Minerals of Western China. Natural resources of China. Natural resource potential of the region
Mineral Resources of China
China has deposits of almost 150 world-known minerals. Geological surveys have confirmed reserves of 136 types of minerals, of which more than 20 are considered valuable.
Energy minerals
. Deposits of energy minerals - coal, oil, natural gas, as well as oil shale and radioactive elements, uranium and thorium, have been proven. Coal is the main source of energy in China; Coal reserves account for almost 1/3 of the world's deposits. By the end of 1985, coal reserves reached 769.18 billion tons, and its production amounted to 800 million tons per year (2nd place in the world). Coal can be found in many areas, but most of all in the north (Northeast, Northern and Northwest China). Shanxi Province, where coal reserves account for 30% of the country's total, is known as the "home of coal." Another important source of energy in China is oil. Since the 50s. more than 300 areas of oil and gas occurrence and 1,400 oil and gas structures were discovered; The main oil fields are in Daqing, Dagang, Shengli, Jizhong (Central Hebei), Liaohe, Jiangsu, Zhongyuan (Central Plain) and Karamay. Oil exploration in offshore areas in last years made it possible to discover 6 large gas fields, the most important of which is the East China Sea basin.Black metals . Proven reserves include metals such as iron, manganese, chromium, vanadium and titanium. All of them, with the exception of titanium, are available in sufficient quantities, although high-grade iron and manganese ore are scarce. Iron reserves are estimated at 49.6 billion tons, of which 2/3 are sedimentary metamorphic ore and igneous ore; Half of the reserves are located in Anshan, Liaoning Province. Vanadium titanium magnetite is available in Panzhihua, Sichuan Province. Manganese reserves, mostly of the sedimentary and accumulative types, are estimated at approximately 400 million tons and are found mainly in Guangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei and Sichuan.
Rare and precious metals. Reserves of copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, mercury, antimony, bismuth, gold, silver and 6 metals belonging to the platinum group have been confirmed. China ranks among the first in the world in terms of proven reserves of tungsten, antimony, zinc, tin, molybdenum, lead and mercury. Copper ore is found almost everywhere, but the largest amount of it lies in the valley of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan, the largest copper mine is located in Dexing, Jiangxi Province. Lead and zinc, which are often the companions of silver, are found mainly in the Nanling Mountains, western Yunnan, southern Shaanxi, Lanshan and the northern tip of the Tsaidam Basin, bauxite deposits are mainly in central Shanxi, Gongxian County, Henan Province, in Zibo, Shandong Province, Xiuwen Guizhou and Pingguo provinces of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. China has the richest reserves of tungsten ores, more than any other country; they make up more than half of the world's deposits. Tungsten ore reserves, concentrated in southern Jiangxi, northern Guangdong and eastern Hunan, account for more than half of the country's total reserves. Tin occurs mainly in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan; The largest mine is located in Gejiu (Yunnan) - the “tin capital of the world.” The tin mines are part of the famous tin belt around Pacific Ocean. China ranks first in the world in antimony reserves. Antimony deposits are mainly located in Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan; the largest mine is the Xikuanshan mine in Xinhua (Hunan). Mercury is concentrated at the Sichuan-Guizhou-Hunan border. Three-quarters of the country's total reserves are mercury deposits in the northeastern part of Guizhou, which is therefore called the “mercury province.” Gold, mostly mountainous, is found mainly in the Shandong Peninsula, western Hunan, northern Heilongjiang, eastern Jilin, central Inner Mongolia and northern Xinjiang.
Rare metals, rare earth metals and minerals with dispersed elements. China is proud to have rich reserves of 8 rare metals, 10 rare earth metals and 10 dispersed element minerals. Its reserves of rare earth metals are far greater than anywhere else in the world, and the reserves of impure rare earth metals at the Bayan Obo iron mine (Inner Mongolia) are the largest in the world.
Non-metallic ores. China's subsoil contains 73 non-metallic minerals with proven reserves, including 9 minerals used as auxiliary raw materials in metallurgy and 23 minerals used as raw materials for the chemical industry. The most important of these are phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, asbestos, graphite, mica, gypsum and kaolin, as well as precious stones, jade and precious stones.
Terrain and minerals China is one of the world's most resource-rich countries. Here they mine: coal, oil, magnesium and iron ores, tungsten, copper, graphite and tin. The country's largest deposits of coal (which in its origin dates back to the Jurassic period) and oil (mostly of the Mesozoic and Meso-Cenozoic periods) are concentrated within the Sinai shield. The largest deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals, of which the tungsten deposit, which ranks first in size in the world, is located within the South China Massif; antimony, tin, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, copper and etc. And in the Tien Shan, Mongolian Altai, Kunlun, Khingan there are deposits of gold and other precious metals.
Agroclimatic resources. One of the main factors influencing the climatic characteristics of China is, first of all, the country’s position within three zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. In addition, the large size of the mainland and inland areas, as well as the coastal location of the eastern and southern regions, has a significant impact.
The average January temperature ranges from -4 and below in the North (and in the North of the Greater Khingan to -30) and up to +18 in the South. In summer, the temperature regime is more varied: average temperature July in the North +20, and in the South +28.
Annual precipitation decreases as you move from the Southeast (2000 mm in the Southeast, mainland China, 2600 mm on Hainan Island) to the Northwest (on the Tarim Plain in some places up to 5 mm or less).
