Pos. ion Ions are charged atoms and atomic groups. The concept of ionic reactions and ion charge. Positive ions in human life
Ions (from the Greek ion - going), electrically charged particles formed as a result of the loss or gain of one or more electrons (or other charged particles) to an atom, molecule, radical or other ion. Positively charged ions are called cations, negatively charged ions are called anions. The term was proposed by M. Faraday in 1834.
Ions represent chemical symbol with the index located at the top right. The index indicates the sign and magnitude of the charge, i.e., the multiplicity of the ion, in units of electron charge. When an atom loses or gains 1, 2, 3... electrons, single-, double- and triple-charged ions are formed, respectively (see Ionization), for example Na +, Ca 2+, Al 3+, Cl -, SO 4 2 - .
Atomic ions are also designated by the chemical symbol of the element with Roman numerals indicating the multiplicity of the ion, in this case the Roman numerals are spectroscopic symbols and their value is greater than the charge value per unit, i.e. NI means a neutral N atom, the ion designation NII means a singly charged N ion + , NIII means N 2+ .
The sequence of ions of different chemical elements containing the same number of electrons forms an isoelectronic series.
Ions can be part of the molecules of substances, forming molecules due to ionic bonds. In the form of independent particles, in an unbound state, ions are found in all states of aggregation substances - in gases (in particular, in the atmosphere), in liquids (in melts and solutions), in crystals. In liquids, depending on the nature of the solvent and solute, ions can exist indefinitely, for example, the Na + ion in aqueous solution table salt NaCl. Salts in the solid state usually form ionic crystals. The crystal lattice of metals consists of positively charged ions, inside which there is an “electron gas”. The interaction energy of atomic ions can be calculated using various approximate methods that take into account interatomic interaction.
The formation of ions occurs during the process of ionization. To remove an electron from a neutral atom or molecule, it is necessary to expend a certain energy, which is called ionization energy. The ionization energy divided by the electron charge is called the ionization potential. Electron affinity is the opposite characteristic of ionization energy and shows the magnitude of the binding energy of an additional electron in a negative ion.
Neutral atoms and molecules are ionized under the influence of quanta of optical radiation, X-ray and g-radiation, electric field when colliding with other atoms, particles, etc.
In gases, ions are formed mainly under the influence of impacts of high-energy particles or during photoionization under the influence of ultraviolet, x-rays and g-rays (see Ionizing radiation). The ions formed in this way are short-lived under ordinary conditions. At high temperatures, ionization of atoms and ions (thermal ionization, i.e. thermal dissociation with electron separation) can also occur as an equilibrium process in which the degree of ionization increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure. The gas then turns into a plasma state.
Ions in gases play a large role in many phenomena. IN natural conditions ions are formed in the air under the influence of cosmic rays, solar radiation or electrical discharge (lightning). The presence of ions, their type and concentration affect many physical properties of air and its physiological activity.
AIR IS THE PASTURE OF LIFE
Air is a mixture of gases that forms a protective shell around the Earth, called the atmosphere.
Air necessary for life on Earth - for breathing and for plant nutrition. Air also protects the Earth's surface from dangerous ultraviolet radiation Sun. Air consists of nitrogen - 78%, oxygen - 21%, other gases - 1%.
The oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. In order to become stable, it needs to fill its shell with two more electrons, so an air oxygen molecule easily attaches 1 or 2 free elements to itself, ionizes and turns into an oxygen air ion (anion) of negative polarity. Ions are atoms or molecules that have lost or gained an electron, resulting in a positive or negative charge.
By losing or gaining one or more electrons, an atom becomes an ion. All ions are electrically charged particles. Charge in an ion occurs because the number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons becomes different.
An atom that has lost an electron becomes a positively charged ion - a cation (from the Greek kation, literally - going down). An atom that has acquired an electron becomes a negatively charged ion - an anion (from the Greek anion, literally going up).
Atmospheric air always contains both negative and positive particles. The main source of this natural ionization is those present in the air:
1. Gaseous decay products of radium and thorium in the air. They cause the dissociation of air molecules, giving rise to negatively charged oxygen molecules called light air ions.
2. Gamma radiation from radium salts located in the surface layer earth's crust in negligible quantities. It has been established that almost all rocks are radioactive. Natural waters also contain salts of radioactive substances.
