Russian language
Types of subordinate clauses in a sentence. Exercises: Determining the types of subordinate clauses. Grade 9. Circumstantial clauses

Types of subordinate clauses in a sentence. Exercises: Determining the types of subordinate clauses. Grade 9. Circumstantial clauses

Subordinate clause- syntactically dependent predicative part of a complex sentence containing subordinating conjunction or allied word.

For example: Vladimir saw with horror that he drove into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Portray the feeling which I was experiencing at the time, very hard(Korolenko). Used in educational practice term "subordinate clause" usually replaced in theoretical works by the term “subordinate part”(accordingly, instead of “main sentence” - “main part”); This avoids the use of the same term “sentence” in relation to the whole and its individual parts, and also emphasizes the interconnectedness of the structural parts of a complex sentence.

Subordinate clause can be associated with a separate word (group of words) of the main sentence, performing the function of distributing or explaining these members.

For example: She dreams that she is walking through a snowy meadow(Pushkin) (the subordinate clause extends the predicate of the main sentence is dreaming). His nature was one of those who need an audience for a good deed.(L. Tolstoy) (the subordinate clause explains the group of words one of those).

In other cases, the subordinate clause correlates with the entire composition of the main clause.

For example: If grandfather left home, grandmother would arrange the most interesting meetings in the kitchen.(Gorky) (the subordinate clause refers to the main thing as a whole).

A subordinate clause can clarify a word in the main clause that is not a member of the sentence.

For example: Grow, a country where, by the will of a single people, all merged into one people!(Lebedev-Kumach) the subordinate clause refers to the address word country).

A subordinate clause can refer to two main clauses as a whole.

For example: It was already quite dawn and people began to rise when I returned to my room.(L. Tolstoy).

Classification of types of subordinate clauses

There are two types of classifications presented in school textbooks subordinate clauses.

In the complexes of T.A. Ladyzhenskaya and M.M. Razumovsky subordinate clauses are divided into three groups: definitive , explanatory And circumstances ; the latter are divided into subgroups.

In the V.V. complex Babaytseva's subordinate clauses are divided into subject , predicates , definitive , additional And circumstances depending on which member of the sentence is replaced by a subordinate clause (to determine the type of subordinate clause, questions are asked to various members of the sentence).

Since the classification adopted in the complexes of T.A. is more common in the practice of school and pre-university teaching. Ladyzhenskaya and M.M. Razumovskaya, let’s turn to her.

Let's present information about the types of subordinate clauses in the form of a summary table.

Types of subordinate clauses

*1. Definitive* (including pronominal attributives)	Answer questions Which? whose? Who exactly? What exactly? and refer to a noun or pronoun in the main part; most often joined with the help of allied words which, which, whose, where etc. and unions what, to, as if and etc.	The native places where I grew up will forever remain in my heart; That, who does nothing, will achieve nothing; She looked with such a look that everyone was silent.
*2. Explanatory*	They answer questions about indirect cases and usually refer to the predicate in the main part; join through unions what, so, if, if, if etc. and allied words where, where, how many, which and etc.	I soon realized that I was lost; It seemed to him, as if everyone around him was happy about his happiness.
*3. Circumstantial:*
*mode of action, measure and degree*	Answer questions How? how? to what extent? in what degree? how much? and usually refer to one word in the main sentence; join through unions what, to, as if, exactly and allied words how, how much, how much.	We're so tired that we couldn't go further.
*time*	Answer questions When? From what time? until what time? how long? when, while, how, while, as, while, as long as, after, barely, since, only, slightly, before, as soon as, just, just, just, only, just a little, earlier than, before.	Until the rain stops, you will have to stay at home.
places	Answer questions Where? Where? where? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join with the help of allied words where, where, where.	For folklore practice they go to places where the folk traditions of song and tale are still alive.
*goals*	Answer questions For what? for what purpose? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions so that, in order to, in order to, then that, in order, if only, yes, if only.	To avoid getting lost, we went out onto the path.
*causes*	Answer questions Why? from what? for what reason? and usually refer to the entire main clause; are joined with the help of conjunctions because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, because of the fact that, then that, since, for, good, since, in connection with the fact that, especially since .	Because the candle burned weakly, the room was almost dark.
conditions	Answer the question under what condition? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions if, if, when, if, if, how, once, as soon, whether... whether.	If the weather does not improve within 24 hours, the trip will have to be postponed.
*concessions*	Answer questions no matter what? in spite of what? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions although, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let and combinations of pronominal words with a particle no matter how, no matter where, no matter how much, no matter where.	Even though it was already well after midnight b, the guests did not leave; No matter how you rot the tree, it keeps growing.
*comparisons*	Answer questions like what? like who? than what? than who? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join through unions as, just as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, what.	Birch branches reach towards the sun, as if they were holding out their hands to him.
*consequences*	They answer questions about why what happened? what follows from this? and usually refer to the entire main clause; join by union So.	The summer was not very hot so the mushroom harvest should be good.

