What is mnemonics and how to learn it. Mnemonics: memorization techniques in exercises. Practical application of mnemonics

Mnemonics is a set of techniques that expand memory and teach you to remember the necessary information. Mnemonics methods are designed to create associations.

The mnemonic rule for remembering information is interesting even for children in preschool educational institutions, which is why children's institutions usually have a card index of mnemonic exercises.

Mnemonic techniques work by transforming information into images. Images can be auditory, visual and graphic. Exercises promote the development of memory, intelligence, attentiveness and speech in preschoolers.

Children gradually master mnemonic techniques in kindergartens. First, simple mnemonic techniques are learned, then they move on to complex exercises. It works like this:

• The children are shown mnemonic squares, which are a simple image. Each image represents a word, phrase, or a simple short sentence.
• Next, children master mnemonic tracks, this is a collage consisting of four simple images. The kids learn to write stories based on it.
• Mnemonic tables are complex exercises for the development of children. Mnemonic tables are compiled in such a way that stories are reproduced from them.

Mnemonic tables are important components of figurative visualization of information, so we will dwell on them in more detail.

Using mnemonic tables in kindergarten, educators teach children to memorize poems and select rhymes for words. Exercises for memorizing poetry are mnemonic if the information is presented to kids as a game. The tables are compiled by educators, psychologists or parents, but when the baby has already learned to do the exercises, he needs to try to compile the tables on his own. When children are motivated to make tables, in addition to speech and memory, they develop imagination, which is important for school.

Mnemonic tables in kindergarten are:

• Tables with algorithms that show the sequence of hand washing, washing, dressing, eating.
• Tables that tell stories.
• Tables customized for learning poetry or other materials.

Mnemonic techniques in kindergarten:

• To develop imagination, show your child mnemonic tables, based on which he will compose his own story or fairy tale.
• Practice memorizing poems using mnemonic tables.
• Game for development logical thinking children: give the children cards with pictures of objects and ask them to distribute each object into a group (objects related to construction, cooking, sports).

After these exercises, invite the children to draw pictures based on your story.

Mnemonic rule

Mnemonics is a complex development of psychology, so it works according to rules. So, mnemonic rules:

• Mnemonic tables for children without preparation are complex. Start with mnemonic squares.
• Offer colored tables. Black and white drawings do not attract children's interest.
• Tables should not contain more than 9 pictures, because this is difficult for children.
• Do not offer children more than 2 mnemonic tables per day.
• Memory does not develop if the tables relate to the same topic.

The use of mnemonics is important not only in kindergarten. Parents should also pay attention to children's development at home.

Vladimir Kozarenko “Mnemonics step by step”

“Mnemonics step by step” by Kozarenko consists of five separate courses that are interconnected. All methods for developing memory begin with simple ones, gradually becoming more complex and requiring greater concentration.

Kozarenko's mnemonics textbook is useful for people who study English language, because it contains a guide to help you remember foreign words. Kozarenko's book is designed for people who learn English on their own or take lessons in groups.

The book covers a volume of information that other books are unable to cover. You will learn to concentrate, develop memory, reproduce information in your own words, improve your English, and tune your memory to remember numbers.

Types of mnemonics

We figured out what mnemonics are and why they are needed. But there are these types of mnemonics:

• Classical - memory development occurs with the use of visual images.
• Pedagogical – more easy way memorization. There are few visual images in it, but it involves the use of constant repetition of material, copying information into notebooks, and memorizing notes. This is how most people develop memory. educational institutions, but this method is not practiced in preschool educational institutions.
• Circus is a game for developing memory using gestures, facial expressions, and intonations. This is a gaming technique, it involves the presence of tricks known only to the teacher and student.
• Sports - memory develops by memorizing numbers.
• Modern – involves studying large amounts of information. The technique is designed to develop memory in people who need to remember accurate information.

Mnemonics for pronouncing sounds

Speech development needs to be given special attention, because correct pronunciation of sounds is important for the socialization of children. In addition, the development of coherent speech is no less important, because the child is able to think intelligently, but it is important to be able to express thoughts. The use of mnemonics is possible for the development of speech and correct pronunciation of sounds.

To form coherent speech and correctly pronounce sounds, you need to show children a schematic representation of the sounds. Work with children takes place in the following sequence:

• Coordination of signs with children. The guys must agree with the images on paper.
• Teaching children the correct pronunciation of sounds using pictures.
• Creating coherent speech by memorizing poetry from pictures.

To prevent the development of coherent speech challenging task, at the same time it is necessary to conduct classes in which the children will replenish lexicon. If this is not done, then the story based on the pictures will not show coherent speech; the children will simply practice pronouncing sounds.

Correct pronunciation sounds and the development of coherent speech are closely interrelated. They shape the child's personality. If a child develops mental abilities in a preschool educational institution, then school will not be difficult for him.

To automate sounds in children’s coherent speech, it is, of course, best to contact a speech therapist. But doctors also use mnemonic techniques, so practice with your child at home to consolidate the results.

The most difficult thing in automating sounds in coherent speech is to interest the child. He doesn't understand that he has to work, so don't force him. Otherwise, the baby will lose interest and learning will not be effective. Engage with him according to his wishes, then the learning process will bear fruit.

We figured out what mnemonics are for automating sounds, developing coherent speech, memory, thinking and attentiveness. The main rule when performing exercises is regularity. Work with your child systematically so that the exercises really affect the child’s memory and thinking.