3. Solar radiation.
4. Ultraviolet light from the Sun.
5. Cosmic rays.
6. Electrical discharges in the atmosphere (lightning, discharges on mountain tops).
7. Crushing and spraying of water over waterfalls, the surface of the sea during surf and high tide, sea storms, and rain - this is the balloelectric effect.
8. Triboelectric effect - mutual friction of grains of sand, dust particles, snow, hail.
9. Decay organic matter, various chemical reactions, BUY
flowing on the soil surface, water evaporation.
In the mountain air near waterfalls, stormy rivers, and on the seashore during intense surf, the number of light negatively charged anions increases sharply. It is enough to stay in negatively ionized air for several minutes, and the electrical potential of all cells in the body begins to increase and then remains at the achieved level for a long time.
This means that the electrostatic “baggage” of the body can be controlled.
Under the influence of oxygen of negative polarity, the quality of organ functions and the general neuropsychic state of the body changes.
How do negative ions affect humans?
* help a person feel better physically and psychologically
*helps cope with stress
* relieve muscle pain
* increase sexual activity
* help fight aggression and fatigue
* have some analgesic effect
*help in regulating blood pressure
* beneficial effect on skin condition
* reduce cellular sclerosis
* help with coronary and respiratory problems, sore throats, etc.
* help improve metabolism
Anions help cure many diseases. These are diseases of the cardiovascular system, from which not only older people began to suffer, these are hypertension and angina pectoris, which also became younger. The success of the treatment of hypertensive and hypotonic diseases is determined by the fact that negative oxygen ions stabilize the functional state of the central nervous system and hemodynamic center, change the tone of vascular smooth muscles, reduce cholesterol levels. Ionized air has a beneficial effect on the human respiratory and ENT systems; sore throat, seasonal catarrh, and even the initial stages of tuberculosis can be treated with aeroion therapy. Anions increase working capacity, stimulate a good appetite and force the intestines to function properly, and also enhance metabolism in the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract by more than 50%, and this accelerates the rate of regeneration and eliminates ulcerative defects. Neuroses, insomnia, migraines, irritability, fatigue recede under the influence of anions, which reduce the excitability of the nervous system (including the autonomic one) and stabilize its tone at an optimal level. Negative oxygen ions have a good effect in vegetative-endocrine disorders. Negative oxygen ions can also give good results in cosmetology; they improve skin turgor and lead to the disappearance of premature wrinkles
How do negative oxygen ions affect the cardiovascular system?
Most cardiovascular diseases are associated with impaired blood clotting and the integrity of the walls of blood vessels. Blood components have a negative charge, which prevents them from sticking to each other. With the loss of charge, blood viscosity increases and blood clots form. At the same time, cholesterol is deposited in the walls of blood vessels, the vessels lose their elasticity, and their lumen narrows. This is precisely the cause of blood pressure disorders, heart attacks and strokes.
Negative oxygen ions restore the electrical charge on the blood cells, and blood flow returns to normal. Experiments have shown that when air ions are inhaled, the vessels remain elastic and atherosclerotic plaques do not form.
Thus, negative oxygen ions have an antithrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic effect, which helps reduce the risk of cardiovascular accidents.
When treating hypertension with oxygen ions A.L. Chizhevsky noted a decrease in blood pressure in patients by 10-20 units after the first session. Then the pressure rose almost to the initial level, and after 30-35 sessions it steadily returned to normal. Moreover, the results were more successful, the worse the initial condition of the patients.
Why do light air ions help preserve youth?
Over the years, significant changes occur in the human body: the amount of water in tissues decreases, the electrical charge of cells decreases, tissue electrical exchange deteriorates, that is, a gradual electrical discharge of the body occurs. All these changes are characteristic of aging.
This means that if you slow down the electrical discharge by constantly breathing air with the optimal amount of air ions, you can stop old age.
In the laboratories of Mordovia State University, it was established that oxygen ions reduce the content of free radicals in the blood, which destroy cell molecules and lead to aging.
Professor University of California M. Rose discovered a regenerator gene that renews cells. With age, its activity decreases, which leads to aging. It is possible that the extension of life by oxygen ions is due to the fact that they increase the activity of the regenerator gene.