Subordinate clauses can be attached to the main clause using a particle whether, used in the meaning of a union.

For example: He didn't know if tomorrow would come. Union-particle whether can serve to transfer indirect question:They asked if we would go with them.

REMEMBER: The main thing for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question.

Conjunctions and allied words can add additional shades of meaning to a complex sentence.

For example: The village where Evgeniy was bored was a charming place. This complex sentence with attributive clause , having an additional spatial connotation of meaning.

In the Russian language, there is a group of complex sentences, the subordinate parts of which cannot be called either attributive, explanatory, or adverbial. This complex sentences with subordinate clauses .

Such clauses contain additional, incidental, additional message to the contents of the main part complex sentence. In this sense, such subordinate clauses often approach in meaning to plug-in constructions.

The means of communication in them are allied words what, why, why, why, as a result of which and others, which seem to repeat in a generalized form the content of the main part.

For example: His enemies, his friends, which may be the same thing, he was honored this way and that.(A. Pushkin) The coachman decided to travel along the river, which was supposed to shorten the naked path by three miles. (A. Pushkin)
It is impossible to pose a question to connecting subordinate clauses, since in the main part of a complex sentence there is no word or phrase that would require the presence of a subordinate clause.

Algorithm for determining the type of subordinate clause

1. Determine main part complex sentence.

2. Identify the supporting word in the main part (if there is one).

3. Ask a question from the main part to the subordinate clause:

b) from the predicate in the main part;

c) from a noun or pronoun in the main part;

d) it is impossible to ask a question to a subordinate clause (with adjectives and comparatives).

4. Indicate the means of communication in the subordinate part (conjunctions or allied words).

5. Name the type of subordinate clause.

Which deals with the study of two units: sentences and phrases.

This article will focus specifically on sentence syntax. First, we will find out what the concept of a sentence as a whole means, and then we will talk in more detail about the types of subordinate clauses in the Russian language.

1. The concept of a proposal

Being one of the main ones, it is a set of one or several words, which, as a rule, contain a question (then they are called interrogative), a call to action (incentive) and the transfer of certain information (narrative).

Everything is usually divided into complex (equal) and complex subordinate clauses (these types of subordinate clauses are considered dependent. They are connected using special conjunctions or allied words).

2. How to correctly identify proposals?

By their nature, these units of syntax are very, very diverse. In order to determine, you just need to remember four main signs:

About grammatical meaning;

About the question this sentence answers;

About the part of the sentence to which it can be attributed;

About means of communication.

It is on the basis of these features that syntactic units are divided into circumstantial, attributive, connective and circumstantial.

3. in Russian

1. Definitive. Role performed: characterize the attribute of an object.

The question the sentence answers is: which one?

What does the sentence refer to: a noun.

Conjunctions and allied words: when, from where, where, which, which, whose, what, which.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words are used - any, every, every, such, that.

For example: The camera I bought in Chicago last year takes excellent pictures.

2. Explanatory. Role performed: consider in more detail and complement the meaning of the main sentence.

The question the sentence answers is: what?

What they refer to: a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a single phrase.

Conjunctions and as, as if, so that, what, why, where, what for, when, where.

Other characteristic features: the demonstrative word “that” is used.

For example: I know I can do this.

3. Connecting. Role performed: contains an additional clarification message.

What they apply to: the entire main clause.

Conjunctions and allied words: “why”, “what”, “why”.

4. Detailed types of subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses of this type are quite diverse and therefore also have their own classification:

mode of action and degree

Role performed: indicate the measure, degree and manner of action.

The question the sentence answers is: how? how much? in what degree? How?

What they refer to: a verb or an adjective.

Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “so that”, “what”, “how much”, “how much”, “how”.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “such”, “to such an extent”, “as much”, “so much”, “so”.

For example: He screamed so loudly that he almost deafened those present.

places

Role performed: indicate the location of the action.

The question that these sentences answer is: where? Where? Where?