I started getting interested in mnemonics almost two years ago and managed to read quite a lot of books on this topic. And none of them gave me sufficient information about this science (except for one, about which a little later). And all for one reason: the authors wanted to earn as much money as possible. Usually, the authors of such books conduct special courses in which they really (I would like to believe) explain to people what mnemonics are and what they eat with it, and do not pour water on it.

In the end it turns out like this: a lot of words, little reality useful information. Basically - a set of words about what a useful thing mnemonics is, calculations from scientific encyclopedias showing the incredible capabilities of the human brain. This is completely unacceptable, in my opinion. All I want to do is try to explain to you as clearly as possible how to actually learn the skill of memorization.

What is this method?

All you need to know is that the method is based on creating images in your mind. You take information that needs to be remembered and turn it into an image through association. Humans have excellent associative memory, and mnemonics take full advantage of this.

Thus, in order to learn to remember, you need to imagine various objects in your imagination.

For now, just try to remember the following list of products the way you usually remember any information:

• toilet paper;
• Toothbrush;
• soap;
• processed cheese;
• apples;
• lemon;
• butter;
• mayonnaise;
• salad;
• walnuts.

Usually people remember up to 7 products, but even if you remember everything, I'm sure you'll forget the whole list after 5 minutes.

Now I will try to explain to you how to remember the list so that you will not forget it for at least a couple of days.

The more unusual a situation you create, the more it becomes embedded in your brain.

I repeat, the image is at the head of everything. If you can create an image of an object in your head, then you are already halfway to success. Just try to imagine what a roll of toilet paper looks like. Then imagine a toothbrush and combine it with a roll of toilet paper, that is, push the brush through the roll or place it on the roll. The point is that the more unusual a situation you create, the more strongly it becomes imprinted on your brain. Let the roll bleed, let it scream for help. But the main thing is to combine the two images.

Do the same This is the same with soap and processed cheese, with apples and lemon. For example, a mouse runs towards cheese and slips on a piece of soap, and an apple falls from a branch onto a lemon. In principle, you can simply “pierce” one image with another without inventing any situations.

The “piercing” trick almost always works, that’s a fact.

Connecting the images will take a lot of time, but that's okay. The result will amaze you - you will remember the entire list. That's all mnemonics.

I strongly advise you to look at the exercises from one book on mnemonics (exactly the book that I mentioned at the beginning of the article). It's called "Memory." Memory training and concentration techniques”, its author is R. Geisselhart. There is also a lot of unnecessary information, especially at the end, but the exercises are very useful.

Once you have completed all the exercises, be ready to create your own memory palace (or mind palace - to each his own).

What is a memory palace

This is your warehouse of remembered images, “built” in your head. For example, the same list of products. After a couple of days, you will forget it, even if you are a super mnemonic. Our goal is to maintain this list for many years to come. This is precisely why the memory palace is being created.

The method of creating a palace is similar to Cicero’s method: imagine your home and assign an image to each object. But there is one difference: you create the palace yourself, which means that this room will be much more convenient for memorization, since you can use absolutely any objects.

The architecture of the palace can be absolutely anything: from a den to a castle in the sky (in my case, the role of the palace is played by a huge hall with a glass dome instead of a roof). The main thing is that you feel as comfortable as possible in your palace. In it, put any information that you need and need to save.

For example, let's take physics. Let's say you need to remember the formula q= C.U.

First we convert the information into an image. Let q- corn, C.U.- bag. As a result, we have a bag containing corn.

Now we place the image in the palace. To do this, we create a shelf in our palace and call it “Physics”. For clarity, next to the shelf we hang Einstein’s head (toy!) or any object that evokes associations with the word “Physics” on a string. And then we put the bag of corn on the shelf.

Everything is very simple!

You don't need to know how the brain works and how fast charge moves between neurons in order to learn the skill of memorization. You only need to know the memorization technique itself. I hope that I was able to clearly explain the basics of mnemonics and I will be incredibly glad if someone learns this method from this article. Thank you for your attention!

Many people are interested in how to learn to remember large amounts of information - for study, for work, for personal purposes. And many have probably heard that various mnemonics techniques. However, not everyone knows how to master them, use them correctly, or how they generally work. In this article we will talk, what is mnemonics, on what principles she's based like her apply and develop, and also discuss some features of various techniques.

Mnemonics: what is it and who can use it

In general, mnemonics is a set of various techniques that make it easier to remember large amounts of information. It sounds intriguing, and if you remember that some who have mastered these techniques can immediately remember a sequence of 100 cards drawn at random, the mnemonic technique actually looks like real magic. Or did people who could remember a list of several dozen abstract words already have supermemory and this system only improved it? Well, they may have had a super memory, but that doesn't mean you can't achieve the same results, even if you think your memory leaves much to be desired.

After all One of the main advantages of mnemonic techniques is that anyone can master them: This does not require any superpowers or special knowledge. A It’s not too late to start training at any age: adults, teenagers, and children can use various techniques. Mostly success depends only on how much effort and time you devote to the development of mnemonics.

The most important thing here is understand the basic principles and use mnemonics in practice, honing your skills and not stopping there. Moreover, in our opinion, mnemonic techniques are exactly the area that you can easily learn on your own: for free, from online sources. Let's say, within the framework of this article we give general advice on using mnemonics, and in other materials you will find more detailed descriptions the most common and effective techniques and techniques. However, before moving on to them, familiarize yourself with the principles of operation and some secrets of mnemonics.