One way or another, constant use of an air ionizer gives a person several additional years of life: breathing and skin condition improve, wrinkles recede, and hair stops falling out.
In the first experiments A.L. Chizhevsky (1918-1924), experimental animals that inhaled negative oxygen ions lived 42% longer than their counterparts, and the period of activity and vigor was extended. A.L. Chizhevsky calculated that it takes 180 years for the electrical potential of cells to drop to a level incompatible with life. This is the life span allotted to man by nature.
Numerous electrometric observations have shown that in 1 cm3 of air:
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Wild forest and natural waterfall |
10,000 ions/cc |
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Mountains and sea coast |
5,000 ions/cc |
|
Countryside |
700-1,500 ions/cc |
|
City Park Center |
400-600 ions/cc |
|
Park alleys |
100-200 ions/cc |
|
Urban area |
40-50 ions/cc |
|
Air-conditioned indoor spaces |
0-25 ions/cc |
The concentration of negatively charged ions and its effect on human health:
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100,000 - 500,000 ions/cc |
A natural therapeutic effect is achieved |
|
50,000 - 100,000 ions/cc |
Gains the ability to sterilize, deodorize, and destroy toxins. |
|
5,000 - 50,000 ions/cc |
Beneficial effect on strengthening the human immune system, helping to fight diseases |
|
1,000 - 2,000 ions/cc |
Providing the basis for a healthy existence |
|
Less than 50 ions/cc |
Prerequisite for psychological disorders |
The average lifespan of anions is 46-60 seconds. In clean air - 100 seconds or more.
Anions are fast-moving. The average speed of their movement is 1-2 cm/sec. The mobility of a negatively charged ion is hundreds of times greater than the mobility of positively charged ions.
Numerous observations show that ionization of negative polarity dramatically improves the physiological state of experimental animals, while the predominance of positive charges with a deficiency of negative ones turns out to be harmful for them.
This action of ions, as is known, was discovered and used at the beginning of the last century by the great Russian scientist Chizhevsky. He proposed enriching indoor air with negative ions using the air ionizers and negative ion generators he designed. He believed that it was especially important to do this in stone buildings containing an excess of positive ions and a lack of negative ones.
Air ions were first “offered” to animals on January 2, 1919. The first results were obtained very quickly: “negative air ions have a good effect on the body, but positive ions, on the contrary, are harmful to health, negatively affect height, weight, appetite, behavior and appearance animals."
After a series of experiments, Chizhevsky came to the conclusion that aero-ionization could become a significant factor in solving the problem of maintaining health and prolonging human life.
This is how the well-known Chizhevsky chandelier appeared.
Modern habitat
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Large cities, large traffic flows, air pollution, smoking, clothing and furniture made of synthetic fabrics; modern construction and finishing materials, central heating and cooling systems in unventilated high-rise office and residential buildings are our habitat, leaving almost no negative ions for a healthy life. The Earth's electric field causes the migration of charged particles in the atmosphere. And if positive ions are attracted to the Earth, then negative ones are repelled from it. When sharp temperature fluctuations occur, the balance of ions in the atmosphere is disturbed: the number of negative ones decreases and the number of positive ones increases. These changes are reflected in our well-being. One of the factors that influence air ionization is wind. Biometeorologists say that during periods of prevailing warm winds, people are more likely to experience depression. At this time, the number of heart attacks, suicides and aggression increases. Some hospitals in southern Germany even banned operations within 24 hours due to the expected winds. Man, like any living organism, has his own “shell” of electric charges appropriate surface density. An excess of positively charged ions around a person leads to a “discharge” of the body and destruction of its electrical balance. Aeroions penetrate the body through the skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of positive ions for 20 minutes causes cough, headache and runny nose. Positive ions can cause improper functioning of the thyroid gland, cause depression, insomnia, and tachycardia. Why is this happening? It has been noted that people who are in an atmosphere of positive ions begin to produce serotonin, a hormone that is responsible for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Oversaturation with serotonin (also called the “stress hormone”) leads to nervous exhaustion, a typical disease of the 21st century. Negative ions accelerate the oxidative degradation of serotonin, while positive ions have the opposite effect and deactivate enzymes that damage serotonin. An increase in serotonin levels causes: A) tachycardia B) increased blood pressure B) bronchospasm, up to an asthma attack D) increased intestinal motility D) increased sensitivity to pain E) increased aggressiveness The decrease in serotonin