What do they refer to: the whole sentence or the predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “from where”, “where”, “where”.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “everywhere”, “everywhere”, “there”, “there”.

For example: Where the road ended, the field began.

time

Role performed: indicates the duration of the action.

The question the sentence answers is: until when? When? since when? how long?

Conjunctions and allied words: “until”, “since”, “until”.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - “sometimes”, “once”, “always”, “now”, “then”.

For example: While you were watching TV, I finished reading the newspaper.

conditions

Performed role: denotes the condition under which an action is performed.

The question the sentence answers is: in what case? under what condition?

Conjunctions and allied words: “kohl”, “if”, “times”, “if”, “how”.

For example: If you remind me, I will bring you a book.

causes

Role: Indicates the cause.

The question the sentence answers is: for what reason? from what? Why? because of which?

What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “because”, “because”, “since”.

For example: He went on foot because... I didn’t want to travel in stuffy transport.

comparisons

Role performed: provide explanation through comparison.

The question the sentence answers is: like what?

What does the sentence refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “as”, “than”, “as if”.

For example: He chose to remain silent, like a fish.

Role performed: indicates the purpose of the action.

The question that the sentence answers is: for what? for what purpose? for what? For what?

What they refer to: everything Ch. to a sentence or to a predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “in order to”, “then”, “in order to”.

For example: I want to learn in order to know.

concessions

Role performed: circumstance for performing an action.

The question the sentence answers is: despite what? in spite of what?

What they refer to: the entire main clause or the predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “no matter what”, “despite the fact that”, “what”, “although”, “let”, “no matter how”, “whenever”, “no matter how much”

For example: Although it was cold, he was sweating.

consequences

Role performed: means consequences, result or conclusion.

The question that the sentence answers is: what of this?

What they refer to: everything Ch. proposal.

Conjunctions and allied words: “so”, “therefore”.

For example: Despite my hunger, I will not eat this.

Explanatory clauses answer questions about indirect cases. The main part needs semantic explanation; the main part without a subordinate clause looks unfinished.

Examples: Still, it seems to me that you do not have the right to do this. (it seems that?)

Subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses answer the question which?; delivered not from the main part, but from the noun. In an explanatory clause there is always the word “which” or a word that can be replaced with it.

Examples: She sang tunes that moved me to tears. (what are the motives?)

Subordinate adverbial clauses

Adverbial clauses answer adverb questions. Since there are many adverb questions, we will divide adverbial clauses into subtypes:

The purpose clause answers the question “for what purpose?” The subordinate clause always contains the word “so that”

Examples: To come quickly New Year, we moved the clock hands forward.

Subordinate concession. In a subordinate clause there is always a conjunction “although” or another synonym (despite the fact that, that neither, no matter how...)

Examples: The prince has a stupid face, although many considered him a dull person.

Subordinate clause. The subordinate clause always contains the conjunction “so that”. A comma must be placed before so.

Examples: The boat had no oars, so we had to row it with a board.

Additional reasons. The subordinate reason always contains the conjunction “because” or its synonym (since, because)

Subordinate conditions. There is a conjunction “if”, but sometimes the conjunction “if” can be played by the conjunction “when”.

Examples: If I had known all the consequences, I would not have gotten into the water.

Subordinate modus operandi. Answers the question “how?”, indicates the method of action.

Examples: He ate as if he had not eaten for three days.

Measures and degrees.

Examples: It was so dark that I couldn't see anything.

Subordinate clause of comparison.

Examples: The air occasionally trembled, like disturbed water trembles.

Subordinate clause of time. There is always the question “when?”

Examples: When I woke up, it was already dawn.

Subordinate place. Answers the questions “where? Where? where?"

REMEMBER: The main thing for determining the type of subordinate clauses is the semantic question.

Conjunctions and allied words can add additional shades of meaning to a complex sentence.

Example: The village where Evgeniy was bored was a charming place. — This is a complex sentence with a subordinate attributive, which has an additional spatial connotation of meaning.

In the Russian language, there is a group of complex sentences, the subordinate parts of which cannot be called either attributive, explanatory, or adverbial. These are complex sentences with subordinate clauses.

Such subordinate clauses contain an additional, incidental, additional message to the content of the main part of the complex sentence. In this sense, such subordinate clauses often approach in meaning to plug-in constructions.

The means of communication in them are the conjunctive words that, why, why, why, as a result of which, etc., which seem to repeat in a generalized form the content of the main part.