Based on the temperature regime in China, a distinction is made between the southern and northern parts. The first has a moderate and warm climate even in winter, and the second has cold winters and a sharp temperature contrast between summer and winter. Based on the annual amount of precipitation, the eastern, relatively humid, and western arid zones are distinguished.
Land resources. In many ways, the climatic and topographic features of the country have determined the wide variety of soils in China. The western part is characterized by desert-steppe complexes. Outside the Tibetan part, chestnut and brown soils of dry steppes, as well as dry-brown deserts, predominate, with significant areas of rocky or saline areas. A characteristic feature of this part of China is the predominance of gray soils, mountain chestnut and mountain meadow soils. On the Tibetan Plateau, high-mountain desert soils are more common.
For the eastern part of China, soils associated with forest associations are typical, and the most common in this territory are: soddy-podzolic, brown forest - in the mountains and dark-colored meadow - on the plains of the Northeast. Yellow soils, red soils and laterites, mainly in mountain varieties, are common in the south of the country.
In many ways, the peculiarities of the formation of soil resources in China were influenced by the centuries-old cultivation of the country's oldest agricultural crop, rice, which led to changes in soils and the formation of essentially special varieties, such as “swampy rice” in the South and “eastern carbonate” in the South. Loess plateau.
Water resources. The relief features affected, first of all, the distribution water resources countries. The wettest parts are the Southern and Eastern parts, which have a dense and highly branched system. China's largest rivers, the Yangtze and Yellow River, flow through these areas. These also include: Amur, Sungari, Yalohe, Xijiang, Tsagno. rivers eastern China Most of them are high-water and navigable, and their regime is characterized by uneven seasonal flow - minimum flows in winter and maximum flows in summer. Floods caused by rapid spring and summer snowmelt are common on the plains.
The western, arid part of China is poor in rivers. Basically, they have little water, and navigation on them is poorly developed. Most of the rivers in this area do not flow into the sea, and their flow is episodic. The largest rivers in this area are the Tarim, Black Irtysh, Ili, and Edzin-Gol. The country's largest rivers, carrying their waters to the ocean, are blocked in the Tibetan Plateau.
China is rich not only in rivers, but also in lakes. There are two main types:
tectonic and water-erosive. The former are located in the Central Asian part of the country, and the latter in the Yangtze River system. In the western part of China, the largest lakes are: Lop Nor, Kununor, Ebi-Nur. Lakes are especially numerous on the Tibetan Plateau. Most of the lowland lakes, as well as rivers, are low-water, many without wastewater and are saline. In the eastern part of China the largest are Dongting, Poyanghu, Taihu, located in the Yangtze River basin; Hongzohu and Gaoihu are in the Yellow River basin. During high water, many of these lakes become the country's natural reservoirs.
Flora and fauna Special geographical position China, thanks to which it is located in three zones at once: temperate, subtropical and tropical, influenced not only the formation of climatic conditions, topography and soil resources, but, above all, the diversity and richness of the country's flora and fauna. It is no coincidence that the flora and fauna of China includes more than 30 thousand species of various plants. It is also characteristic that out of 5 thousand tree and shrub species, about 50 are found only in China. There are also numerous relics of ancient flora. China ranks first in the world in terms of diversity of forest species. Such valuable technical species as poppy and tallow trees, tung, camellia oleifera and sumac grow here.
The country is divided into two main parts based on the nature of the vegetation cover: eastern and western. In the eastern part, forest types of vegetation are more common; summer-green broad-leaved forests extend to the north of the Qinling Ridge various types. In the central part of eastern China there are large plains, the forests here are almost cleared and the lands are plowed.
In the Northeast, taiga-type forests are common. Here you can find pine, birch, dwarf larch, spruce, oak, maple, cedar, cedar, hornbeam, walnut and even Amur velvet.
In the South and Southeast of China there are evergreen subtropical forests in which you can find cypress, amphora laurel, lacquer and tallow trees, as well as the relict quininghami tree. Tropical forests have been preserved in their original form only on the island of Hainan.
One of the features of the flora of China is the contrast between the forest and desert, mostly salt marsh and completely devoid of vegetation areas of the western part. The number of animal species here is not large, although animal world China is rich and diverse. It has about 1 thousand 800 species of land animals only. The most common and numerous are deer, elk, leopards, brown bears, wild boars, monkeys, porcupines, gibbons, armadillos and even Indian elephants. The south-eastern territory of the country is richest in animal species.
Mineral resources of China (PRC). China is not a leader in the possession of mineral resources:
oil production - 160 million tons or 4.73% of world production, iron ore production - 38 million tons, production of non-ferrous metals: aluminum - 9.1% of world production, copper - 8.8% of world production, lead and zinc - 14.7% of world production.
However, China occupies one of the leading places in the production of fertilizers, although it is a country with an average level of development of the chemical industry.
China has deposits of almost 150 world-known minerals. Geological surveys have confirmed reserves of 136 types of minerals, of which more than 20 are considered valuable.
Energy minerals. Deposits of energy minerals - coal, oil, natural gas, as well as oil shale and radioactive elements, uranium and thorium - have been proven. Coal is the main source of energy in China; Coal reserves account for almost 1/3 of the world's deposits. By the end of 1985, coal reserves reached 769.18 billion tons, and its production amounted to 800 million tons per year (2nd place in the world). Coal can be found in many areas, but most of all in the north (Northeast, Northern and Northwest China). Shanxi Province, where coal reserves account for 30% of the country's total, is known as the "home of coal." Another important source of energy in China is oil. Since the 50s. more than 300 areas of oil and gas occurrence and 1,400 oil and gas structures were discovered; The main oil fields are in Daqing, Dagang, Shengli, Jizhong (Central Hebei), Liaohe, Jiangsu, Zhongyuan (Central Plain) and Karamay. Oil exploration in offshore areas in recent years has made it possible to discover 6 large gas fields, the most important of which is the East China Sea basin.