levels is calming and increases the body's defenses against various infections (for example, influenza). Negative ions lead to an increase in hemoglobin/oxygen affinity, and the oxygen pressure in the blood increases, but the dioxide pressure partially decreases. This leads to a decrease in breathing rate and increases the metabolism of water-soluble vitamins. Additionally, negative ions cause the body's pH levels to increase, making body fluids more alkaline. Due to air pollution, there are even fewer negative ions. There are dangerously few negative ions in city air, the natural ratio of positive and negative ions is disrupted - 5:4, so people are inevitably and constantly poisoned by positive ions. More than half of the urban population suffers without realizing why they are not feeling their best. In country air there are about 6,000 dust particles per 1 ml, and in industrial cities there are millions of dust particles in 1 ml of air. Dust destroys air ions that strengthen human health. And first of all, dust “eats” negative ions, because Dust is positively charged and is attracted to negative ions, which turns the light negative ion into a harmful heavy ion. Regular measurements on the main streets of St. Petersburg, Dublin, Munich, Paris, Zurich and Sydney show that at noon there are only 50 - 200 light ions per 1 cm³, this is 2-4 times lower than the norm necessary for normal well-being. How does ion depletion work in closed space back in the late 30s, Japanese scientists from the Imperial University demonstrated. Hokkaido. The temperature, amount of oxygen and humidity in the room could be changed, and negative ions could be gradually removed. 14 men and women aged 18-40 were in this room. Temperature, humidity and oxygen levels were at optimal levels and negative ions began to be removed from the air. The subjects felt ailments ranging from a simple headache, fatigue and increased sweating to a feeling of anxiety and low blood pressure. Everyone stated that the room was stuffy with “dead” air. The second group was in a cinema, where in a full theater, due to dust and a large number of people, there were almost no naturally occurring light negative ions left. After the end of the film, the audience felt an unpleasant headache and sweating. These people were taken to a room in which negative ions were generated, and soon they felt lighter, their headaches and sweating disappeared. The next time, scientists sent people into a crowded cinema hall, and when many began to complain of headaches and sweating, negative ions were released into the air of the hall from several places. The number of negative ions has reached 500 - 2500 per 1 cubic meter. see. After 1.5 hours of the film, those suffering from headaches and sweating completely forgot about them and felt good. Psychiatrists and psychologists have been talking about the enormous size of the problem of “worry” for the last 20 years. To some level, anxiety is normal and fundamental to human survival. But the level of anxiety became much higher than “healthy”. The symptoms of positive ion poisoning are very similar to those with which doctors are treated for anxiety psychoneurosis: unreasonable restlessness, insomnia, unexplained depression, irritability, sudden panic, attacks of absurd uncertainty and constant colds. A doctor at the Catholic University of Argentina treated patients suffering from classic anxiety with negative ions. They all complained of inexplicable fears and tension, typical of anxiety psychoneurosis. After 10-20 15-minute sessions of negative ion air treatment, anxiety symptoms disappeared completely in 80% of patients. According to Japanese researchers, positive ions are the cause of many cardiovascular and nervous diseases. Very good results have been obtained in treating the respiratory tract thanks to the spraying of water in clean air with simultaneous negative ionization. It is recommended to take this hydroionization twice a day for half an hour. Negative ions treat psychoneuroses and relieve stress. And recently, doctors studied the effect of air ionization on lactation. It turned out that women who were unable to breastfeed regained this ability after ion therapy. Under the influence of negative ions, hormonal balance in the body is also restored, which, in turn, increases resistance to disease and stress. Japanese oncologists put forward new theory fight against cancer. It is based on the effect on the body of negative ions, which stimulate the production of antioxidants that eliminate carcinogenic substances. This theory was developed based on research conducted by a team of scientists led by Kenji Tazawa, a professor at the Toyama University of Medicine and Pharmacology, and Professor Noboru Horiuchi, director of a cancer clinic in Sakaide (Kagawa Prefecture). A detailed report on the study results was made at the Japan Cancer Association conference in Nagoya. As Professor Horiuchi explains, if a person is in a room saturated with negative ions, under their influence his body produces an antioxidant called ubiquinol. Ubiquinol destroys highly active molecules and ions formed from oxygen. Scientists call these compounds " active oxygen". "Active oxygen damages cellular proteins and thus stimulates a process that leads to the formation of a cancerous tumor," says Horiuchi. But ubiquinol affects active oxygen before it begins to affect proteins, that is, it makes it safe. The scientists conducted their experiment in two rooms. One room had a negative ion generator installed, while the other room did not have such a generator. The generator produced 27 thousand ions per 1 cubic centimeter in a range of 3 meters. Thanks to the generator in the room, the volume of ion saturation increased by 27 times. 