For example: His enemies, his friends, which may be one and the same thing, honored him this way and that. (A. Pushkin) The coachman decided to travel along the river, which was supposed to shorten the naked journey by three miles. (A. Pushkin)

It is impossible to pose a question to connecting subordinate clauses, since in the main part of a complex sentence there is no word or phrase that would require the presence of a subordinate clause.

Algorithm for determining the type of subordinate clause

1). Determine the main part of a complex sentence.

2). Identify the reference word in the main part (if there is one).

3). Ask the question from the main part to the subordinate clause:

from the content of the main part as a whole;
from the predicate in the main part;
from a noun or pronoun in the main part;
It is impossible to ask a question to a subordinate clause (with adjuncts and comparatives).

4). Indicate the means of communication in the subordinate part (conjunctions or allied words).

), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:

definitive,
explanatory,
circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence),
connecting.

Subordinate clauses

Refers to a noun or pronoun. Answer questions about definitions ( Which? which? which?).
Join using allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from, etc.
And also unions: so that, as if, exactly, as if, etc.

Examples

[The alarm clock rang]. Alarm Which?(Which my grandmother gave to me). [Alarm clock rang()].
which my grandmother gave me Which?[The house burned to the ground]. House (Where I was born).[House(
where I was born ) burned to the ground].[A.S. More than one monument was erected to Pushkin]. A.S. Pushkin which one?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate).
[A.S. Pushkin( Which?, whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated, ) erected more than one monument].[That day my life changed]. In a day

(When I understood everything).

[In that day( when I understood everything).
Join using allied words: ) my life has changed].
And also unions: Explanatory clauses

Examples

Refers to a verb. Answer case questions (

Who? What? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc. who, what, which, whose, where, where, where, how, why, why, how much what, in order, as if, as if, as if, etc. Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.)].
[I'm definitely sure]. Sure in what?(In that the Earth has the shape of a ball). [I'm sure()].
that the earth is spherical in what?[He found out]. Found out What?)].

(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite).

[He found out(

, how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite	[They understood]. Got it	(Why did I do this).	[They understood(	Examples
why did I do this	Adverbial clauses	Common circumstances play a role. Answer detailed questions. Like ordinary circumstances, they are divided into several types:		Subordinate clause type Questions it answers Linking using conjunctions Linking using allied words)].
Mode of action	How? how?	how, what, so that, as if, exactly	[I walked through the freshly fallen snow]. Shel	How? (So that the snowflakes crunched under my feet).[I walked through freshly fallen snow( so that the snowflakes crunched under my feet Measures and degrees how much? in what degree?)].
what how	how much, how much		[He ate a lot of apples]. Ate	how much? (So much so that my stomach hurt later) [He ate(Where I could finally rest). [I got tired of everything and went(there)].
where I could finally rest	Time	When? how long? since when? How long?		when, while, while, as soon as, since, until [The moon rises]. Rising When? (When night falls))].
[Moon rises(	For what? for what purpose?	when night falls		Goals so that (so that)[I took the medicine]. Drank For what?)].
(To cure a cold).	[I took the medicine(	to cure a cold		Causes Why? from what? because, because, since, for [He has changed]. Changed(Why?)].
(Because there was no reason to stay the same).	under what condition?	[He has changed		That's why under what condition? that there was no reason to stay the same Conditions)].
if, when, times	[I will eat this apple]. I'll eat	(If it is not poisoned).	[I'll eat this apple(	, if it is not poisoned [I will eat this apple]. I'll eat Concessions no matter what?)].
although, despite the fact that, let, let	no matter how much, no matter how	[He reached his goal]. Has reached		(Even though I was disturbing him all this time). [He reached his goal(, even though I was disturbing him all this time Consequences)].
And..? hence..?	Questions it answers	So		[I was on top of the world]. Questions it answers And? (So I had no reason to worry).)].

[I was on top of the world(

, so I had no reason to worry
Comparative as if, as if
[She fluttered around the apartment]. fluttered

Examples

(Like a young butterfly flutters, having just learned to fly). [She fluttered around the apartment().
like a young butterfly flutters, having just learned to fly Subordinate clauses).

Apply to the entire main part.

Join with the help of allied words:

what, where, where, where, when, how, why

They supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.
He was worried(

, that's why I couldn't pass the exam successfully

My brother never opened the book during all this time(

Subordinate clause that didn't give me peace of mind see also

Notes Links// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907. Main clause - Dictionary of literary terms

Wikimedia Foundation.