Mnemonics techniques: basics, or a little theory

Let's figure out how it works in principle this system memorization. Briefly the essence of mnemonics can be conveyed as follows: it is difficult for us to remember abstract and/or isolated data (numbers, lists of words and other sequences, points of speech and other units of information) and it is easier for us to remember connections between objects, connections between new information and existing information, associations, our emotions attitude towards something, etc. In other words, it is much easier to remember logical, associative, figurative and other connections between objects, rather than the objects themselves. Using these connections, it is easier for us to find information in memory, and once found, reproduce it. Hence, if any data does not have such connections, they must be created. This is precisely what most mnemonics techniques are based on.

In order to create such connections, there are various techniques. Many of them work according to this scheme: an image is “assigned” to a certain unit of information, and these images are then associated. To remember (reproduce) this information, the procedure will be reversed: interconnected images are remembered, and then what was meant by them. So actually first we code, encrypt the data into a form that is easy to remember, and when we need them, we take them out of memory and decrypt. Sounds complicated? In fact, when you master a particular technique at the proper level, it will happen almost automatically.

The question may arise: why fence this garden at all? Let's remember what we need, not some codes! However, as we said, remembering connections (in the broadest sense of the word) is much easier, and for abstract units of information it is impossible to create them in any other way (except by encoding - decoding). Besides, mnemonics unifies the process of creating connections, its use becomes certain a skill that can be trained(in other words, transfer the process to an automatic level, as we discussed above), and this is essential speeds up memorization. Also, mnemonics allows you to use those images and connections between them that are closer to you, and therefore, it will be much easier to keep them in memory.

How long can we store such “encrypted” messages in our heads? Generally - As much as needs. Using mnemonics helps you remember a speech for a presentation, a shopping list, or 50 words for an argument—that is, that? that you need to remember it once and then reproduce it once (usually after a short period of time). However, similar techniques can be used for things you want to keep for a long time. Moreover, if you reproduce this information more or less often, this will certainly lead to it being “embedded” in your memory, that is will be available without decoding and without mnemonics at all. So these tricks will help you transfer certain information into long-term memory, acting as a kind of buffer. However, until they are transferred there, from time to time remember what you encoded and reproduce the necessary information (more details below). For clarity, we will analyze in practice how to use mnemonic techniques based on the theory described above.

How mnemonic techniques work in practice

Mainly, memorization in mnemonics occurs on the basis visual thinking: We imagine images and come up with connections between them. However, let us immediately note that “mainly” does not mean “only this way” - there are also techniques of a different kind. However, for now let’s focus on visual thinking, since many well-known techniques are based on it, including the memory palace or Cicero’s road.

An example of memorizing numerical information

For example, to remember long numbers, we can assign an image to each digit in this number and connect them in a certain sequence. Images are invented based on associations, external similarity between a number and an object, etc. – choose what is closest to you. As a rule, 10 images (one for each number) are invented in advance and then used to memorize any numbers. Let's say 1 is a crane (external similarity), and 3 is Zmey Gorynych (3 heads + the number 3 and the letter Z are similar). Then, in order to remember the number 13, you need to imagine a crane controlled by the Serpent Gorynych.

If 5 is the palm or fist (5 fingers), and 0 is the square (external shape), then 1350 is the crane operated by the Serpent Gorynych, and right now he is installing a giant statue in the shape of the Hulk's fist in the central square.
Imagine a crane, the Serpent Gorynych sits in the cabin, he pulls the levers, and the Hulk’s fist hangs on a metal cable, which must be placed exactly in the center of the square. If 1350 is the PIN code for a bank card, then when this card is mentioned, the picture described above should pop up in your head. To better link it to the PIN code, you can imagine that a large image of this card is drawn on the cabin.

The more vivid the picture in your head, the better - the easier it will be to reproduce these images. Try adding emotions(Snake Gorynych has been trying to get to the center of the square for the third hour, but still can’t), movement(“consider” how our hero moves the levers, how the hanging statue sways), characteristics(“touch” a cold statue, a stretched cable from a crane, etc.). It is believed that movement and a certain sequence of events are remembered better than something static, in addition, many people remember unusual, funny/sad, even absurd images better. To understand what works best in your case, you need to experiment and try everything.

If a number consists of a large number of digits (for example, a bank card number or a telephone number), then it makes sense to divide such a number into parts, and turn the connections between the images into a story. For example, the Hulk’s fist (5) came off the crane (1), which was controlled by the Serpent Gorynych (3), and at that time a swan (2) was walking across the square (0). It’s good that he managed to jump away - right into the rainbow (7). He slid down it like a slide (4), and at the bottom he was met by a nesting doll (8). And so on.

An example of remembering non-numeric information

There is a similar memorization technique for non-numeric information - the famous memory palace, Roman room and Cicero's road. Within the framework of these techniques, the memorized information is divided into semantic parts, which are also tied to certain images (the so-called strongholds). Cicero's Way allows you to remember a sequence, so it makes sense to use it when you need to remember, for example, a shopping list or the abstract of a speech (in fact, these mnemonics were developed and actively used in Ancient Greece, which was famous for its excellent speakers and developed oratory). In turn, the memory palace is not connected with sequences and helps to remember certain information regardless of each other.

Mnemonics and memory: do they influence each other?

Of course, the concept of “super memory” is very close to mnemonics, but we must be aware that To general development memory mnemonics has a rather indirect relationship. For example, it definitely won't make you an eidetic (that is, it won't give you a photographic memory). Mnemonics is a system for storing information, so if you want, for example, to retain the contents of a book you read in your head, you need to use the techniques of this system. Let's say, build a book into a memory palace, dividing it into parts and linking them to supporting images. Also, mnemonics will not help you remember what you did a week ago unless you specifically put this information in your palace.