11 people with an athletic build were invited to participate in the experiment, since it is athletes who have an increased content of active oxygen in the body. Over the course of six nights, five people slept in the ionized room and six people slept in the normal room. On the last day, blood and urine tests were taken from each participant in the experiment. The experiment showed that all those in the ionized room had levels of ubiquinol in their bodies that were five times higher than those in the control group. "This once again confirms that negative ions interact with active oxygen and do not allow it to exert negative impact on the body," the scientists said. |
Recently, American psychoanalysts drew attention to one feature of their patients: in those who complain of a gloomy mood, the right nostril is wider than the left. We checked how things were going with the optimists, and it turned out that their left nostril, on the contrary, is wider than the right. This random observation, analyzed together with physiologists and otolaryngologists, made it possible to put forward an original hypothesis about the connection between the method of nasal breathing and the mental state of a person.
What does which nostril he inhales have to do with a person’s mood? And in general, maybe he breathes at the same time with both, or alternately with one or the other. Indeed, at first glance, the hypothesis of American psychoanalysts is perceived as a hoax. But let's give the floor to the experts.
According to otolaryngologists, according to statistics, in most people the right nostril is slightly wider than the left, and many breathe predominantly through the right nostril. Moreover, as a result of a deviated nasal septum, breathing through the left nostril is much more difficult.
According to some physiologists, it’s all about saturating the body with ions. When breathing air, positive and negative ions enter the human body. At the same time, a person’s nose works as a filter: when breathing through the nose, negative ions enter the body mainly through the left nostril, and positive ones through the right.
The right and left halves of the nose differ in the acuity of smell. Greater sensitivity of the left side of the nose to odors was found in 71% of adults, the right side in 13%, equal sensitivity in 16%. For children, the numbers are completely different: 35%, 30% and 35%, respectively. As we can see, the asymmetry of the sense of smell in adults doubles compared to children. Scientists explain this by the curvature of the nasal septum, which occurs in most people after 30-40 years.
It is known that air enriched with negative ions has a beneficial effect on the general health and psyche of a person. Negative ions are called ions of health and good mood. It is believed that the lack of negatively charged ions in the air of unventilated rooms (and therefore an excess of positive ions) causes considerable harm to the body.
Negative ions, which are abundant in the fresh air, increase the tone of the autonomic nervous system through receptors in the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. As a result, vitality increases, vigor and good mood appear. That is why on the seashore, in the forest or even in the city after a thunderstorm, we breathe in the life-giving air with pleasure. Why? Because it is enriched with negatively charged ions.
According to yogis, for most people, when waking up in the morning, only the left nostril, corresponding to the lunar side of a person, functions. At noon they breathe through both nostrils. In the evening, when you go to bed, the right nostril functions, interacting with the solar side.
We are accustomed to the fact that our mood rises or falls only due to external factors, weather, food, shopping, watching a movie, troubles or success at work. An invited toastmaster to a wedding lifts the spirits of hundreds of guests, and a humorous program brings a smile to the face of thousands of viewers! What happens if external factors are excluded, leaving a person with himself?
Psychologists, having connected the data they had, came to a practical conclusion: you can improve your mood with the help of breathing.
It is necessary to increase the flow of negative ions through the left nostril and at the same time make it difficult for positive ions to flow through the right nostril. To do this, it is enough to periodically close your right nostril for a few minutes and breathe only with your left.
This recommendation is so simple that everyone can immediately try it for themselves. First, breathe alternately through your right and left nostrils to compare the ease of air passage. It’s good if air flows noticeably easier through your left nostril. But even if this is not the case, do not be sad. Press your right nostril with your finger or insert a swab into it and breathe through your left nostril for two to three minutes. After several such sessions at intervals of about half an hour, you will probably feel that your mood is improving.
