city.

“History of the development of biology” - Growth - an increase in size and mass. General biology– the science of general laws and patterns inherent in living nature. General properties living organisms." 9th grade. Biology is like a science. History of science. History of the development of biology. The cell is the structural and functional unit of living organisms - cellular structure.

“Biological drugs” - Confirmation of bioequivalence does not yet indicate the therapeutic equivalence of the drugs being compared. 22. Taking into account the characteristics of the drugs biological nature. The rules governing medicinal products in the European Union. How do biological products differ from other drugs? Health authorities must address the issue of interchangeability.

There are a total of 14 presentations in the topic

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BIONICS “BIOLOGY” and “TECHNICS” is the applied science of applying the principles, properties, functions and structures of living nature in technical devices and systems

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The main areas of work on bionics cover the following problems: study nervous system humans and animals and modeling of nerve cells (neurons) and neural networks for further improvement computer technology and development of new elements and devices of automation and telemechanics (neurobionics); research into the sense organs and other perceptive systems of living organisms in order to develop new sensors and detection systems; studying the principles of orientation, location and navigation in various animals for the use of these principles in technology; study of the morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics of living organisms to put forward new technical and scientific ideas.

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There are: biological bionics - studying the processes occurring in biological systems; theoretical bionics - building mathematical models these processes; technical bionics - using models of theoretical bionics to solve engineering problems.

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The relationship between nature and technology, people began to treat nature more carefully, trying to take a closer look at its methods in order to wisely use them in technology. These methods can serve as a model for the development of environmentally friendly industrial products. Nature as a standard is bionics. Understanding nature and taking it as a model does not mean copying. In the past, man’s attitude towards nature was consumerist, technology exploited and destroyed Natural resources. But gradually, however, nature can help us find the right technical solution quite complex questions. Nature is like a huge engineering bureau, which always has the right way out of any situation.

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electronics, navigation, communications, maritime affairs and others. The idea of applying knowledge about wildlife to solve engineering problems came from Leonardo da Vinci, who tried to build an aircraft with flapping wings like birds: an ornithopter. Bionics is closely related to biology, physics, chemistry, cybernetics and engineering sciences: In 1960, the first symposium on bionics was held in Daytona (USA), which formalized the birth of a new science.

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Cybernetics The emergence of cybernetics, which considers general principles control and communication in living organisms and machines, became an incentive for a broader study of the structure and functions of living systems in order to clarify their commonality with technical systems, as well as use the information obtained about living organisms to create new devices, mechanisms, materials, etc.

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Architectural bionics of functionally justified architectural forms, distinguished by beauty and harmony, and the creation of new rational structures with the simultaneous use of the amazing properties of building materials of living nature, and the discovery of ways to realize the unity of design and creation of architectural means using the energy of the sun, wind, cosmic rays. But perhaps its most important result may be Active participation in creating conditions for conservation. This is a new phenomenon in architectural science and practice. Here are the opportunities to search for new, living nature and form its harmonious unity with architecture.

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Modeling living organisms Creating a model in bionics is half the battle. To solve a specific practical problem, it is necessary not only to check the presence of the model properties that are of interest to practice, but also to develop methods for calculating predetermined technical characteristics devices, development of synthesis methods that ensure achievement of the indicators required in the problem. And therefore, many bionic models, before they receive technical implementation, begin their life on a computer. A mathematical description of the model is constructed. It is used to compile computer program- bionic model. Using such a computer model, various parameters can be processed in a short time and design flaws can be eliminated.

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Today, bionics has several directions: Architectural and construction bionics studies the laws of formation and structure formation of living tissues, analyzes the structural systems of living organisms on the principle of saving material, energy and ensuring reliability. Neurobionics studies the functioning of the brain and explores the mechanisms of memory. The sensory organs of animals, the internal mechanisms of reaction to environment both in animals and plants.

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Architectural and construction bionics In architectural and construction bionics, much attention is paid to new construction technologies. For example, in the field of development of efficient and waste-free construction technologies, a promising direction is the creation of layered structures. The idea is borrowed from deep-sea mollusks. Their durable shells, such as those of the widespread abalone, consist of alternating hard and soft plates. When a hard plate cracks, the deformation is absorbed by the soft layer and the crack does not go further. This technology can also be used to cover cars.

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Neurobionics Neurobionics - scientific direction, studying the possibility of using the principles of the structure and functioning of the brain in order to create more advanced technical devices and technological processes. The main areas of neurobionics are the study of the nervous system of humans and animals and the modeling of nerve cells-neurons and neural networks. This makes it possible to improve and develop electronic and computer technology.

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A striking example of Architectural and construction bionics is a complete analogy of the structure of cereal stems and modern high-rise buildings. The stems of cereal plants are able to withstand heavy loads without breaking under the weight of the inflorescence. If the wind bends them to the ground, they quickly restore their vertical position. What's the secret? It turns out that their structure is similar to the design of modern high-rise factory pipes - one of the latest achievements of engineering.

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First examples of Bionics Almost any technological problem that faces designers or engineers has long been successfully solved by other living beings. For example, soft drink manufacturers are constantly looking for new ways to package their products. At the same time, an ordinary apple tree solved this problem long ago. An apple is 97% water, packed not in wood cardboard, but in an edible peel that is appetizing enough to attract animals to eat the fruit and distribute the grains. The base of the Eiffel Tower resembles the bony structure of the head of the femur. Bionics specialists reason this way. When they encounter an engineering or design problem, they look for a solution in the unlimited-size "science base" of animals and plants.

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The group, which included architects, engineers, designers, biologists and psychologists, developed the “Vertical Bionic Tower City” project. In 15 years, a tower city should appear in Shanghai (according to scientists, in 20 years the population of Shanghai could reach 30 million people). The tower city is designed for 100 thousand people, the project is based on the “principle of wood construction”.

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Suckers Octopus: The octopus has invented a sophisticated method of hunting its prey: it covers it with tentacles and sucks on hundreds, whole rows of which are on the tentacles. The suction cups also help it move on slippery surfaces without sliding down. Technical suction cups: if you shoot a suction arrow from a slingshot at the glass of a window, the arrow will attach and remain on it. The suction cup is slightly rounded and straightens when it collides with an obstacle. Then the elastic washer is tightened again; This is how a vacuum arises. And the suction cup attaches to the glass.