Thus, if you are interested in the general strengthening and development of memory, you should take a closer look at other methods (some of them are described in the article “Is it possible to develop eidetic memory”), and use mnemonics for its intended purpose - to memorize specific units of information. On the other hand, the use of mnemonics will certainly allow you develop your own brain capabilities, including visual and associative thinking, so such training will definitely not go in vain.

In conclusion, a few tips - they will be useful for those who are just planning to master mnemonics, for beginners, and for those who are already practicing various techniques and want to improve their use.

How and what to train on

If your goal is to actively use any mnemonic technique for everyday or work purposes, take note of the main rule: impressive results can only be achieved through numerous training sessions. Memorizing using mnemonics (especially for speed or for a long time) is a skill. Any skill needs to be developed and brought to automatism in order to perform certain actions easily and
at ease and so that this skill does not fail at the right moment. Moreover It is important to train both processes – decoding and decoding.

In fact, to develop mnemonics, you just need to use it. First on something not too long and important, Over time, set yourself more challenging tasks. Anything can serve as exercise. For example, if you want to remember numbers, use phone numbers, credit cards, ID numbers. Come up with long numeric passwords - you will protect your accounts and develop mnemonics. Although at the beginning of your journey, of course, don't forget about insurance: Write down passwords or set reminders about who to congratulate when.

If you want to memorize non-numerical information, you can practice with books, but we recommend choosing non-fiction literature. In fiction, as a rule, there is a plot, and a plot is a logical (to one degree or another) sequence of related events. The presence of connections makes the use of mnemonics in in this case"unfair play" Better remember those areas of knowledge that you have always wanted to study (physics, history, geography, etc.), and combine immersion in this science (including at the popular science level) with training in mnemonics. Another option is to allocate a room in the memory palace for all information about colleagues: pets, number and names of children, etc. This will allow you to carry on a conversation and/or build relationships on occasion.

Selecting a method

To achieve best results you must find the most suitable memorization method. To do this, it makes sense to try each one and practice on it, and then choose the most effective and convenient one. In addition, you can modify classical methods to get what best suits your type of thinking and perception. For example, memory palaces or Cicero's roads are, in principle, designed for people who have better developed visual memory. Does this mean that for those whose it is poorly developed, it is better not to even take up mnemonics? No, it is important to simply upgrade the original version so that it becomes more convenient for you.

For example, use not only visual images as reference points, but also music, smells or tactile sensations. Let's say you need to memorize a speech for a presentation. Divide the text of your speech into parts and link it to songs in a music album that you know well, and when actually delivering a speech to an audience, mentally move from track to track. Of course, you can take a more complicated route - first develop visual memory, and then master mnemonics. The choice is yours, but we will subtly hint that one does not interfere with the other.

Selection of images and connections

It is also important to understand what principle of selecting images for strong points and what connection between images is most effective for you. For some, it is easiest to imagine more or less real objects; for some it is easier to remember comical, contrasting images located in clearly inappropriate places; For some, the most important thing is the emotional connection or associations with similar events that happened to them in reality. Some prefer that
the associated images interacted in one way or another, but for some this is not so important, the main thing is that the images be in motion.

Let us also draw your attention to the fact that in some sources the recommendations are too unambiguous: you need to present it this way, the objects should be this way, you need to do this with them. In our opinion, such harsh directives can only be used as reference points to understand what to start from. Transforming raw information into images is a somewhat personal process., based on our experience, associations, etc., and they are different for everyone. For example, it may be easier for someone to remember a pink hippopotamus because he had such a favorite toy as a child, while for someone else it may be easier to remember a spider the size of a skyscraper because he loves horror films. You can understand what is best for you by following the first point - practicing.

Calm, just calm

It’s worth learning, especially at first in the most relaxed environment(from an emotional point of view). This means that you can practice even in the subway, if you are able to completely abstract yourself from your surroundings. While you are just getting used to one method or another, do not allow uninvited emotions (including stress, anxiety, etc.) and associations to influence this process. Firstly, it is more difficult to understand whether a particular method is suitable for you or not, and secondly, its use in the future may be associated with these associations, which sometimes interferes with effective memorization.

Don't forget about repetition

Do not forget to reproduce from time to time what you need to remember something for a long time, but that you don't use it too often. Repeat memory phrases, walk along the palaces of memory and the roads of Cicero, etc. In this way, you will show your memory that this information is relevant to you and it is too early to get rid of it, in addition, it will not be pushed to the farthest end of your memory, from where it will be more difficult for you to get it.

One of the mistakes beginners make is to encode information, repeat it a couple of times in the next two days, and then happily forget – both the images and what was hidden behind them. And at the right moment it suddenly turns out that Cicero’s road has been blocked, and half of the memory palace has collapsed. To prevent this from happening, practice retrieving from your memory, including information that you put there quite a long time ago(if you still need it). This skill will be useful not only for mnemonics, but also for general memory strengthening.

Mnemonics (mnemonics techniques) are special methods remembering certain types of information based on features human psychology, as well as on those four memorization rules that were given in previous lessons. Knowledge and use of special mnemonics will allow you to better remember digital information, specific texts and terms, names, faces and surnames, foreign words, expressions and much more. This lesson will cover the basics of mnemonics, and also describe the basic techniques and methods of memorization. various types information.

What is mnemonics?

If you need to remember some numbers for a long time, then you can use the following mnemonics:

Association with other familiar numbers. Dale Carnegie advises remembering dates by associating them with significant dates that you know. For example, it is easy to remember that the Battle of Kulikovo took place exactly 600 years before the Summer Olympic Games in Moscow.