One might suspect that this happens due to self-hypnosis. But the test showed that it plays only a minor role. To verify the validity of the hypothesis, experiments were carried out during sleep, when our consciousness turns off. The subjects had a tampon inserted into their right nostril overnight, and in the morning even those who were prone to depression woke up in a good mood.
This conclusion of Western psychotherapists surprisingly coincides with the ideas of Eastern healers. Master instructor of the healing Tao Sergei Oreshkin, to whom many secrets of Eastern medicine were revealed, tells how to fall asleep correctly:
Every person should know his or her sleepy nostril. Usually it's on the left. Why? Because the left nostril is directly connected to the right hemisphere. While we are awake, we solve many issues, straining the left hemisphere, which is responsible for logic. Sleep time is given to us in order to balance these two hemispheres. When we begin to breathe more actively through the left nostril, we energize our right hemisphere
As you know, in the East they pay great attention to proper breathing. It is taught for a long time and painstakingly to those who want to master yoga. But there are also simplified breathing techniques that are more accessible to western man. One of them, proposed by Richard Hitleman, helps to quickly relieve tension and relax. Hitleman calls this technique alternate nostril breathing.
Place the index and middle fingers of your right hand on the middle of your forehead. In this case, the thumb will be on the right side of the nose, and the ring and little fingers on the left.
1. Pinch your right nostril with your thumb. Take a slow, deep breath in through your left nostril, allowing your lungs to replenish as you count to eight.
2. Pinch your left nostril (both are now closed) and hold your breath for eight seconds.
3. Release the right nostril (while keeping the left one closed) and exhale evenly through the right nostril for a count of eight.
4. Having finished exhaling, do not stop, but immediately begin inhaling through the right nostril, counting eight seconds.
5. Pinch both nostrils and hold your breath for a count of eight.
6. Now exhale through the left nostril for eight seconds.
Do all these steps in reverse, that is, start by inhaling through the right nostril (clamping the left nostril).
This alternating breathing seems to equalize the activity between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. According to my own observations, it not only relaxes but also improves your mood.
Scheme of calming alternating breathing by R. Hitleman
Inhale from the left......8
Pause...............8
Exhale to the right...8
Inhale to the right.....8
Pause...............8
Exhale to the left.....8
Tysinyuk N.M. About the chemical composition of light ions and their effect on people’s well-being
Millions of people, especially in old age, experience periodic deterioration in health, often coinciding with sudden changes in weather. Chronic diseases are aggravated, long-healed wounds ache, pain is felt in the joints and muscles, mental and neurological diseases are exacerbated, the performance of even healthy people decreases, the accident rate in transport and production increases, mortality increases for a variety of reasons, especially with cardiovascular diseases . Drastic changes Even small children feel the weather. The influence of weather conditions is usually explained by changes atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity. It is easy to prove that these weather parameters in most cases have nothing to do with human suffering. IN Everyday life We are affected by significantly larger fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, temperature and air humidity, but we don’t even notice it. Having taken the elevator to the top floor, a person experiences in a few seconds such a change in atmospheric pressure that does not occur in nature. We experience the same thing with regard to temperature and air humidity when we leave the apartment outside on a frosty day.
Consequently, pain in people is caused by other factors that are associated with weather changes. These factors are the so-called light ions. It has long been known that ions affect living organisms. Russian scientist A.L. Chizhevsky experimentally proved that the effect of ions on humans and animals depends on their charge sign. Negative ions have a beneficial effect on living organisms. This property of ions is used to treat certain respiratory diseases. Positive ions cause exacerbation of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. The mechanism of this effect remains not fully understood.
Let's try to explain the reason for the ambiguous influence of ions of different charge signs on people's well-being. To resolve this issue, it is necessary, first of all, to determine chemical composition light ions. As you know, the air contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and about 1% other gases. As a result of the action ionizing radiation of terrestrial and cosmic origin, neutral molecules of air gases are ionized to form a free electron and a positive molecular ion. In the process of chaotic movement, neutral oxygen molecules collide and stick to the electron. Nitrogen molecules do not stick to the electron and negative ion because they have no electron affinity. This is physical property molecular nitrogen. Thus, negative light ions consist of several tens of oxygen molecules with a small admixture of gases other than nitrogen.