Black metals. Proven reserves include metals such as iron, manganese, chromium, vanadium and titanium. All of them, with the exception of titanium, are available in sufficient quantities, although high-grade iron and manganese ore are scarce. Iron reserves are estimated at 49.6 billion tons, of which 2/3 are sedimentary metamorphic ore and igneous ore; Half of the reserves are located in Anshan, Liaoning Province. Vanadium titanium magnetite is available in Panzhihua, Sichuan Province. Manganese reserves, mostly of the sedimentary and accumulative types, are estimated at approximately 400 million tons and are found mainly in Guangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Hubei and Sichuan.
Reserves of copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, mercury, antimony, bismuth, gold, silver and 6 metals belonging to the platinum group have been confirmed. China ranks among the first in the world in terms of proven reserves of tungsten, antimony, zinc, tin, molybdenum, lead and mercury. Copper ore is found almost everywhere, but the largest amount of it lies in the valley of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, in the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan, the largest copper mine is located in Dexing, Jiangxi Province. Lead and zinc, which are often the companions of silver, are found mainly in the Nanling Mountains, western Yunnan, southern Shaanxi, Lanshan and the northern tip of the Tsaidam Basin, bauxite deposits are mainly in central Shanxi, Gongxian County, Henan Province, in Zibo, Shandong Province, Xiuwen Guizhou and Pingguo provinces of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. China has the richest reserves of tungsten ores, more than any other country; they make up more than half of the world's deposits. Tungsten ore reserves, concentrated in southern Jiangxi, northern Guangdong and eastern Hunan, account for more than half of the country's total reserves. Tin occurs mainly in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hunan; The largest mine is located in Gejiu (Yunnan) - the “tin capital of the world.” The tin mines are part of the famous tin belt around the Pacific Ocean. China ranks first in the world in antimony reserves. Antimony deposits are mainly located in Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan; the largest mine is the Xikuanshan mine in Xinhua (Hunan). Mercury is concentrated at the Sichuan-Guizhou-Hunan border. Three-quarters of the country's total reserves are mercury deposits in the northeastern part of Guizhou, which is therefore called the “mercury province.” Gold, mostly mountainous, is found mainly in the Shandong Peninsula, western Hunan, northern Heilongjiang, eastern Jilin, central Inner Mongolia and northern Xinjiang.
Rare metals, rare earth metals and minerals with dispersed elements. China is proud to have rich reserves of 8 rare metals, 10 rare earth metals and 10 dispersed element minerals. Its reserves of rare earth metals are far greater than anywhere else in the world, and the reserves of impure rare earth metals at the Bayan Obo iron mine (Inner Mongolia) are the largest in the world.
Non-metallic ores. China's subsoil contains 73 non-metallic minerals with proven reserves, including 9 minerals used as auxiliary raw materials in metallurgy and 23 minerals used as raw materials for the chemical industry. The most important of these are phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, asbestos, graphite, mica, gypsum and kaolin, as well as precious stones, jade and ornamental stones.6
China is rich in mineral resources - there are 140 types of them. The country occupies one of the first places in the world in reserves of many minerals: coal, oil, iron ore, bauxite, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, mercury, lead, zinc. The country has a powerful fuel and energy base. Industrial coal reserves account for 1/3 of the world's reserves. 50% of coal is found in northern China, 1/5 in the northwestern provinces. Oil-bearing basins in China are distributed unevenly. 1/3 comes from the Daqing Shengli deposit. The oil here is high sulfur. The country ranks third in the world in terms of oil reserves. In the future, oil will be produced on the shelf of the Yellow and South China Seas, on the island. Hainan.
Oil shale reserves amount to 7 billion tons. China has significant reserves of sulfur, salts, gypsum, copper, pyrite, magnesite, asbestos, graphite, phosphorite, nickel, chromium, uranium, etc., iron ore - 50 billion tons (III place in the world).
Natural conditions are varied due to the large extent of the country from north to south and from west to east.
The relief is mountainous, 58% of the country's area is located at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level, plains occupy 12%. China is divided into 7 natural areas. West Side high, occupied by the Tibetan Plateau. There are also deserts here: Tarim, Dzhungar, Gobi, Alashan. The eastern part is occupied by the Great China Plain and the Loess Plateau.
Climate. China is located in 3 climatic zones: temperate, subtropical, tropical. The eastern part of China is influenced by the monsoons.
Inland waters - the Yangtze, Yellow River, Sujiang, Songhua rivers (their total length is 227 thousand km); the area of lakes is 80 thousand km2, there are glaciers, canals, groundwater; they are distributed unevenly. The country is rich in hydro resources and ranks among the first in the world. Hydroelectric potential is currently used at 9%.
The soils in the northeast are brown forest, meadow, and chernozem; in the northwest - gray-brown, mountain-steppe; in the south - red earth, yellow earth.
The vegetation is varied. Rare trees: Daurian larch, Korean cedar, Taiwanese pine, metasec-howya, red cypress, tung, lacquer, camphor trees, magnolia, camellia, bamboo, etc., South of the river. Yangtze - subtropical evergreen forests. The vegetation of the western drylands is poor.