Shedd system (Shed system). Small numbers, for example, historical dates or short telephone numbers, can be learned by composing a special phrase, each word in which is in a strictly defined order and has the number of letters corresponding to the memorized number. For example, if you want to remember the number 467, then you need to come up with a phrase in which the first word will consist of 4 letters, the second - of 6, and the third word - of 7 letters. Thus, the number 467 corresponds to the phrase “an elephant gallops” (4, 6 and 7 letters, respectively). A zero in this system often corresponds to a word of 10 or any number of letters.

Rhymes. It is often convenient to memorize a large number of numbers by creating rhymes or poems. This method is suitable if you need to remember certain numbers for a long time, having the opportunity to spend some time on it. This way you can easily remember which signs come after the decimal point in the number “Pi”.

Remembering names and faces

Very often we need to remember people we just met. We all tend to be kind to those who remember our name. In order to quickly and accurately remember the names and faces of people, there are the following mnemonics.

Show interest in a person, chat a little, addressing him by name. There are several memorization rules at work here. Firstly, you show interest in the person, and also receive information about him, which can serve as the basis for building associations with him. Secondly, you repeat his name several times, which also improves memorization.

Association with another person well known to you with the same name. For example, many of us will easily remember a person's name if he is your namesake. It is also easy to remember the names of people who coincide with the names of your parents and good friends. But even if you don’t know the name of the person you need to remember, try to remember famous personalities with the same names: actors, politicians, musicians.

Selection of other modifications of his name. For example, the name Alexander has several modifications: Sasha, San, Shura. Once the person has introduced himself, try silently naming several modifications of his name.

Writing the name. Think about how a person's name is written - imagine it visually. How many letters are there in this name? What is the first letter? The answers to these questions will further cement the image of the person’s name in your visual perception. If possible, you can even write the person's name on the paper to enhance the perception.

Remembering last names. You can remember last names using mnemonic techniques based on visual associations. You need to start by searching for a mental replacement or modification of the surname. For example, my surname Buyanov can be associated with the island of Buyan from children's fairy tales, as well as with a violent temperament. Then some noticeable feature of the person is selected, for example, a facial feature or character trait (which is more suitable for the Buyanov surname), which needs to be tied to the selected surname association.

Memorizing foreign languages

Language mnemonics will be useful for memorizing words, expressions, grammatical rules, verb forms, etc.

Method of phonetic associations (MPA). This method appeared due to the fact that in all languages ​​of the world there are words or parts of words that sound the same, but have different meaning. Moreover, in different languages There are words that have a common origin. For example, the word look can be remembered by associating it with the similar-sounding Russian word “onion.” And when cutting an onion, we cannot “look” at it, because our eyes water.

Method of interaction of all sensations (MSI). This mnemonic approach is useful for those who want to become fluent in English. foreign language. If words don't come to your mind automatically, you won't be able to speak the language fluently. Therefore, the main thing is not to memorize a foreign word as a translation of a native word, but to immediately associate the foreign word directly with the corresponding concept. To learn the word “cup,” imagine a cup with a handle, and holding the image in your mind, say “cup” several times, trying not to remember the word “cup.”

Mnemonic- means "associated with or pertaining to memory" but science mnemonics- it is also a tool that helps you remember better. Mnemonics has been around for a long time - so long ago that it was named after a Greek goddess Mnemosynes, who was the goddess of memory, daughter of heaven and earth (Uranus and Gaia), and mother of the muses.

Find bright, unusual images, pictures, which are connected using the “linking method” with information that needs to be remembered.

For example, we need to remember a set of words: pencil, glasses, chandelier, chair, star, beetle - it will be easy to remember this if you imagine them as “characters” of a bright, fantastic cartoon. is a sequence of support images formed according to the following principle. Remember an arbitrary image, fix your attention on it and wait until the next image appears in your mind by association with it. After forming a chain of free associations, reinforce it with mental repetition. The memorized information is linked by associative links to the sequence of selected reference images. The method is based on the fact that a huge number of naturally formed associations already exist in memory (spoon, cup, saucer, table...). Used to extend other methods. For example, to form additional images to a distinctive feature when memorizing information about a person, formulas and constant quantities. With the same method you can get additional images

for figurative codes of numbers and letters of the alphabet. Suggestive association method

allows you to transform almost any word into a visual image or association. It is used as part of other methods for memorizing geographical names, terms, concepts, foreign words, surnames, as well as meaningless letter combinations. It is a combination of the technique of symbolization, the technique of linking to well-known information, the technique of encoding by consonance and the technique of forming a word by syllable. Which combination of the listed memorization techniques will be used depends on the word being memorized. There are often names that require several techniques to be used to transform them into images. Those. in one association denoting a name, images will be obtained by different coding techniques.

For example: the state of North Dakota “Northern” is transformed by the method of symbolization (polar bear), Dakota - by the method of coding by consonance (Two KOTA). The name of this state can be captured by the association “Two cats are sitting on the head of a polar bear.” The visual images obtained during the encoding process can easily be remembered sequentially and, upon recall, prompt (guide) the word we need. As a result of mental repetitions, the words remembered in the images are fixed in memory and are subsequently reproduced directly (immediately in the form of an audio message). Information memorized by this method is unmistakably recognized in the text. is based on associations formed naturally and represents a sequence of supporting images.

They are formed by recalling well-known premises. You can remember a well-known road (for example, from home to the metro). Imagine walking around your room, where everything is familiar to you. Place the information you need to remember in your mind as you walk around the room. Memorized images and associations are “attached” to the objects you have selected using the technique of forming an associative connection.