Approximately the same number of neutral molecules of these gases adhere to the positive molecular ions of oxygen and nitrogen. But, firstly, there is 3.7 times more nitrogen in the air than oxygen, so the probability of the former sticking is just as many times greater. Secondly, a neutral nitrogen molecule has a proton affinity energy 15% greater than an oxygen molecule (4.8 and 4.1 electron volts, respectively), so it sticks more energetically to positive ions, displacing oxygen molecules. As a result, positive light ions are formed, consisting mainly of nitrogen molecules.
Thus, the chemical composition of light ions is determined by their charge: negative ions consist of oxygen molecules, and positive ions consist of nitrogen molecules.
We explain the influence of light ions on people’s well-being not by their charge, but by their chemical composition.
Negative ions consisting of oxygen, entering the blood, enhance oxidative processes, facilitate breathing, and have a beneficial effect on the entire body.
Neutral nitrogen does not dissolve in the blood and, when exhaled, is completely excreted without changes. Positive ions, consisting of nitrogen molecules, dissolve well in liquids, including blood. When they enter the blood during respiration, they break down into individual nitrogen molecules. Not related to others chemical elements Nitrogen in people with weak kidney function is not excreted from the body, fills blood vessels and capillaries in the form of microbubbles, and accumulates in the heart area, creating additional difficulties in blood circulation. This is felt in the form of malaise, headaches, increased blood pressure, and so on.
Under normal conditions, when the concentration of ions in the atmosphere does not exceed 10 3 ions per 1 cm 3, an insignificant amount of nitrogen enters the blood, which does not create any special problems for well-being and health. With a significant increase in the number of ions in the atmosphere, the concentration of nitrogen entering the body may exceed the ability of the kidneys to remove it from the body. In this case, there is a gradual accumulation of free nitrogen in the blood. The state of health of people with cardiovascular and other diseases worsens several hours after the onset of this factor, and sometimes even after it stops, when a sufficient amount of nitrogen has accumulated in the blood. Therefore, it is often difficult to link deterioration in well-being with the factor that caused this deterioration.
The concentration of light ions in the atmosphere, including positive ones, depends on weather conditions, the level radioactive contamination terrain, as well as from corpuscular and hard electromagnetic radiation coming to Earth from the Sun and from Space. The Moon makes certain adjustments to the corpuscular flow entering the Earth. That is why we link our well-being to the weather, solar activity, phases of the moon and increased radioactive background. The influence of the latter factor was felt by thousands of people in conditions of radioactive contamination of the area and air as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Small doses of ionizing radiation, which ionize and destroy the components of cells, are practically not felt by a person until a disease of some organ occurs. Sensitivity to low doses of radiation is caused by the above positive light ions produced in the air as a result of ionizing radiation. The mechanism of influence of positive light ions on people’s well-being operates regardless of their origin: high-energy charged particles of the Solar or Of cosmic origin, convective or other phenomena in the atmosphere or radioactive decay products of man-made or natural origin. A person, depending on age, the state of the cardiovascular system and the performance of the kidneys, to one degree or another feels an increased concentration of positive ions.
The influence of light ions on people’s well-being can be eliminated or reduced by using special filters that purify the inhaled air from positive ions.
In addition to positive light ions, other natural factors also affect our well-being. We are talking about so-called biologically active radiation. These radiations have a global impact on all biological objects, including humans. The mechanism of influence of biologically active radiation on people’s well-being is completely different from that of positive ions, but the occurrence of these radiations is associated with the same weather conditions, solar activity and, to some extent, depends on the phases of the Moon.
L I T E R A T U R A
1.Yagodinsky V.N. Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevsky. M.Science. 1987. 315 p.
2. Radzig A.A., Smirnov B.M. Handbook of Atomic and molecular physics. M. Atomizdat. 1980. 240 p.
3. Tverskoy P.N. Meteorology course. L. Gidrometizdat. 1962. 693 p.
Almost everyone has seen an advertisement for the so-called “Chizhevsky chandelier,” which increases the number of negative ions in the air. However, after school, not everyone accurately remembers the ions themselves - these are charged particles that have lost the neutrality characteristic of normal atoms. And now a little more detail.