The fauna contains 2 thousand species of fish, 1.1 thousand species of birds, 450 species of wild animals. Rare animals: bamboo bear, red squirrel, Yangtsing crocodile, golden monkey, Amur tiger, musk deer, etc. In the south - lemurs, rhinoceroses, tapirs; in the deserts - kulans, goitered gazelles, Przewalski's horse, etc.
Natural resources and conditions of China Wikipedia
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Natural resources are unevenly distributed over the surface and in the interior of the Earth, which causes differences in resource availability between countries of the world.
Some of them (Russia, USA, Canada, China, South Africa, Australia, Brazil, Kazakhstan) have large reserves and many types of mineral raw materials.
However, in most countries of the world, reserves and range of minerals are very limited. Thus, the Andean countries (Chile and Peru) are distinguished by large reserves of only copper and polymetallic ores, the countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE, etc.) - oil and gas, North Africa(Morocco, Tunisia) - phosphorites, Pakistan and Bangladesh - table salt, Bolivia and Malaysia - tin.
In fact, not a single country has a mineral resource base that allows it to fully meet its domestic needs for fuel and raw materials.
Even Russia, with all the diversity of its mineral resources and their significant reserves, experiences a shortage of certain types of mineral raw materials (manganese, chromium, titanium, zirconium, etc.) and is forced to cover it through imports.
Also, the United States, due to an incomplete supply of mineral raw materials, imports bauxite, uranium, tungsten, chromium, manganese, etc. In general, the United States imports 15-20% (in value terms) of the necessary mineral raw materials, EU member countries - 70-80%, Japan - 90-95%.
Developing countries (including China and Vietnam) occupy leading positions in the world in reserves of oil and gas, bauxite, copper, tin, nickel, cobalt, antimony, etc., and in total they concentrate up to 35% of the world's mineral resources. These countries export most of the extracted fuel and raw materials - geoglobus.ru. The exception is the newly industrialized countries, which in the developing world are large consumers of fuel and mineral raw materials (oil, natural gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, etc.).
Developed countries lead in reserves of coal, lead-zinc, manganese, chromium ores, molybdenum, many rare and precious metals, etc., in total, concentrating approximately 40% of the planet's mineral resources.
Among economically developed countries, the USA, Australia, Canada and South Africa have very large reserves of fuel and mineral raw materials. The last three countries also occupy leading positions in the world in their exports. Unlike developing countries, developed countries actively use not only their own resources, but also the natural resource potential of other countries - developing, of Eastern Europe, CIS, Russia. In total, these countries consume 70% of the world's mineral resources.
Russia has the highest endowment of mineral resources among the world's largest powers.
With a share of 2.5% of the world's population, it concentrates about 25% of its mineral resources - geoglobus.ru. The volume of reserves and production of such types of mineral fuels and raw materials as oil, gas, coal, iron and copper-nickel ores, diamonds, platinum, gold, apatites and potassium salts not only satisfies the current needs of the country’s economy, but also allows for a significant part of them export.
Its total reserves of explored mineral raw materials are estimated at 28.3 trillion. dollars, and the forecast is 140 trillion.
The structure of the mineral resource base of Russia is dominated by fuel and energy resources (coal, oil, gas, etc.), the share of which is 70%, more than 15% are non-metallic raw materials, 13% are ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metals, 1% — for diamonds and precious metals (gold, silver, platinum).
At the same time, despite the high level of security in general, in Russia there are either completely no or do not meet the requirements of modern industry (i.e.
do not satisfy the need, have not been developed due to difficult mining and geological conditions, lack of modern technologies industrial processing, etc.) reserves of manganese, chromium, titanium, zirconium, rubidium, mercury, lead, zinc ores, as well as high-quality bauxite, phosphorite, kaolin, barite, etc. Russia's needs for many of them (manganese, chromium, mercury, antimony, titanium, phosphorites, etc.) are almost entirely supplied from the CIS countries.
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Relief and minerals
China has one of the richest mineral resources. They extract: coal, petroleum, magnesium and iron ores, tungsten, copper, graphite and tin. In the Sinai, it is concentrated to protect the largest deposits in the state of coal (which, according to its source, returns to the Jurassic), oil (possibly Mesozoic and Mesozoic Meso).
We also extract non-ferrous and rare metal deposits, the largest tungsten deposits, which are the world's largest in size, are found in the South China matrix of antimony, tin, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, copper, etc. Tian -Shan, Mongolian Altai, Kunlun, Hingang - deposits of gold and other precious metals.
Agroclimatic sources
One of the main factors influencing the climatic characteristics of China is the country's position in three zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical.
In addition, a significant part of the land and hinterland and the coastal position of the eastern and southern regions have a significant impact.
Average January temperatures range from -4 and below in the north (and -30 north of the Grand King) and up to +18 in the south.
In summer, the temperature regime is more varied: the average July temperature in the north is +20, and in the south +28.
Annual precipitation decreases as one moves southeast (2000 mm in the southeast of the country, mainland China, 2600 mm in Hainan) to the NW (in the Tarim Plains to 5 mm or less).
Depending on the temperature regime in China, the southern and northern parts are different.
The first - with moderate and warm even in winter climates, others with cold winter and sharp temperature contrasts between summer and winter. Taking into account the annual rainfall, an eastern, relatively wet and western arid zone is identified.
Land resources
In many ways, the climatic and topographical features of the country have caused many different soils in China. The western part is characterized by desert-stepped complexes. In the outer part of Tibet, chestnut and brown soils are dry, as well as dry brown deserts with important areas of stony or saline areas.