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Scientists from Stanford University have advanced the furthest in the direction of creating upright bipedal robots. They have been experimenting for almost three years with a miniature six-legged robot, a hexapod, based on the results of studying the locomotion system of a cockroach. The first hexapod was constructed on January 25, 2000. Now the design runs very quickly - at a speed of 55 cm (more than three of its own lengths) per second - and also successfully overcomes obstacles. Stanford has also developed a human-sized one-legged jumping monopod that is capable of maintaining an unstable balance while constantly jumping. As you know, a person moves by “falling” from one leg to another and spends most of the time on one leg. In the future, scientists from Stanford hope to create a bipedal robot with a human-like walking system.

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Roofs that repel water An important role in the construction of houses is played by the roof, which must protect the premises of the building from water ingress. Spider Egg Cocoon The spider makes a thin “cape” of waterproof material to protect the eggs it lays. This fist-sized cocoon is bell-shaped and opens from the bottom. It consists of the same material as the threads of the spider's web. Of course, it is not woven from separate threads, but represents a single shell. It perfectly protects the egg from bad weather and humidity. Raincoat When we go out in the rain, we wear a waterproof raincoat or take an umbrella with us. Like a cocoon of a spider's egg with a protective film, water drains from the artificial material, as a result of which a person does not get wet.

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Researchers from Bell Labs (a Lucent corporation) recently discovered a high-quality optical fiber in the body of deep-sea sponges of the genus Euplectellas. According to the test results, it turned out that the material from the skeleton of these 20-centimeter sponges can transmit a digital signal no worse than modern communication cables, while natural optical fiber is much stronger than human fiber due to the presence of an organic shell. The skeleton of deep-sea sponges of the genus Euplectellas is built from high-quality fiber optics

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Gustav Eiffel drew a drawing of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. This structure is considered one of the earliest clear examples of the use of bionics in engineering. The design of the Eiffel Tower is based on scientific work Swiss professor of anatomy Hermann Von Meyer. 40 years before the construction of the Parisian engineering miracle, the professor examined the bone structure of the head of the femur in the place where it bends and enters the joint at an angle. And yet for some reason the bone does not break under the weight of the body. The base of the Eiffel Tower resembles the bone structure of the head of the femur

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Von Meyer discovered that the head of the bone is covered with an intricate network of miniature bones, thanks to which the load is amazingly redistributed throughout the bone. This network had a strict geometric structure, which the professor documented. In 1866, Swiss engineer Carl Cullman provided a theoretical basis for von Meyer's discovery, and 20 years later natural load distribution using curved calipers was used by Eiffel. Bone structure of the femoral head

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Another famous borrowing was made by Swiss engineer Georges de Mestral in 1955. He often walked with his dog and noticed that some strange plants were constantly sticking to its fur. Tired of constantly brushing the dog, the engineer decided to find out the reason why weeds stick to the dog's fur. Having studied the phenomenon, de Mestral determined that it was possible thanks to small hooks on the fruits of the cocklebur (the name of this weed). As a result, the engineer realized the importance of his discovery and eight years later he patented the convenient Velcro, which today is widely used in the manufacture of not only military, but also civilian clothing. Cocklebur fruit stuck to shirt

Bionics (from the Greek bion - element of life, literally - living) is a science bordering biology and technology, solving engineering problems based on analysis of the structure and vital activity of organisms. Proponents of bionics believe that every natural creature, be it a tree or a bird, represents an optimal structure in terms of survival and functionality.

Buildings in the bionic style emerge from the correct geometry. The natural shapes of the object awaken the imagination. Walls are like living membranes. Thanks to the changing concave and convex surfaces of the walls of the structures, it seems that the building is breathing. Here the wall is not just a partition, it lives like an organism.

First attempts to use natural forms Antonio Gaudi, an amazing Spanish architect, undertook the construction. And it was a breakthrough! Park Güell, or as they used to say “Nature frozen in stone”, Casa Batlo, Casa Mila - Europe, spoiled by architectural delights, and the whole world have never seen anything like it. These masterpieces of the great master gave impetus to the development of architecture in the bionic style. Palace Güell in Barcelona

All his life he was fascinated by the Middle Ages, and his favorite image was a fire-breathing dragon. It is this terrible creature, made of curved metal rods, that guards the entrance to the house-palace Guell (). Using new designs - lightweight vaults, inclined supports, parabolic arches and the plasticity of flowing volumes - to recreate the tectonics of organic forms of nature in your buildings.

Nearby he creates a “garden city” - a miracle park, which is now called “a joke of a genius”. The gatekeeper’s house here looks like solidified lava. And in the lines of the “endless bench” one can feel the rhythm of sea waves running one after another. Everywhere you can see carved stone flowers and trees.

It seems that his buildings are not built, but sculpted. Frozen volcanic lava or the skeletons of some unknown animals are reminiscent of the Batlo house, built according to Gaudi's design in the years.

Unique not only appearance, but also the designs of each of the apartments in the House of La Mila, which was built according to a design by Gaudi in the years. There is not one in it right angle, and the windows and balconies resemble carved out caves. When you are inside, it seems that you feel the passage of time itself. The roof of this house is decorated with stone flowers.

The founder of Waldorf pedagogy, the German philosopher Rudolf Steiner, in 1913 creates a model of the Goetheanum building, in the construction of which representatives participated different nations Europe, including representatives of the Russian intelligentsia (Andrei Bely, Maximilian Voloshin, Asya Turgeneva, etc.). But this building died in a fire. In 1924, according to his sketches, construction began on the second building, which still exists today. This unique building embodied the idea of diversity and grandeur of the Universe. A powerful reinforced concrete building with fluid organic forms does not have a single right angle inside or outside. It looks like spaceship extraterrestrial civilization, a messenger from other worlds where harmony reigns. The staff cottages and service buildings surrounding the Goetheanum were built in the same style.

The Sydney Opera House (), thanks to its majestic architecture, made in the form of sea shells, has become one of the most recognizable buildings on the planet. The appearance of the opera is the famous “comb” of ten domes. Thanks to such an unusual design, the building was recognized as the most beautiful structure of all those erected after the Second World War.