"Wrong" atoms
As you know, the number in the periodic table is associated with the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Why not electrons? Because the number and completeness of electrons, although they affect the properties of the atom, do not determine it fundamental properties associated with the core. There may not be enough electrons, or there may be too many. Ions are just atoms with the “wrong” number of electrons. Moreover, paradoxically, those with a lack of electrons are called positive, and those with an excess are called negative.
A little about names
How do ions arise? This is a simple question - there are only two ways of education. Either the chemical way or the physical way. The result can be a positive ion, which is often called a cation, and a negative ion, respectively, an anion. A single atom or an entire molecule, which is also considered an ion of a special polyatomic type, can have a deficiency or excess of charge.
If ionization of a medium occurs, for example, a gas, then there are quantitatively proportional ratios of electrons and positive ions in it. But such a phenomenon occurs rarely (during a thunderstorm, near a flame); gas in such an altered state does not exist for long. Therefore, in general, air ions capable of reacting close to the ground are rare. Gas is a very rapidly changing environment. As soon as the action of the ionizing factors stops, the ions meet each other and again become neutral atoms. This is their normal state.
Aggressive liquid
Ions can be found in large quantities in water. The fact is that water molecules are particles in which the molecule is distributed unevenly; they are dipoles, having on one side positive charge, on the other hand, negative.
And when a soluble substance appears in water, the water molecules, with their poles, electrically act on the added substance, ionizing it. A good example is seawater, in which many substances exist in the form of ions. People have known this for quite a long time. There are a lot of ions in the atmosphere above a certain point; this shell is called the ionosphere. destroys stable atoms and molecules. Particles in an ionized state can impart to all matter. An example is the bright unusual colors of precious stones.
Ions are the basis of life, because the basic process of obtaining energy from ATP is impossible without the creation of electrically unstable particles, itself based on the interactions of ions and many chemical processes, catalyzed by enzymes, occurs only due to ionization. It is not surprising that a person in this state takes some substances orally. A classic example is beneficial silver ions.
IN late XVIII V. English scientist G. Cavendish discovered that when salt is dissolved in water, the electrical conductivity of the solution increases. But only in 1884-1887 did the famous Swedish chemist S. Arrhenius formulate the theory electrolytic dissociation, in which he explained this phenomenon by the dissociation (breakup) of table salt molecules into ions.
Atoms are electrically neutral. But if an atom loses one or more electrons, then it acquires a positive charge, and, conversely, if an atom gains “extra” electrons, it becomes negatively charged.
Ions are charged particles - atoms or groups of chemically bonded atoms - with a deficiency (cations) or excess (anions) of electrons.
Ions are formed as a result of various chemical reactions, as well as when substances with polar bonds are dissolved in polar liquids, such as water (see. Chemical bond). Gases can be ionized by passing high-energy electrons through them. Ionized gas is called plasma.
Back in 1913, using the method of X-ray diffraction (refraction), when studying the crystal structure of table salt, it was established that there are no individual molecules in its crystals, and each Na + ion is surrounded by 6 Cl - ions. Similarly, each chlorine ion is surrounded by 6 sodium ions.
But if table salt consists of ions, then why doesn’t it conduct electric current dry? It turns out that in a solid body ions do not have freedom of movement. Worth destroying crystal lattice When the salt dissolves or melts and the ions begin to move towards the corresponding electrodes, an electric current will appear in the solution.
The properties of ions differ significantly from the properties of the original atoms. There are complex ions, for example the hydroxyl group OH- or the sulfuric acid residue ion SO 4 2-. Some ions are very stable and can exist in liquid, gas and solid phases. Others, such as the ammonium ion NH 4 + or the same hydroxo group OH -, can only exist in solutions and do not exist in a free state.
Depending on the number of missing or excess electrons, ions are divided into singly charged, doubly charged, etc.
Atoms of elements of group I (main subgroup) periodic table easily give up one electron at a time, turning into monovalent positively charged ions. Elements of group II give up two electrons, elements of group III donate three. During electrolysis, positively charged ions move towards the cathode, which is why they are called cations. For the same reason, negatively charged ions moving towards the anode are called anions.