A characteristic feature of this part of China is the predominance of Mediterranean, mountain chestnut and mountain grassy soils. On the Tibetan plateau, high-altitude desert soils are more common.
In eastern China they are characteristic of soils associated with forest associations, and the most common in this area are: SOD-podzolic, brown forest in the mountains and meadow dark tones in the plains of the northeast. Yellow springs, red soils and laterites, especially in mountain varieties, are found in the south of the country.
In particular, about the characteristics of soil resources in China, centuries of cultivation of the country's old agricultural civilization of rice influenced changes in soil design and, in fact, specific varieties, such as "Rice Rich" - in the south and "Eastern Carbonate" - in the plateau Loess.
Water resources
Relief features are reflected mainly in the distribution of water resources in the country.
The wettest parts are the southern and eastern parts, which have guests and very branched systems. In these areas, the largest rivers in China are the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.
Among them are the same: Amur, Sungari, Yalohe, Xijiang, Tsagno.
Natural resources of China
The rivers of Eastern China are predominantly abundant and navigable, and their regimes are characterized by uneven seasonal flows - minimum winter and maximum summer flows.
Floods are common on the plains, caused by rapid spring and summer dead snow.
The western, arid part of China is poor in rivers. In fact, they are poor in water, and swimming on them is poorly developed.
Most of the rivers in this area do not flow to the sea, and their course is sporadic. The largest rivers in this region are the Tarim, Black Irtis, Ili, and Edzin-Gol. The largest rivers in the country, which carry their waters to the ocean, are blocked on the Tibetan plateau.
China is rich not only in rivers, but also in lakes. There are two main types:
tectonic and water-erosive. The former are located in the Central Asian part of the country, and the latter are located in the Yangtze River.
In western China the largest lakes are: Lop Nor, Kununor, Ebi-Nur. In particular, there are many lakes on the Tibetan plateau. Most common lakes, as well as rivers, are shallow, and many do not have wastewater or brine. In the eastern part of China, the largest is Dongting, Poyang, Taihu, located in the Yangtze River basin; Hongzoha and Gaoyu - in the Yellow River basin.
In high waters, many of these lakes become the state's natural reservoirs.
Flora and fauna
China's special geographical position, which is in three areas: temperate, subtropical and tropical, does not depend only on the structure of climate, topography and soil resources, but above all on the diversity and richness of flora and fauna in the country.
It is no coincidence that Chinese flora and fauna include more than 30,000 varieties of different plants. It is also characteristic that about 5,000 species of shrub trees are found in about 50 in China. Many are also relics of ancient flora. China ranks first in the world in terms of diversity of forest species. There are such valuable technical species as poppy and vegetable trees, tuna, camel oil and sumac.
In the country, two main works differ in the nature of the vegetation cover: eastern and western.
In the east, forest vegetation is more common, and to the north of the Qinling Ridge there is a summer green broad forest different types. In the central part of East China there are large plains, the forests here have been almost reduced and the land has been plowed.
Taevi forests are widespread in the northeast. Here you will find pine, birch, milk larch, spruce, oak, maple, cedar, cedar, hornbeam, walnut and even Amur.
In the south and southeast of China, it covers evergreen subtropical forests where you can find cypress, amphorae, lac and oil trees, as well as heirloom corn.
Tropical forests are preserved in their untouched form only on the island of Hainan.
One of the features of China's flora is the contrast between forest and desert, mostly brine and completely unvegetated areas of the western part. There are not many animal species, although the animal world in China is rich and varied.
There are about 1 thousand 800 species of land animals. The most common and abundant are deer, elk, leopard, brown bears, wild boar, monkeys, crows, giants, armadillos and even Indian elephants.
The southeastern territory of the country is the most common among animal species.
From a bird's eye view, the Chinese continent presents a stepped relief: from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the average height of which is 4000 m and above, it gradually descends to the continental shelf sea, the depth of which is less than 200 m, from west to east it decreases in four steps. The territory of the Chinese continent is almost equal to the territory of Europe. However, the horography of different regions of China is very different from each other and the distribution of resources is also unequal.
China is located in East Asia, in the east it is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. The area of China is 9.6 million square meters. km, China ranks third in area in the world, second only to Russia and Canada. In the meridional direction, the territory of China extends for 5.5 thousand km - from the Heilongjiang (Amur) River in the area north of the city Mohe to the Zengmuansha coral reefs south of the Nanynaqundao archipelago. In the latitudinal direction - 5.2 thousand km from the confluence of the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers to the western spurs of the Pamirs.
The length of the country's land border is 22.8 thousand km. In the east, China borders on the DPRK, in the north - on Mongolia, in the northeast - on Russia. China's northwestern neighbors are Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, while Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan lie on the country's western and southwestern borders. In the south, China neighbors Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. To the east and southeast of the coast of China are the Republic of Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia.
The length of the coastline of mainland China is more than 18 thousand km. The coast of China is flat with a large number of convenient ice-free harbors. China in the east and south is washed by the waters of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean (Yellow, East China and South China Seas), as well as the Bohai Sea, which is inland sea China. The total area of territorial waters is 4.70 million square meters. km.
There are 7.6 thousand large and small islands in China's maritime territory. The largest of them is Taiwan (36 thousand sq. km), the second largest is Hainan (34 thousand sq. km). The Diaoyu and Chiweiyu Islands, located northeast of Taiwan, are the easternmost territories of China. Groups of islands, reefs and shoals in the South China Sea - Dongshaqundao, Xishaqundao, Zhongshaqundao and Nanshaqundao - make up China's southern border. In 2012, the municipality of Sansha was established to manage these islands. From point of view geographical latitude, the city of Sansha turned out to be the most southern city China.