White cottage in the suburbs of St. Petersburg and the Dolphin House. Behind these houses rise the shadows of the great Architects, the mystifiers of architectural Form, the subverters of the rectangular networks they themselves invented. This is the embodiment of the eternal struggle between closed and open spaces that make up the life of Architecture. The author of the houses is Boris Levinzon.

Japan. They decided to build a mountain-shaped skyscraper with a height of almost 4 km, which is more than 7 times the height of the tallest building on our planet and 200 meters higher than the height of Mount Fuji, in the form of which this building will be built. The skyscraper will have about 800 floors and accommodate from 500 thousand to 1 million people. The building will be able to protect its guests and employees from pressure changes and changes in weather conditions. Here, solar energy will be used to power the building. Projects of the future

UAE. A 68-storey tower is expected to be built in Dubai. Rotating floors are one of the original ideas. The tower will constantly change its shape. The building is multifunctional. Part of the floors will be occupied by a hotel, part by apartments of various sizes. Another part of the tower will be allocated for offices and a restaurant. The architects called the several upper floors villas, each of which will have one owner.

Model of the "root system" of the cypress city The base of the tower will be placed in an artificial lake and connected to the "continent" of China. The construction of a tower city has begun, in which 100 thousand people will live. A unique structure, created according to the laws of future architecture and imitating natural structures, will be able to withstand fire, flood, earthquake and hurricane. The bionic tower is a city in a tower. A complex asymmetric structure seems to be placed in a “cylinder” that is monolithic on the outside. Main principle borrowed from cypress. In the process of building floors, the base of the tree city will develop proportionally. It will be possible to populate the tower as construction progresses - this will in no way interfere with the first citizens of the “cypress city”.

Spain. This skyscraper is called the “Cactus Bullet”. For his green and pointed appearance. This is a residential building and an office building at the same time. Moreover, it is a vertical city, united with nature for the sake of its conservation. At the base of the tower there is a “green circle” garden or park with a diameter of about 90 meters. A 24-storey building approximately 100 meters high with 25 thousand sq.m. usable area for housing and offices. The skyscraper is assembled from eight sections 12 meters high. Each section has three floors. A vertical garden descends from top to bottom, in a spiral.

Introduction By the beginning of the 20th century, architecture had undergone significant changes. The consequences of the scientific and technological revolution were felt - the emergence of reinforced concrete and the experience of directly using metal as a building material. Changes in the social order also had an impact - the growth of cities, industrial enterprises, demographic problem. The need to build quickly, firmly, in large quantities, and cheaply put pressure on architecture and determined its character and development trends in the 20th century. By the beginning of the 20th century, architecture had undergone significant changes. The consequences of the scientific and technological revolution were felt - the emergence of reinforced concrete and the experience of directly using metal as a building material. Changes in the social order also had an impact - the growth of cities, industrial enterprises, and the demographic problem. The need to build quickly, firmly, in large quantities, and cheaply put pressure on architecture and determined its character and development trends in the 20th century. This determined the birth of integration disciplines and movements in science, technology and art, one example of which is architectural bionics. This determined the birth of integration disciplines and movements in science, technology and art, one example of which is architectural bionics. Architectural bionics is a new direction in architecture that studies the laws of the formation of living nature and the principles of constructing living structures with the aim of using them in architectural practice. Architectural bionics is a new direction in architecture that studies the laws of the formation of living nature and the principles of constructing living structures with the aim of using them in architectural practice. Return to content

In the distant past, man created many remarkable structures by copying architectural forms flora. Take a closer look at the light African buildings, and you will see in them the outlines of beehives (Fig. 2), ancient Eastern pagodas resemble slender fir trees with heavily hanging branches (Fig. 3), the marble column of the Parthenon is the personification of a slender tree trunk, the column of an Egyptian temple is like a lotus stem, Gothic architecture is the embodiment in a dispassionate stone of constructive logic, harmony and expediency of living things. Remember the famous Kizhi. Their domes resemble onions. The church in Fili, like a living organism, decreases with height and develops from the center to the periphery. All of her seems to tremble, everything in her is subtle and harmonious. St. Basil's Cathedral... the same main trunk, from which branching and crushing of forms goes up and to the side (Fig. 1). Amazing similarity of techniques! It’s as if the architects agreed on the commonality of their creative principles. In the distant past, man created many remarkable structures by copying the architectural forms of the plant world. Take a closer look at the light African buildings, and you will see in them the outlines of beehives (Fig. 2), ancient Eastern pagodas resemble slender fir trees with heavily hanging branches (Fig. 3), the marble column of the Parthenon is the personification of a slender tree trunk, the column of an Egyptian temple is like a lotus stem, Gothic architecture is the embodiment in a dispassionate stone of constructive logic, harmony and expediency of living things. Remember the famous Kizhi. Their domes resemble onions. The church in Fili, like a living organism, decreases with height and develops from the center to the periphery. All of her seems to tremble, everything in her is subtle and harmonious. St. Basil's Cathedral... the same main trunk, from which branching and crushing of forms goes up and to the side (Fig. 1). Amazing similarity of techniques! It’s as if the architects agreed on the commonality of their creative principles. Rice. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Return to contents

Looking through the pages of the history of construction, one can find many more examples of man copying the architectonics of living nature. However, it must be emphasized once again that the ancient art of construction was similar to the organization of living nature only in form. From nature, architects learned the harmony of proportions, the logical distribution of building volumes, the subordination of the secondary to the main, the correct combination of sizes of parts, constructive truth, but they did not know the main laws of shape-formation, the secrets of the self-construction of living things. Looking through the pages of the history of construction, one can find many more examples of man copying the architectonics of living nature. However, it must be emphasized once again that the ancient art of construction was similar to the organization of living nature only in form. From nature, architects learned the harmony of proportions, the logical distribution of building volumes, the subordination of the secondary to the main, the correct combination of sizes of parts, constructive truth, but they did not know the main laws of shape-formation, the secrets of the self-construction of living things. The internal organization of living things, the constructive side of a leaf, a cereal stem and a tree trunk became the object of study by scientists of later times. These studies laid the foundation for architectural bionics. The internal organization of living things, the constructive side of a leaf, a cereal stem and a tree trunk became the object of study by scientists of later times. These studies laid the foundation for architectural bionics. Return to content