The dependent part of a complex sentence containing a conjunction or a conjunctive word. Refers to the entire main clause or to one word in it (additional, attributive clauses). F.I. Buslaev laid the foundation... ... Literary encyclopedia

- (gram.). This is what is called, in contrast to the main sentence, a sentence that does not have an independent, integral meaning without the main sentence. Syntactic structure of all Indo-European languages shows undoubtedly that the creation of category P... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

subordinate clause- linguistic Part of a complex sentence, syntactically subordinate to the main part (main clause) and connected to it by a conjunction or a conjunctive word. P ot sentence of reason. Conditional sentence... Dictionary of many expressions

subordinate clause- See main sentence... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE- (following clause, German Nachsatz), this is the name, by analogy with the terminology of grammar, the second part of the musical period, corresponding to its first part, which is called the main (previous) sentence and ends for the most part ... ... Riemann's Dictionary of Music

Subordinate clause answering the question which? and relating to a member of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or a substantivized word. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using... ... Dictionary linguistic terms

A subordinate clause that answers any case question and relates to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion: without a subordinate clause, the main clause would be structurally and semantically incomplete. Subordinate clauses... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:

definitive.
explanatory.
circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, condition, cause, purpose, comparison, concession, consequence).
connecting.

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Subtitles

Types of subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses

Answer the questions:

(Which? which? which?).

Another name is subordinate pronouns. Join using allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from, etc.
And also unions: so that, how, and the like, as if, etc. Rarely using particles ( whether etc.).

Examples

[The alarm clock rang]. Alarm Which?(Which my grandmother gave to me). [The alarm rang], ().
which my grandmother gave me Which? which my grandmother gave me (Where I was born).[House, (
where was I born ) burned to the ground].), burned to the ground]. [A. More than one monument was erected to S. Pushkin]. A. S. Pushkin(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate).
[A.S. Pushkin( Which?[A. S. Pushkin, ( whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate), more than one monument was erected].

(When I understood everything).

(When I understood everything). [In that day, ().
when I understood everything ) my life has changed].
And also unions: Explanatory clauses

), my life has changed].

Examples

Refers to a verb. Answer case questions (

Refers to a verb. Answer questions about indirect cases ( to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc. Join using allied words: They appear after or in the middle of the main clause.).
[I'm definitely sure]. Sure in what?[I'm absolutely sure of that]. Sure what?).
that the earth is spherical in what?(that the Earth is spherical). [I'm sure of that] ().

[I was on top of the world(

that the earth is spherical
when I understood everything as if, as if
[She fluttered around the apartment]. fluttered

Examples

(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite). [He found out], ().
how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite (Why did I do this).).

(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite).

[They understood], ( why did I do this Apply to the entire main part.

I was worried
, (that's why I couldn't pass the exam successfully
My brother hasn't opened the book in all this time

, (which haunted me

They have the same meanings, answer the same questions and are divided into the same types as circumstances in Time simple sentence . Divided into three main groups:.

Examples

Refers to a verb. Answer case questions (

clauses of time and place; [The moon rises]. Rising additional causes, consequences, conditions, concessions, goals;
subordinate clauses of manner of action, measures, degrees, comparisons. Clauses of time and place Subordinate clauses indicate the time of the action in the main sentence and answer questions Unions are the means of communication

barely, until, before, until, since, as soon as, when, while how much, how much[It was already getting dark]. It was getting dark where, where, where.(when we arrived home). [It was already getting dark] (when we arrived home).

Examples

Refers to a verb. Answer case questions (

[I saw you perfectly]. Saw How long? (while you stood behind the crowd).[I saw you perfectly],
(while you stood behind the crowd). (So much so that my stomach hurt later) [He ate Subordinate clauses indicate the place where the action takes place in the main sentence and answer questions

Join using allied words:

Subordinate reasons indicate the reason for what is said in the main sentence and answer questions why? for what reason? from what? Join through alliances because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, since, since, etc.

Examples

[There will be a thunderstorm soon]. Will begin Why? for what reason? (because the sky is covered with dark clouds).

[A thunderstorm will begin soon], (because the sky is covered with dark clouds).

[The guys did not get lost in the forest]. Don't get lost Why? whereby? (thanks to the fact that they knew how to use a compass).

[The guys didn’t get lost in the forest] (thanks to the fact that they knew how to use a compass).

Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, result, outcome arising from the content of the entire main sentence, answer the question what happened as a result of this? what follows from this? and join by union [He reached his goal]. Has reached.