Mountain systems
In China, at least nine mountain systems have an average altitude of 6,000 m above sea level or higher, and more than 20 are located on average 4,000 m above sea level or higher. The Himalayas are the highest mountains in China. They rise in an arc on the border of China with India and Nepal. This mountain system has more than 30 peaks whose height exceeds 7300 m above sea level, and 11 peaks above 8000 m. The height of its main peak, Chomolungma, is 8844.43 m, which is the highest peak in the world. The average height of the Karakoram mountain system is 5500-6000 m, from west to east it crosses Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai and Sichuan. Its length is more than 2500 km, and its width is 200-500 km. This is the longest and widest mountain system in China. It is also worth mentioning the Tangla and Qinling mountains. The average height of the Tangla Mountains, located in the central part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is 6000 m above sea level, where the longest river in China, the Yangtze, originates; Qinling Mountains begin in the eastern part of Gansu Province and end in the western part of Henan Province, their average altitude is 2000-3000 m above sea level. They serve as an important ethnographic border between the south and north of China, as well as a watershed between the climates of the south and north of the country.
There are four major highlands in China. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau covers all of Tibet and Qinghai, as well as parts of Gansu, Yunnan and Sichuan provinces, it is the highest plateau in the world, it is called the “roof of the world”. The average altitude here is over 4000 m above sea level. The Inner Mongolian Plateau is located on the territory of Inner Mongolia; steppes extend to the east and deserts to the west. The Loess Plateau covers, in whole or in part, six provinces and autonomous regions, including Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. The loess layer is thick and there is serious soil erosion. The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau covers the eastern part of Yunnan Province and most of Guizhou Province, and is a typical karst topography.
China has three large plains. The northeastern plain extends over more than 350 thousand square meters. km, this is the largest plain in China. The area of the North China Plain is about 300 thousand square meters. km, it is located in the interior of the continent; The plain of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze occupies about 200 thousand square meters. km, the relief is flat, as it was formed as a result of the erosion of the Yangtze.
There are four major depressions in China. The Tarim Basin is the largest in China; it is located on the territory of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Republic. In the middle of the Tarim Basin lies the largest desert in China, the Taklamakan Desert, the second largest desert in the world after the Sahara. The Dzungarian depression is also located in Xinjiang. The Tsaidam Depression is located in Qinghai Province and is the highest depression in China. The Sichuan Basin is located in Sichuan Province and is the wettest depression in China.
China has a large number of rivers. There are more than one and a half thousand rivers, whose basin area exceeds 1000 square meters. km. However, due to its huge population, China's per capita hydropower resources are only one-quarter of the world average.
The rivers of China form systems with external and internal flows. The total area of river basins with access to the sea covers 64% of the country's territory, and the drainage area of rivers with internal flow is 36%.
The largest river in China is the Yangtze; its length (6300 km) ranks third in the world. The upper course of the Yangtze runs through high mountains and deep valleys. It conceals rich water resources. The Yangtze is the main shipping route connecting the west and east of the country. It is designed by nature for navigation. The second largest river in China is the Yellow River (5464 km). The Yellow River basin is one of the cradles of ancient Chinese civilization. Heilongjiang (Cupid) is the most large river in northern China. The total length is 4350 km, of which 3101 km flows through the territory of China. In Southern China, the 2214 km long Pearl River should be noted. The Tarim River in southern Xinjiang is the longest internally drained river in China, with a length of 2,179 km. In recent years, scientists from the Institute applied research in Remote Sensing at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, using satellite remote sensing technology, were able to make further measurements of the lengths of China's major rivers.
The mother river of the Chinese nation, the Yellow River, nurtured the 5,000-year-old Chinese civilization. But as the river with the highest sand and silt content and the river with the most elevated bed above the surrounding plains in the world, it has also brought its share of problems, causing devastating floods and suffering from bed drying many times throughout history. Currently, thanks to a strict system of management and protection of water resources, the Yellow River has not dried up for more than ten years.
In addition to natural waterways, China has the famous artificial Grand Canal, which connects 5 river systems - Haihe, Yellow River, Huaihe, Yangtze and Qiantangjiang. This canal was built in the 5th century BC. e., it runs from north to south, starting in Beijing and reaching Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province). The length of the canal is 1801 km, it is the oldest and longest artificial canal in the world.
Sanxia hydroelectric dam
The world's largest hydroelectric complex "Sanxia" (Three Gorges) is located in the Xiling Gorge on the Yangtze River near the village of Sandouping, administratively subordinate to the city of Yichang, Hubei Province. The Sanxia Dam project consists of two parts: the main structure of the dam and the water release gates, the official start of construction was made in December 1994, and in May 2006, the construction of the Sanxia Dam with a total length of 2309 meters was completed, normal level The water in the reservoir is 175 meters. In July 2012, a particularly high flood peak was recorded at the Sanxia Dam - the volume of water passing through the dam reached 71.2 thousand cubic meters per second. This flood should be considered the heaviest in 9 years since the construction of the reservoir in Sanxia.
Most of China's territory is located in the northern temperate zone, characterized primarily by pronounced seasons and a temperate climate, making it well suited for human habitation. The continental climate, influenced by the monsoons, is main feature climate in China. From September to April, harsh winter winds from Siberia and Mongolia create a dry and cold climate and large temperature differences between north and south.