Cone-shaped structures In living nature, function and form are closely related and mutually determined. The formation of mechanical tissues of living organisms is associated with the intensity of growth and the influence of many external factors. Therefore, the structural form, for example, of plant trunks and stems, is characterized by the distribution of building material along the lines of maximum stress. The supporting elements of the body contain a significant part of its mass. One of the supporting forms in nature is a cone. He is present in constructive construction crowns and trunks of trees, stems and inflorescences, mushrooms, shells, etc. In living nature, function and form are closely related and mutually determined. The formation of mechanical tissues of living organisms is associated with the intensity of growth and the influence of many external factors. Therefore, the structural form, for example, of plant trunks and stems, is characterized by the distribution of building material along the lines of maximum stress. The supporting elements of the body contain a significant part of its mass. One of the supporting forms in nature is a cone. It is present in the structural structure of tree crowns and trunks, stems and inflorescences, mushrooms, shells, etc. Return to contents

Among the cone-shaped forms of nature there are two principles. The first is the beginning of sustainability. It is expressed in the form of a static cone, or cone of gravity (cone with the base down). This is the optimal shape for absorbing wind loads and gravity. It is easy to notice in the crown or trunk of a spruce, in the cap or stem of a porcini mushroom, a common morel, and an umbrella mushroom. The second beginning is the beginning of development, which is expressed in the form of a dynamic cone, or growth cone (cone with the base up). Examples of a growth cone are the goblet mushroom, the chanterelle mushroom, and the thalli of some types of cladonia lichen. But more often in nature the interaction of two cones appears. Based on combinations of two cones that are identical or different in origin, various shape formations arise. An example is the crowns of many trees, which begin to develop at the bottom according to the principle of a growth cone, and end according to the principle of a gravitational cone - with the top up. Among the cone-shaped forms of nature there are two principles. The first is the beginning of sustainability. It is expressed in the form of a static cone, or cone of gravity (cone with the base down). This is the optimal shape for absorbing wind loads and gravity. It is easy to notice in the crown or trunk of a spruce, in the cap or stem of a porcini mushroom, a common morel, and an umbrella mushroom. The second beginning is the beginning of development, which is expressed in the form of a dynamic cone, or growth cone (cone with the base up). Examples of a growth cone are the goblet mushroom, the chanterelle mushroom, and the thalli of some types of cladonia lichen. But more often in nature the interaction of two cones appears. Based on combinations of two cones that are identical or different in origin, various shape formations arise. An example is the crowns of many trees, which begin to develop at the bottom according to the principle of a growth cone, and end according to the principle of a gravitational cone - with the top up. Architects often use the cone principle in their work. Thus, the cone of gravity is clearly visible in the design of the Ostankino TV tower. The growth cone principle underlies the construction of a water tower in Algeria. A striking example of the interaction of two cones is the design of a water tower by the famous Russian architect V. Shukhov (1896). Architects often use the cone principle in their work. Thus, the cone of gravity is clearly visible in the design of the Ostankino TV tower. The growth cone principle underlies the construction of a water tower in Algeria. A striking example of the interaction of two cones is the design of a water tower by the famous Russian architect V. Shukhov (1896). Return to content

Structures with prestressing Among the herbaceous plants of our central zone, the common cuff plant is widespread. It is easy to notice by the folded shape of the leaves and the sparkling droplet of moisture that often accumulates at the base of the leaf. It is thanks to the folded shape of the leaves that the plant got its name - its leaves, folded in even folds, resemble ancient lace cuffs. Among the herbaceous plants of our central zone, the common mantle plant is widespread. It is easy to notice by the folded shape of the leaves and the sparkling droplet of moisture that often accumulates at the base of the leaf. It is thanks to the folded shape of the leaves that the plant got its name - its leaves, folded in even folds, resemble ancient lace cuffs. The ribbed shape of the leaf of cuff, beech, and cinquefoil gives them, in comparison with the same leaves that have a smooth surface, additional rigidity, strength and stability in space. The ribbed shape of the leaf of cuff, beech, and cinquefoil gives them, in comparison with the same leaves that have a smooth surface, additional rigidity, strength and stability in space. Return to content

Thus, the cuff sheet, due to its ribbed shape, holds a heavy drop of water and does not crush under a weight many times greater than its weight. This is one of the most interesting laws of nature - the resistance of structures in shape. It manifests itself not only in folded leaves, but also when the leaves or petals of plants are rolled into a tube, twisted into a spiral, forming fancy grooves, that is, they take on a different spatial shape without the cost of additional building material. This change in shape in space provides the plant, its leaves and flowers with the greatest strength and allows, for example, the curled long leaves of the cattail to remain in an upright position, and the delicate, long petals of the lady's slipper to withstand the wind. Thus, the cuff sheet, due to its ribbed shape, holds a heavy drop of water and does not crush under a weight many times greater than its weight. This is one of the most interesting laws of nature - the resistance of structures in shape. It manifests itself not only in folded leaves, but also when the leaves or petals of plants are rolled into a tube, twisted into a spiral, forming fancy grooves, that is, they take on a different spatial shape without the cost of additional building material. This change in shape in space provides the plant, its leaves and flowers with the greatest strength and allows, for example, the curled long leaves of the cattail to remain in an upright position, and the delicate, long petals of the lady's slipper to withstand the wind. The principle of structural resistance to form, which exists in nature, has found wide application in modern construction. The folded structure is one of the simplest among the variety of spatial structures. Formed from flat surfaces, they are easy to manufacture and install. They can cover very large structures, for example, the waiting room at the Kursky railway station or the athletics arena of the Institute of Physical Education in Moscow. The principle of structural resistance to form, which exists in nature, has found wide application in modern construction. The folded structure is one of the simplest among the variety of spatial structures. Formed from flat surfaces, they are easy to manufacture and install. They can cover very large structures, for example, the waiting room at the Kursky railway station or the athletics arena of the Institute of Physical Education in Moscow. By imitating natural structural forms, bridge builders managed to create a number of original designs and structures. So, using the shape of a half-folded sheet as a basis, engineers designed a bridge across the river that combined amazing strength and lightness, economy and beauty of design. By imitating natural structural forms, bridge builders managed to create a number of original designs and structures. So, using the shape of a half-folded sheet as a basis, engineers designed a bridge across the river that combined amazing strength and lightness, economy and beauty of design. Return to content