Visualize the first two words and create a connection between them using visual images or events. Let's say you want to remember a list: milk, cabbage, oranges and cottage cheese. For example, to remember milk and cabbage, you could imagine a bathtub full of milk. Suddenly a huge head of cabbage breaks through the ceiling and falls into the bathtub with a terrible splash, and then the door opens and four huge oranges enter the room in formation, cheerfully singing at the top of their lungs. The oranges suddenly stop, looking in horror at the cabbage floating in a bath of milk, and these oranges reach into their backpacks, pull out packets of cottage cheese and begin to throw them at the poor shabby cabbage. Repeat this story in your mind several times and you will remember the entire list! This mnemonic method is only bad because you cannot immediately remember, for example, the 10th item from the list.

words hanger- these are mnemonic systems in which you first need to learn a set of words, and then “hang” on them the words and phrases that you need to remember.

These systems are good for remembering lists, especially when you have to remember the seventh item on a list (for example), rather than the entire list in a row.

In one of the simplest mnemonic systems of hanger words, each number is linked to a word that rhymes with it. Here's an example: number one is an orange, number two is tops, number three is lanterns, number four is in kefir, number five is a bed, number six is ​​wool, etc. Suppose you need to remember a lamp, a toothbrush, a horse, a mirror and a kangaroo.” A silly picture or one that evokes an emotional reaction is remembered better. Number one, orange - a brightly glowing LAMP in the shape of an ORANGE. Number two, the tops, this will become a “hanger” for the toothbrush: TOPS = TOOTHBRUSH. You have arrived at the dacha and the first thing you do is go to look at your favorite bed with carrots - the bed is in order, only instead of TOPS, multi-colored TOOTHBRUSHS are sticking out of the ground. Number three, lanterns, must be associated with a horse: LANTERNS = HORSE, etc. Reception "Matryoshka" . and contains the second one. After connecting the first and second images, turn your attention to the second image (the first should disappear from consciousness). Mentally enlarge the second image and create an association between the second and third images. And so on. Images are constantly nested within each other. In this case, only two images should always be clearly visible in the association. Recall is carried out in a similar way. Imagine the first image and wait for the second one to emerge from your memory. Switch your attention to the second, increasing it, and wait for the third to appear, etc. Please note: this method of connecting images is used very intensively. It should be worked out carefully. The first image of the connected pair of images must be much larger than the second. When mentally enlarging the first image, try to identify a sub-image in it, to which you then link the second (small) image of the pair. Example. Connect two images with “Matryoshka”: “Thermometer” and “Bucket”. Imagine a thermometer very large. Select the “Column of Mercury” sub-image in it. Mentally tie a small bucket to this sub-image. As a result of this connection, the “Bucket” image is almost invisible if you imagine a thermometer of normal sizes. The bucket appears in our imagination only after consciously performing the mental operation “Increasing the image.” This technique is used to remember: the sequence of paragraphs, the sequence of dates in a chronological table, the sequence of names when memorizing telephone numbers and mixed tables. The “Matryoshka” technique allows you to save support images. Using this technique, memorized information is linked into a block. Different blocks of information are additionally recorded on a sequence of reference images that is well fixed in memory (for example, using the Cicero method).

Hook method- replacing numbers with images. The digital alphabet will allow you to remember any number.

Alphanumeric code is used to encode digits and numbers into words. Each number from 0 to 9 corresponds to two consonant letters of the alphabet. To use the alphanumeric code in practice, learn it by heart and bring it to an automatic (reflexive) level of recall.

Numbers and figures must be converted into letters without delay and vice versa.

Reflex level of recall - a direct relationship is established between different analyzing systems; in this case - between visual and speech. Provides instant recall (eliminates encoding step).

Associated list method. Fixed figurative codes double digit numbers. In order for numerical information to be remembered quickly enough, you need to memorize one hundred images. Each image is strictly assigned to its own number (from 00 to 99). As soon as you remember this list, you will immediately be able to remember large volumes of any digital information, for example, dozens of telephone numbers, without errors.

Encoding of two-digit numbers is carried out using an alphanumeric code.

12 GZh DT Gzh dT Guitar image of a guitar

35 KX PB Kx pB CuB cube image

Dates 01. 02. 03. ... 09 in number series are encoded into images as 1. 2. 3. ... 9. When recalled, a zero is added to them on the left.

05 - PB PB Wallpaper image

06 - SHL shL yuLa image

07 - NW NW oSa image

Please remember separately: 0 - number; 00 - barrels.

When memorizing numbers, numbers reveal arithmetic dependence between groups of digits in a number, for example, in the phone number 358954 dependency 89= 35+ 54;

Reception of symbolization used to memorize abstract concepts that do not have a clear figurative meaning. The same word can be encoded into images differently by different people. But, as a rule, it is possible to use a variety of symbols, well established in the minds of most people. Symbols surround us on all sides. Translating road signs into meaning, We are doing mnemonics. When a first grader memorizes relationship between the symbol “A” and the sound “A”, he also deals with mnemonics. When encoding a word with this technique, you should ask yourself the question: “How can I visually indicate this?” Examples of encoding words into images using symbolization: cold “Ice”, warmth “Water bottle”, eternity “Pyramids”, infinity “Mathematical infinity sign”, winter “Snowflake”, spring “Bouquet of Mimosa”, summer “Sun”, autumn “Yellow Maple Leaf”. We can't imagine summer at all. But we can imagine grass. This image is easy to remember.