From April to September, warm and humid summer monsoons arrive from the eastern and south seas, at this time it is hot and rainy, the temperature difference between north and south is insignificant.
The climate of China includes 6 climatic zones: equatorial, tropical, subtropical, warm-temperate, temperate and cold-temperate. Rainfall gradually decreases from the south-east to the north-west, with large differences in average annual rainfall across all parts of the country, with coastal areas in the south-east having rainfall levels of 1500 mm and those in the north-west receiving less than 200 mm.
China is rich in lakes. Most of them are located on the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze and in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Plain lakes are usually freshwater, the largest of which are Poyanghu, Dongtinghu, Taihu and Hongzehu. China's largest freshwater lake, Poyang Lake, is located in the north of Jiangxi Province. The lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are mostly salty, these are Qinghaihu (Kukunor), Namuhu (Namtso), Qilinhu (Selling), etc. The largest salt lake in the country is Qinghaihu (northeast of the Qinghai province). However, due to climate change, there is a tendency to reduce the area of some lakes.
Land resources
China is extremely rich in land resources. Its territory includes arable land, forests, steppes, deserts, etc. Arable land is concentrated in the east of China, steppes are located mainly in the west and north, forests are located in the remote northeastern and southwestern regions. Currently, the area of cultivated land in China is about 121.72 million hectares. The area of pastures in China is about 400 million hectares, which is equal to 41.7% of the total area of the country. The forest area in China is approximately 195.45 million hectares, i.e. 20.36% of the total area. In terms of the total area of arable land, pastures and forests, China ranks among the first in the world, but in per capita terms this figure is very low. This primarily applies to the area of arable land - this figure is less than a third of the world average per capita.
Agricultural areas. The main agricultural areas are the Northeast and North China Plains, the middle and lower Yangtze Plains, the Pearl River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. Wheat, corn, soybeans, kaoliang, sugar beets and bast crops are cultivated in the Northeast Plain. The North China Plain produces rich harvests of wheat, corn, millet, cotton and other crops. The plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze are low and flat, with many lakes and rivers. This is an ideal place for growing many crops, including jellied rice; bred in reservoirs here different kinds freshwater fish. This area is rightly called the “land of rice and fish.” Tea and mulberries are also grown here. The Sichuan Basin, known as the “Heavenly Kingdom,” has a warm, humid climate that produces good harvests of jellied rice, rapeseed and sugarcane all year round. The Pearl River Delta produces two to three bountiful rice harvests per year.
Natural forest areas. The largest forest areas are located in the Greater and Lesser Khingan regions, in the Changbai Mountains in northeast China, where deciduous and coniferous forests are located. The second largest forests extend in the southwest, where spruce, fir, and Yunnan pine grow. Xishuangbanna in southern Yunnan is known for its tropical coniferous forests, rare in China; More than 5 thousand forest plants grow there, which is why it is called the “plant kingdom.”
Natural pastures. In the steppe zone, stretching for several thousand km from the northeast to the southwest of the country, a large number of cattle breeding and livestock breeding bases have been created. The largest natural pastures are located in Inner Mongolia, where Sanhe bulls and horses, as well as Mongolian sheep, are bred. Xinjiang is also an important breeding base for elite livestock breeds, where the famous Ili horse and Xinjiang fine-fleece sheep are bred.
Minerals
China is rich in mineral resources: here, as they say, “almost the entire periodic table is presented.” Currently, 172 types of minerals have been discovered in China, reserves of 159 types of them have been confirmed, including in proven reserves of 20 types of mineral raw materials, China occupies a leading position in the world, and in 12 types of minerals, including tungsten, tin, antimony, rare earth metals , magnesite, graphite, barite - first place. China's base coal reserves are 279.39 billion tons, and coal deposits are mainly located in North and Northwestern China, particularly in Shanxi Province, Shaanxi Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, where Coal reserves are especially rich; Basic iron ore reserves are 22.232 billion tons, with the most significant deposits located in the north, northeast and southwest of the country.
In terms of diversity of wild animal species, China ranks one of the first in the world. It is home to more than 6,481 species of vertebrates, including 2,404 species of land vertebrates and 3,862 species of fish, representing about 10% of the vertebrate species living on Earth. In China, there are 32 thousand species of higher plants alone. Among them are more than 7 thousand species of tree plants (including 2.8 thousand species of trees). In China, there are more than 2 thousand species of edible plants and over 3 thousand species of medicinal plants. Among them are almost all plants characteristic of the cold, temperate and tropical climates of the Northern Hemisphere.
Endemics of China
The giant panda, golden monkey, South China tiger, brown hen, Manchurian crane, red-footed ibis, white dolphin, Chinese alligator and other rare fauna are endemic to China. Unique species unique to China include Metasequoia glyptostrobovidae, Glyptostrobus chinensis, Chinese argyrophylla, cunningamia, false larch, Taiwanese fluusiana, Fujian cypress, Davidia, Eucommia, "Xishu". Metasequoia glyptostroboid is included in the list of the world's rarest relict plants. False larch grows in the mountainous regions of the Yangtze basin, on its short branches there are bunches of leaves that are shaped like coppers, green in spring and summer, yellow in autumn. False larch is one of the rare species of landscape trees in the world.