Shells In the workshop of nature one often encounters structures in the form of vaults of various spatial forms(nut shells and eggs, shells and shells of animals, smooth leaves, plant petals, etc.). Spatially curved and thin-walled, they, due to the continuity and smoothness of their shape, have the property of uniform distribution of forces over the entire section. The geometry of the shape helps these vaulted structures become stronger. It is precisely because the flower petal is curved that it withstands the impacts of raindrops, insects landing on it, and the thin arched shells sea urchins, crabs and mollusk shells - water pressure in the depths of the sea. In the workshop of nature, one often encounters structures in the form of vaults of various spatial forms (nut and egg shells, shells and shells of animals, smooth leaves, plant petals, etc.). Spatially curved and thin-walled, they, due to the continuity and smoothness of their shape, have the property of uniform distribution of forces over the entire section. The geometry of the shape helps these vaulted structures become stronger. It is precisely because the petal of a flower is curved that it withstands the impacts of raindrops and insects landing on it, and the thin arched shells of sea urchins, crabs and mollusk shells withstand the pressure of water in the depths of the sea. Return to content

Nature invented the ideal strength shape for thin eggshells. It also transfers the load from one point to its entire surface. But the originality of this design is not only in the special geometric shape. Despite the fact that the thickness of the shell is approximately 0.3 mm, it consists of 7 layers, each carrying its own specific function. The layers do not delaminate even at the most sudden changes temperature and humidity, representing a striking example of the compatibility of materials with various physical mechanical properties . The increased strength of the eggshell is also given by a thin elastic film, which turns the shell into a pre-stressed structure. Nature invented the ideal strength shape for thin eggshells. It also transfers the load from one point to its entire surface. But the uniqueness of this design lies not only in its special geometric shape. Despite the fact that the thickness of the shell is approximately 0.3 mm, it consists of 7 layers, each with its own specific function. The layers do not delaminate even with the most drastic changes in temperature and humidity, representing a striking example of the compatibility of materials with various physical and mechanical properties. The increased strength of the eggshell is also given by a thin elastic film, which turns the shell into a pre-stressed structure. With the development of cities and population growth, builders were faced with the task of designing large buildings without heavy, labor-intensive coverings and intermediate supports. Therefore, lightweight and durable, thin-walled and economical natural vaulted structures interested architects. The design principle of these shells formed the basis for the creation of lightweight, long-span steel and reinforced concrete coverings of various curvatures, which are widely used in the construction of sports complexes, cinemas, exhibition pavilions, etc. The main quality of such coverings is lightness, and the larger the span, the lighter dome. In modern buildings, the thickness of the dome is measured in millimeters, and such domes are called shell shells. With the development of cities and population growth, builders were faced with the task of designing large buildings without heavy, labor-intensive coverings and intermediate supports. Therefore, lightweight and durable, thin-walled and economical natural vaulted structures interested architects. The design principle of these shells formed the basis for the creation of lightweight, long-span steel and reinforced concrete coverings of various curvatures, which are widely used in the construction of sports complexes, cinemas, exhibition pavilions, etc. The main quality of such coverings is lightness, and the larger the span, the lighter dome. In modern buildings, the thickness of the dome is measured in millimeters, and such domes are called shell shells. Examples of such structures are the roof of an exhibition pavilion in Paris, which resembles a flower petal; it covers a span of more than 200 m without supports; the roof of an exhibition pavilion in Yerevan; the dome of a circus in Kazan; the roof of a shopping center in Chelyabinsk, which looks like a shell of double curvature, covering without a single intermediate the supports cover an area of more than a hectare. Examples of such structures are the roof of an exhibition pavilion in Paris, which resembles a flower petal; it covers a span of more than 200 m without supports; the roof of an exhibition pavilion in Yerevan; the dome of a circus in Kazan; the roof of a shopping center in Chelyabinsk, which looks like a shell of double curvature, covering without a single intermediate the supports cover an area of more than a hectare. Return to content

Designs that look like a spiral A spiral is one of the forms of manifestation of movement, growth and development of life. According to the law of the spiral, the Galaxy and living organisms, for example, plants, develop. The first person to discover that a growing plant follows a spiral pattern was Charles Darwin. Describing a spiral, the stems of plants stretch out, moving in a spiral, the petals of some flowers open, for example, phlox, and the shoots of ferns unfold. A spiral is one of the forms of manifestation of movement, growth and development of life. According to the law of the spiral, the Galaxy and living organisms, for example, plants, develop. The first person to discover that a growing plant follows a spiral pattern was Charles Darwin. Describing a spiral, the stems of plants stretch out, moving in a spiral, the petals of some flowers open, for example, phlox, and the shoots of ferns unfold. At the same time, the spiral is also a restraining principle in nature, aimed at saving energy and material. At the same time, the spiral is also a restraining principle in nature, aimed at saving energy and material. Return to content

Only by changing the shape of the structure, giving it the appearance of a spiral, does nature thus achieve additional rigidity and stability in space in the structure. Only by changing the shape of the structure, giving it the appearance of a spiral, does nature thus achieve additional rigidity and stability in space in the structure. For example, thin and long stems of cucumbers or pumpkins, long cattail leaves and thin mushroom stems are curled into a spiral, thereby acquiring additional rigidity. Protozoan shells single-celled organisms formanifers and mollusk shells twisted in one or different planes (turbospirals) are also a manifestation of a method for achieving the greatest strength while using economical material. Thanks to their curled shape, such thin-walled structures can withstand high hydraulic pressure when immersed to depth. For example, thin and long stems of cucumbers or pumpkins, long cattail leaves and thin mushroom stems are curled into a spiral, thereby acquiring additional rigidity. The shells of the simplest single-celled organisms, formanifera and mollusk shells, twisted in one or different planes (turbospirals) are also a manifestation of a method for achieving the greatest strength while using economical material. Thanks to their curled shape, such thin-walled structures can withstand high hydraulic pressure when immersed to depth. The twisted shape of natural structures, as a way to achieve greater stability in space while economically using “building” material, suggested to architects new uniform spiral base of the building - turbosomes. The turbosoma is aerodynamic, any winds only flow around its body, without swaying or causing it any harm. It can be used in the construction of high-rise buildings. The twisted shape of natural structures, as a way to achieve greater stability in space while economically using “building” material, suggested to the architects a new form of the spiral base of the building - the turbosome. The turbosoma is aerodynamic, any winds only flow around its body, without swaying or causing it any harm. It can be used in the construction of high-rise buildings. Return to content