Reception of binding to well-known information, located in memory. New memorized information may consist of elements of well-known information. Examples of familiar information include: 1917, 1941, 1812 and 1861, your own name and the name of the street you live on, your telephone number, and SONY on your television. New information, consisting of elements of familiar information, is easily remembered. So, it’s easy to remember the phone number 917-41-45. It immediately brings to mind famous historical events. For example, in the number 859314, select 85 - the year of birth of your brother, 314 - the first digits of the number "pi", etc.

The technique of linking to well-known information is best used for encoding into images geographical names, terms, names and surnames. This technique is not universal. He encodes into images only what is encoded. It depends on the content of your memory.

Examples of encoding words into images using the technique of linking to well-known information. Washington state “Dollar”, planet Mars chocolate bar “Mars”, 1380 380 volts (image of wires), number 220 - “Electric outlet”, surname Black image “Black Square”, 1912 (publication of the first issue of the newspaper “Pravda”) familiar 1812

Method of forming a word using consonants. This technique is used in conjunction with an alphanumeric code. When the numbers are translated into letters, a word is selected from the letters, which can be represented as an image. In this technique, the only ones of interest are consonants . letters (since there are no vowels in the alphanumeric code). Examples

TLF TeleFon; PLT PLiTa; SBC SoBaCa; KLN CLOWN.

If the word cannot be found by letter, you can use the following “trick” - choose an image denoted by two words (adjective and noun). In this case, the significant ones are: the first consonant of the adjective and the first two consonants of the noun. When recalling, you will clearly be able to distinguish which image is denoted by one word and which by two. Examples. ZTR Green Grass; GLN Huge LuNa; HRP Striped Bee. Any word can be easily translated into numbers. Once you remember the sequence of words, you also remember the sequence of numbers.

This technique is actively used when memorizing historical dates, telephone numbers, addresses, car license plates, various codes and ciphers. Based on this technique, figurative codes of three-digit numbers are compiled. It is used independently or in combination with the techniques of encoding by consonance, symbolization and linking to well-known information, mainly for memorizing names, terms, surnames and other similar information. . Examples. MASH MACHINE, STEERING RULER, BACKGROUND LANTERN, KAM STONE, KNI BOOK. This technique allows you to accurately remember completely meaningless letter combinations. Examples.

MASHFONRUL association "car lantern steering wheel". State of Wisconsin WIS CON SIN association "WHISKEY CANDIES SINKA". In this technique, you can improvise by removing or adding one significant letter at a time. Example. Sugar Association "SUGAR RAK". You can make the last letters significant. Examples ZOR TV, AKA DOG, NICK RECEIVER, KNO WINDOW, JULIA PAN. Education meaningful phrases from

initial letters memorized information (“Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits” - about the sequence of colors in the spectrum: red, orange, etc.)

Rhythmization - translation of information into poems, songs, lines connected by a certain rhythm or rhyme. Remembering long terms using consonant (key) words(for example, for foreign terms they look for Russian words that sound similar; in order to remember

medical terms “supination” and “pronation”, use the consonant and humorous phrase “carrying soup and spilling”). Many foreign words, names, terms, surnames sound similar to words that are well known to us. These words are easy to imagine in the form of visual images, for example: the state of Alaska, the image “Stroller”; brother-in-law (relative) image “Door”. As long as you don't have to remember

meaning unfamiliar words, it is enough to record their exact pronunciation and sequence in memory.

The technique of isolating sub-images on an image allows one to record the sequence of memorized images with extreme precision. The most important advantage of this method of memorization is that the memorized numbers can be repeated as many times as you like and you will never confuse them. Recall is carried out with mathematical precision. Used to remember figurative codes. Any figurative codes should only be remembered in isolation from each other, through another image. (Memorizing the first and patronymic on the image of the surname, remembering the phone numbers on the image of the “owner” of the telephone number.)

Return Acceptance.

When memorizing using this technique, different parts of the previous image of the memorized sequence are used as reference images. This technique combines the “Chain” technique and the “Memorization technique for different parts of the image.” It is used to isolate figurative codes when remembering precise information in a passage of text. The retrieval technique combines the reliability of memorization using reference images and the speed of chain memorization.

Memorization under serial numbers(based on fixed figurative number codes). It is used for quickly storing information and then rewriting it using other methods. You can record precise information in your memory under serial numbers throughout the day; then slowly systematize this information, collecting it into blocks or thematic sequences.

Memorization in alphabetical order. Used to remember information in alphabetical order. You can remember addresses, phone numbers, last names and other information in the order of letters in the alphabet without prior systematization.

Remembering names. used for memorizing anecdotes, encyclopedic information and small texts (within a textbook paragraph). From a logically completed passage of text, the meaning (the main idea of ​​this passage) is extracted, which is indicated by an image and remembered in sequence with other images that indicate the meaning of other passages.

When memorizing textual information, there are two main problems: how to remember the sequence of presentation of textual material, not to confuse the order of paragraphs in the text, and how to remember the exact information contained in the textual material.

This method does not provide a deep understanding of textual information, but allows you to formally remember the order of semantic passages in the text. Using mnemonics, remembering a sequence of logically unrelated passages is easier than remembering plain text. In isolated passages it is easier to highlight the meaning and fix it in memory.

The technique of “focusing” information on one image used to remember a fairly large amount of similar information.

A typical example of such information would be a small chronological table. The memorized information is divided into several parts, and each part is fixed on an image separated from the main image.