Relief and minerals
China is one of the world's most resource-rich countries. Here they mine: coal, oil, magnesium and iron ores, tungsten, copper, graphite and tin. The country's largest deposits of coal (which in its origin dates back to the Jurassic period) and oil (mostly of the Mesozoic and Meso-Cenozoic periods) are concentrated within the Sinai shield. The largest deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals, of which the tungsten deposit, which ranks first in size in the world, is located within the South China Massif; antimony, tin, mercury, molybdenum, manganese, lead, zinc, copper and etc. And in the Tien Shan, Mongolian Altai, Kunlun, Khingan there are deposits of gold and other precious metals.
Agroclimatic resources
One of the main factors influencing the climatic characteristics of China is, first of all, the country’s position within three zones: temperate, subtropical and tropical. In addition, the large size of the mainland and inland areas, as well as the coastal location of the eastern and southern regions, has a significant impact.
The average January temperature ranges from -4 and below in the North (and in the North of the Greater Khingan to -30) and up to +18 in the South. In summer, the temperature regime is more varied: the average July temperature in the North is +20, and in the South +28.
Annual precipitation decreases as you move from the Southeast (2000 mm in the Southeast, mainland China, 2600 mm on Hainan Island) to the Northwest (on the Tarim Plain in some places up to 5 mm or less).
Based on the temperature regime in China, a distinction is made between the southern and northern parts. The first has a moderate and warm climate even in winter, and the second has cold winters and a sharp temperature contrast between summer and winter. Based on the annual amount of precipitation, the eastern, relatively humid, and western arid zones are distinguished.
Land resources
In many ways, the climatic and topographic features of the country have determined the wide variety of soils in China. The western part is characterized by desert-steppe complexes. Outside the Tibetan part, chestnut and brown soils of dry steppes, as well as dry-brown deserts, predominate, with significant areas of rocky or saline areas. A characteristic feature of this part of China is the predominance of gray soils, mountain chestnut and mountain meadow soils. On the Tibetan Plateau, high-mountain desert soils are more common.
For the eastern part of China, soils associated with forest associations are typical, and the most common in this territory are: soddy-podzolic, brown forest - in the mountains and dark-colored meadow - on the plains of the Northeast. Yellow soils, red soils and laterites, mainly in mountain varieties, are common in the south of the country.
In many ways, the peculiarities of the formation of soil resources in China were influenced by the centuries-old cultivation of the country's oldest agricultural crop, rice, which led to changes in soils and the formation of essentially special varieties, such as “swampy rice” in the South and “eastern carbonate” in the South. Loess plateau.
Water resources
The relief features affected, first of all, the distribution of the country's water resources. The wettest parts are the Southern and Eastern parts, which have a dense and highly branched system. China's largest rivers, the Yangtze and Yellow River, flow through these areas. These also include: Amur, Sungari, Yalohe, Xijiang, Tsagno. The rivers of eastern China are mostly high-water and navigable, and their regime is characterized by uneven seasonal flow - minimum flows in winter and maximum flows in summer. Floods caused by rapid spring and summer snowmelt are common on the plains.
The western, arid part of China is poor in rivers. Basically, they have little water, and navigation on them is poorly developed. Most of the rivers in this area do not flow into the sea, and their flow is episodic. The largest rivers in this area are the Tarim, Black Irtysh, Ili, and Edzin-Gol. The country's largest rivers, carrying their waters to the ocean, are blocked in the Tibetan Plateau.
China is rich not only in rivers, but also in lakes. There are two main types:
tectonic and water-erosive. The former are located in the Central Asian part of the country, and the latter in the Yangtze River system. In the western part of China, the largest lakes are: Lop Nor, Kununor, Ebi-Nur. Lakes are especially numerous on the Tibetan Plateau. Most of the lowland lakes, as well as rivers, are low-water, many without wastewater and are saline. In the eastern part of China the largest are Dongting, Poyanghu, Taihu, located in the Yangtze River basin; Hongzohu and Gaoihu are in the Yellow River basin. During high water, many of these lakes become the country's natural reservoirs.
Flora and fauna
The special geographical position of China, due to which it is located in three zones at once: temperate, subtropical and tropical, influenced not only the formation of climatic conditions, topography and soil resources, but, above all, the diversity and richness of the country's flora and fauna. It is no coincidence that the flora and fauna of China includes more than 30 thousand species of various plants. It is also characteristic that out of 5 thousand tree and shrub species, about 50 are found only in China. There are also numerous relics of ancient flora. China ranks first in the world in terms of diversity of forest species. Such valuable technical species as poppy and tallow trees, tung, camellia oleifera and sumac grow here.
The country is divided into two main parts based on the nature of the vegetation cover: eastern and western. In the eastern part, forest types of vegetation are more common; summer-green broad-leaved forests of various types extend to the north of the Qinling Ridge. In the central part of eastern China there are large plains, the forests here are almost cleared and the lands are plowed.
In the Northeast, taiga-type forests are common. Here you can find pine, birch, dwarf larch, spruce, oak, maple, cedar, cedar, hornbeam, walnut and even Amur velvet.
In the South and Southeast of China there are evergreen subtropical forests in which you can find cypress, amphora laurel, lacquer and tallow trees, as well as the relict quininghami tree. Tropical forests have been preserved in their original form only on the island of Hainan.
One of the features of the flora of China is the contrast between the forest and desert, mostly salt marsh and completely devoid of vegetation areas of the western part. The number of animal species here is not large, although the animal world of China is rich and diverse. It has about 1 thousand 800 species of land animals only. The most common and numerous are deer, elk, leopards, brown bears, wild boars, monkeys, porcupines, gibbons, armadillos and even Indian elephants. The south-eastern territory of the country is richest in animal species.