Mesh, lattice and ribbed structures Flat and spatially curved ribbed, mesh and cross (lattice) structures, in which the main material is concentrated along the main stress lines, are widespread in nature. Flat and spatially curved ribbed, mesh and cross (lattice) structures are widespread in nature, in which the main material is concentrated along the main stress lines. A thin leaf of a plant or a transparent wing of an insect has sufficient mechanical strength due to the branching network of veins in it. A thin leaf of a plant or a transparent wing of an insect has sufficient mechanical strength due to the branching network of veins in it. Return to content

This frame performs the main - load-bearing - role, while other structural elements, for example, a sheet film or a wing membrane, can reach a minimum cross-section. This is also one example of achieving strength with minimal material consumption. The thin wings of a rocker dragonfly make up to 100 beats per second, a bumblebee – more than 200, a housefly – up to 300, and a mosquito – up to 1000 beats. This frame performs the main - load-bearing - role, while other structural elements, for example, a sheet film or a wing membrane, can reach a minimum cross-section. This is also one example of achieving strength with minimal material consumption. The thin wings of a rocker dragonfly make up to 100 beats per second, a bumblebee – more than 200, a housefly – up to 300, and a mosquito – up to 1000 beats. The architects were also interested in the design principle of plant leaves. The leaf of the plant has sufficient mechanical strength, which largely depends on the veins that penetrate its plane from the base to the top. The leaf of the tropical plant Victoria regia, found in the waters of the Amazon and Orinoco, especially attracted attention. The floating leaves of this large water lily grow up to 2 meters in diameter and can withstand a weight of up to 50 kg without immersing in water. On the underside, this sheet is reinforced with thick and strong veins, similar to ropes. The longitudinally curved veins are connected to each other by crescent-shaped transverse diaphragms. This design creates a solid base for placing a thin translucent film of the leaf between the veins. The architects were also interested in the design principle of plant leaves. The leaf of the plant has sufficient mechanical strength, which largely depends on the veins that penetrate its plane from the base to the top. The leaf of the tropical plant Victoria regia, found in the waters of the Amazon and Orinoco, especially attracted attention. The floating leaves of this large water lily grow up to 2 meters in diameter and can withstand a weight of up to 50 kg without immersing in water. On the underside, this sheet is reinforced with thick and strong veins, similar to ropes. The longitudinally curved veins are connected to each other by crescent-shaped transverse diaphragms. This design creates a solid base for placing a thin translucent film of the leaf between the veins. Taking the veining of the Victoria regia leaf as a basis, the Italian architect P. Nervi designed the flat ribbed covering of the Gatti factory in Rome and the covering of the large hall of the Turin Exhibition, achieving great constructive and aesthetic effect. The principle of constructing the Victoria Regia sheet was also used by our architects when constructing the ceiling of the foyer of the Tula Drama Theater. They stretched reinforced concrete ribs along the ceiling, which carry a huge span. Taking the veining of the Victoria regia leaf as a basis, the Italian architect P. Nervi designed the flat ribbed covering of the Gatti factory in Rome and the covering of the large hall of the Turin Exhibition, achieving great constructive and aesthetic effect. The principle of constructing the Victoria Regia sheet was also used by our architects when constructing the ceiling of the foyer of the Tula Drama Theater. They stretched reinforced concrete ribs along the ceiling, which carry a huge span. Return to content

The principle of constructing natural spatial lattice systems is also used in architectural practice: radiolaria, diatoms, some fungi, shells, even the microstructure of the head of the hip bone. In these models, the principle of material distribution with the expectation of the most random and multidirectional load actions is especially clearly demonstrated. For example, the structure of the head of the hip bone is built in such a way that it never works against fracture, but only under compression and tension. A similar system can be used in the design of support frames, trusses, and cranes. The principle of constructing natural spatial lattice systems is also used in architectural practice: radiolaria, diatoms, some fungi, shells, even the microstructure of the head of the hip bone. In these models, the principle of material distribution with the expectation of the most random and multidirectional load actions is especially clearly demonstrated. For example, the structure of the head of the hip bone is built in such a way that it never works against fracture, but only under compression and tension. A similar system can be used in the design of support frames, trusses, and cranes. Return to content

Examples of designs Figure c) shows a spherical starfish. Its supporting skeleton (Fig. b) consists of calcareous plates connected to each other by muscles. Small plates form the skin. The spherical arrangement of the skeletal plates suggested to builders the design of a residential building and other building structures. By analogy with a spherical starfish A radar shelter was built in England (Fig. a). Its diameter is 33.5 m, the shell is ribbed. The ribs are made of aluminum alloy. The shell material is polyester fiberglass. The structure consists of 775 triangular elements. Figure c) shows a spherical starfish. Its supporting skeleton (Fig. b) consists of calcareous plates connected to each other by muscles. Small plates form the skin. The spherical arrangement of the skeletal plates suggested to builders the design of a residential building and other building structures. By analogy with a spherical starfish, a radar shelter was built in England (Fig. a). Its diameter is 33.5 m, the shell is ribbed. The ribs are made of aluminum alloy. The shell material is polyester fiberglass. The structure consists of 775 triangular elements. Return to content

Radiolarians (protozoa) live in warm seas. They spend their entire lives in motion, forming plankton - food for large marine animals. Figure 1 shows a radiolaria (an organism of the order Nasselaria) in the shape of a lattice bell with constrictions and numerous spines, and Figure 2 - in the form of radially located and equally developed spines (an organism of the order Acantharia). In the center of radiolarians there is a capsule - a skeletal formation to protect the nucleus. The walls of the capsule are porous: for communication with the environment. The great designer nature gave them an elegant look. Their shape interested architects. Based on the type, for example, of a radiolarian lattice (Fig. 3) (an organism of the order Acantharia), a design of a building structure with an overlap is being carried out large area. In Moscow and other cities of our country one can now find houses whose building elements are borrowed from radiolarians. Radiolarians (protozoa) live in warm seas. They spend their entire lives in motion, forming plankton - food for large marine animals. Figure 1 shows a radiolaria (an organism of the order Nasselaria) in the shape of a lattice bell with constrictions and numerous spines, and Figure 2 - in the form of radially located and equally developed spines (an organism of the order Acantharia). In the center of radiolarians there is a capsule - a skeletal formation to protect the nucleus. The walls of the capsule are porous: for communication with the environment. The great designer nature gave them an elegant look. Their shape interested architects. Based on the type, for example, of a radiolarian lattice (Fig. 3) (an organism of the order Acantharia), a design of a building structure covering a large area is being carried out. In Moscow and other cities of our country one can now find houses whose building elements are borrowed from radiolarians. Rice. 1 Fig. 2Fig. 3 Return to contents

Borrowing from nature the principle of a cone and other secrets, the builders built the Ostankino TV tower, thickened at the base and pointed. Outwardly, it resembles a stem or needle. Its total height is 540 meters 74 centimeters. Its mass is 55 thousand tons. Borrowing from nature the principle of a cone and other secrets, the builders built the Ostankino television tower, thickened at the base and pointed. Outwardly, it resembles a stem or needle. Its total height is 540 meters 74 centimeters. Its mass is 55 thousand tons. There are seven elevators installed inside, four of which are high-speed. In 58 seconds you can climb observation deck, to a height of 337 m. In strong winds, the tower can swing up to 10 m, while maintaining its strength. There are seven elevators installed inside, four of which are high-speed. In 58 seconds you can climb to the observation deck, to a height of 337 m. In strong winds, the tower can swing up to 10 m, while maintaining its strength. There are 150 steel ropes stretched inside the tower, just like a wheat or bamboo stalk has longitudinal fibers inside. They are hidden under a concrete “shirt”. That's why the tower is strong and flexible. It can withstand force 15 winds and force 8 earthquakes. Its reliability is designed for 300 years. There are 150 steel ropes stretched inside the tower, just like a wheat or bamboo stalk has longitudinal fibers inside. They are hidden under a concrete “shirt”. That's why the tower is strong and flexible. It can withstand force 15 winds and force 8 earthquakes. Its reliability is designed for 300 years. Return to content

Plants not only withstand mechanical stress, but also react during the day to changes in light, temperature, and humidity. These plant abilities were used by the Soviet architect Yu.S. Lebedev. At an exhibition held in Moscow in 1982, a model of a residential building he created was demonstrated (Fig. 1), which, like a sunflower flower, turned during the day following the sun. Plants not only withstand mechanical stress, but also react during the day to changes in light, temperature, and humidity. These plant abilities were used by the Soviet architect Yu.S. Lebedev. At an exhibition held in Moscow in 1982, a model of a residential building he created was demonstrated (Fig. 1), which, like a sunflower flower, turned during the day following the sun. 24 were built in Holland unusual houses(Fig. 2). Outwardly they resemble trees. The first floor is built in the form of a trunk, and on it are giant cubes that house living quarters. 24 unusual houses were built in Holland (Fig. 2). Outwardly they resemble trees. The first floor is built in the form of a trunk, and on it are giant cubes that house living quarters. Rice. 1 Fig. 2 Return to contents

Engineers and architects took a closer look at the chicken egg. It turned out that its shell, with a total thickness of 0.37 mm, consists of 7 layers. Each layer has a specific purpose. The layers provide structural strength and conditions for the development of the chicken. Studying the layered structure of a chicken egg shell helps engineers create new building layered materials with excellent mechanical properties, lightweight, breathable and prevent moisture penetration. Engineers and architects took a closer look at the chicken egg. It turned out that its shell, with a total thickness of 0.37 mm, consists of 7 layers. Each layer has a specific purpose. The layers provide structural strength and conditions for the development of the chicken. Studying the layered structure of a chicken egg shell helps engineers create new building layered materials with excellent mechanical properties, lightweight, breathable and prevent moisture penetration. The picture shows a residential building in the shape of an egg (Basel, Switzerland). The largest diameter of the house is 7.2 m. Its shell is three-layer, closed, elliptical, made of polyester fiberglass. A house without corners, with two windows, on three supports. A small amount of material is used to build such a house. The picture shows a residential building in the shape of an egg (Basel, Switzerland). The largest diameter of the house is 7.2 m. Its shell is three-layer, closed, elliptical, made of polyester fiberglass. A house without corners, with two windows, on three supports. A small amount of material is used to build such a house. Return to content

Conclusion Architectural bionics is a new page in the development of construction technology and architecture, it is a conscious need, caused by the requirements of our time, to study the engineering solutions of nature, to learn the laws, the secrets of its construction skills, it is a targeted search for original architectural forms, ideally calculated by nature itself. Architectural bionics is a new page in the development of construction technology and architecture, it is a conscious need, caused by the requirements of our time, to study the engineering solutions of nature, to learn the laws, the secrets of its construction skills, it is a targeted search for original architectural forms, ideally calculated by nature itself. There is nothing accidental in the fact that architects and builders, like radio engineers, electronics engineers, shipbuilders, aircraft designers, mechanical engineers and specialists in many other branches of technology, turned to nature and its art of construction. After all, nature’s architectural and construction workshop has been working tirelessly for at least 2,700 million years, while human construction practice dates back only a few thousand years of the existence of material culture. There is nothing accidental in the fact that architects and builders, like radio engineers, electronics engineers, shipbuilders, aircraft designers, mechanical engineers and specialists in many other branches of technology, turned to nature and its art of construction. After all, nature’s architectural and construction workshop has been working tirelessly for at least 2,700 million years, while human construction practice dates back only a few thousand years of the existence of material culture. In living nature everything is extremely harmonious. In architecture, the harmony of content and form is borrowed, and aesthetics are enriched. Nature gives rise to a person’s feeling of life affirmation, the desire for light and warmth. Architects strive to reflect all this in stone, metal, brick, and concrete. In living nature everything is extremely harmonious. In architecture, the harmony of content and form is borrowed, and aesthetics are enriched. Nature gives rise to a person’s feeling of life affirmation, the desire for light and warmth. Architects strive to reflect all this in stone, metal, brick, and concrete. Return to content

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Presentation on the topic: Bionics

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The main areas of work in bionics cover the following problems: the study of the nervous system of humans and animals and the modeling of nerve cells (neurons) and neural networks for further improvement of computer technology and the development of new elements and devices of automation and telemechanics (neurobionics); research of sensory organs and other perceptive systems living organisms in order to develop new sensors and detection systems; study of the principles of orientation, location and navigation in various animals for the use of these principles in technology; study of the morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics of living organisms to put forward new technical and scientific ideas.

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The relationship between nature and technology In the past, man’s attitude towards nature was consumerist; technology exploited and destroyed natural resources. But gradually people began to treat nature more carefully, trying to take a closer look at its methods in order to wisely use them in technology. These methods can serve as a model for the development of environmentally friendly industrial products. Nature as a standard is bionics. Understanding nature and taking it as a model does not mean copying. However, nature can help us find the right technical solution to quite complex issues. Nature is like a huge engineering bureau, which always has the right way out of any situation.

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Bionics is closely related to biology, physics, chemistry, cybernetics and engineering sciences: electronics, navigation, communications, maritime affairs and others. The idea of applying knowledge about living nature to solve engineering problems belongs to Leonardo da Vinci, who tried to build an aircraft with flapping wings, like birds: ornithopter. In 1960, the first symposium on bionics was held in Daytona (USA), which formalized the birth of a new science.

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Cybernetics The emergence of cybernetics, which considers the general principles of control and communication in living organisms and machines, has become an incentive for a broader study of the structure and functions of living systems in order to clarify their commonality with technical systems, as well as use the information obtained about living organisms to create new devices and mechanisms , materials, etc.

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Architectural bionics This is a new phenomenon in architectural science and practice. Here are the possibilities of searching for new, functionally justified architectural forms, distinguished by beauty and harmony, and the creation of new rational structures with the simultaneous use of the amazing properties of building materials of living nature, and the discovery of ways to realize the unity of design and creation of architectural means using the energy of the sun, wind, cosmic rays . But, perhaps, its most important result may be active participation in creating conditions for the conservation of wildlife and the formation of its harmonious unity with architecture.

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Modeling living organisms Creating a model in bionics is half the battle. To solve a specific practical problem, it is necessary not only to check the presence of the model’s properties that are of interest to practice, but also to develop methods for calculating predetermined technical characteristics of the device, and to develop synthesis methods that ensure the achievement of the indicators required in the problem. And therefore, many bionic models, before receiving technical implementation, start their life on the computer. A mathematical description of the model is constructed. Based on it, a computer program is compiled - a bionic model. Using such a computer model, various parameters can be processed in a short time and design flaws can be eliminated.

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Today, bionics has several directions: Architectural and construction bionics studies the laws of formation and structure formation of living tissues, analyzes the structural systems of living organisms on the principle of saving material, energy and ensuring reliability. Neurobionics studies the functioning of the brain and explores the mechanisms of memory. The sensory organs of animals and the internal mechanisms of reaction to the environment in both animals and plants are being intensively studied.

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Neurobionics Neurobionics is a scientific field that studies the possibility of using the principles of the structure and functioning of the brain in order to create more advanced technical devices and technological processes. The main areas of neurobionics are the study of the nervous system of humans and animals and the modeling of nerve cells-neurons and neural networks. This makes it possible to improve and develop electronic and computer technology.

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First examples of Bionics Almost any technological problem that faces designers or engineers has long been successfully solved by other living beings. For example, soft drink manufacturers are constantly looking for new ways to package their products. At the same time, an ordinary apple tree solved this problem long ago. An apple is 97% water, packed not in wood cardboard, but in an edible peel that is appetizing enough to attract animals to eat the fruit and distribute the grains. The base of the Eiffel Tower resembles the bone structure of the head of the femur. Bionics specialists reason in this way. When they encounter an engineering or design problem, they look for a solution in the unlimited-size "science base" of animals and plants.

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Velcro fasteners The operating principle of burdock was borrowed by man to make Velcro fasteners. The first adhesive tapes appeared in the 50s of the XX century. With their help you can, for example, fasten sports shoes; In this case, laces are no longer needed. In addition, the length of the Velcro is easy to adjust - this is one of its advantages. In the first years after their invention, such fasteners were very popular. Today, everyone has become accustomed to a convenient fastener, and Velcro manufacturers now only make sure that the Velcro is well hidden under the flaps.

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Suckers Octopus: The octopus has invented a sophisticated method of hunting its prey: it covers it with tentacles and sucks on hundreds, whole rows of which are on the tentacles. Suction cups also help it move on slippery surfaces without sliding down. Technical suction cups: if you shoot a suction arrow from a slingshot at the glass of a window, the arrow will attach and remain on it. The suction cup is slightly rounded and straightens when it collides with an obstacle. Then the elastic washer is tightened again; This is how a vacuum arises. And the suction cup attaches to the glass.

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Spider Egg Cocoon The spider makes a thin “cape” of waterproof material to protect the eggs it lays. This fist-sized cocoon is bell-shaped and opens from the bottom. It consists of the same material as the threads of the spider's web. Of course, it is not woven from separate threads, but represents a single shell. It perfectly protects the egg from bad weather and humidity. Raincoat When we go outside in the rain, we put on a waterproof raincoat or take an umbrella with us. Like a cocoon of a spider's egg with a protective film, water drains from the artificial material, as a result of which a person does not get wet. Roofs that repel water An important role in the construction of houses is played by the roof, which should protect the premises of the building from water.

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Gustav Eiffel drew a drawing of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. This structure is considered one of the earliest clear examples of the use of bionics in engineering. The design of the Eiffel Tower is based on the scientific work of Swiss anatomy professor Hermann Von Meyer. 40 years before the construction of the Parisian engineering miracle, the professor examined the bone structure of the head of the femur in the place where it bends and enters the joint at an angle. And yet for some reason the bone does not break under the weight of the body. The base of the Eiffel Tower resembles the bone structure of the head of the femur

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Von Meyer discovered that the head of the bone is covered with an intricate network of miniature bones, thanks to which the load is amazingly redistributed throughout the bone. This network had a strict geometric structure, which the professor documented. In 1866, the Swiss engineer Carl Cullman provided a theoretical basis for von Meyer's discovery, and 20 years later, natural load distribution using curved calipers was used by Eiffel. Bone structure of the femoral head

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