It is used to create a reliable system of reference images and to “assemble” a block of information on one image (collecting several chains on one image, a method of “focusing” information). The central image is disassembled into parts by highlighting the invisible parts of the image. The beginning of a chain of support images on which specific information is recorded is attached to each selected subimage. It is better to choose a collecting image from frequently encountered objects (fountain pen, telephone, etc.). As such an image, it is convenient to use an image isolated by the Cicero method. In this case, the sequence of information blocks is automatically recorded. Method for identifying a distinctive feature of a person.

A distinctive feature allows you to remember a specific person. Any precise information (full name, address, telephone, pager, car number, place of work, profession, etc.) can be associated with a distinctive feature. Distinctive features can be remembered sequentially, allowing out-of-order recall of information about a group of people.

Identifying a distinctive feature in a photograph. As soon as you remember the distinctive feature, a generalized image of the corresponding person will appear in your imagination. Distinctive feature the photograph may contain: elements of clothing and hairstyle, defects in appearance and resemblance to someone, even a background element. (For example, a window in the background, an unusual-looking chair, or even a scratch in the photo.) But there are often photographs in which it is very difficult to find clear distinctive features. Then look carefully at the face in the photo and try to determine its resemblance to someone or something.

In a similar way, you can remember the sequence of any pictures, for example, illustrations in a textbook or paintings at an exhibition. The illustrations themselves can be used as blocks of reference images for memorizing other information. To do this, you should mentally isolate the constituent images from each illustration.

Identifying a distinctive feature of a person you know well. In this case, a distinctive feature is distinguished by the type of activity of a person, his hobbies, good or bad habits, oddities in his behavior, the manner of walking, speaking, dressing, and his character. If your friend is an athlete, you can assign him the image of “Barbell”. It makes sense to assign distinctive features even to your close relatives.

Identifying a distinctive feature in a stranger standing in front of you (the “Acquaintance” situation). In order not to forget the name and patronymic of the person you just met, it is useful to call your interlocutor by name during the conversation, specifically addressing him. If you are about to meet someone, identify a distinctive feature of the person before he introduces himself to you. Immediately link his last name to the selected attribute, and record the first and patronymic on the image of the last name; During the conversation, repeat the memorized information, calling the person by his name several times. Good distinguishing features can be: a person’s figure (height, plumpness, thinness), his resemblance to people you know or know, unusual behavior, gaze, peculiarities of speech, gait, and gestures. Clothing or hairstyle may vary. If someone looks like Kobzon, tie him a holster with an umbrella. If a person has a jumping gait, you can mentally imagine him as a “Frog”, etc.

Identifying a distinctive feature in a person whose image is unknown to you. In this case, you only have the person's last name. A distinctive feature needs to be extracted from it. If a person is Svetlov, he can be designated by the image “Lamp”. If his last name is Tikhonov - “Turtle” or “Snail”. Our domestic surnames are quite easily translated into images. Foreign surnames are divided into several parts, each of which is translated into an image. These images are combined into an association. The name and patronymic should be recorded on one of the images of the association denoting the surname. Martenson mar-ten-son. “Brand” “Tent” “Bed”.

Isolating a distinctive feature from the interior of the room. Often it is enough to pay attention to an element of the interior of the room in which the person you need is located. So, in a dentist’s office it could be a chair, in a clinic it could be a registration window, in a car service it could be a car lift. The required information is linked to the items you selected.

Organizational schemes (filling the structure).

When memorizing a textbook, the main (key) points are recorded in memory. You can dilute the bundle of accurate information with “water” using a small additional answer plan. It is very easy to remember, since such a plan consists of only a few points. You determine the content of this plan yourself.

The presence in memory of accurate information and detailed plans for different sections and for different subjects allows for comparison, analysis and synthesis of information. After all, these mental operations possible if the information is in your memory. Otherwise, there will simply be nothing to compare and analyze.

From the point of view of mnemonics, information is the connections between phenomena, facts, and events. Therefore, any new connections between already known facts are new information. The new information you learn may also be included in your answer in class or on an exam.

Mental drawing technique. The technique of mental drawing refers to the stage of connecting images. In this technique, one (reference) image is mentally connected directly to the sign that you draw in your imagination. As a result of this operation, the new icon is “glued” to the reference image and becomes available for recall.

It is necessary to clearly distinguish between the usual

mental image images from the process of mental drawing. When drawing characters, it is advisable to draw them quite large, with bold lines. Imagine that you are writing with a thick felt-tip pen on a piece of paper or with your finger on a dusty surface. The sign is being written out gradually. It’s good if you try to imagine the movement of your hand (you don’t need to move your hand).

Mental drawing carried out against the background of a reference image (or on a reference image), because the main task of this technique is to associate the icon with the reference image. First way - mentally imagine a reference image, separate it from yourself with an imaginary glass and draw an icon on this imaginary glass (while also holding the reference image in your imagination). Second way - mentally enlarge the reference image and draw the icon directly on it. AND third way

- is to try. Repetition is a process where information is recalled mentally, verbally, or written down solely from your memory. If you repeatedly read information from a textbook, this is not repetition, this is repeated perception and there is no guarantee that the formed associations will be activated. To consolidate information in memory, it must be recalled. Repeated recall of imprinted information is called active repetition.

The word “active” in this definition emphasizes the guaranteed activation of all formed associations. Consequently, even before the repetition begins, all information must be remembered in full and without errors. Why then repeat it? To save. Usually a person repeats to remember. Mnemonists repeat what they have already memorized in order to retain it. Mental speaking technique. This technique is the basis of the cramming method. When you hear the phone number you need on the radio, you start looking for a pencil and paper and at this time mentally (and even out loud) repeat the number. It is possible to keep him conscious thanks to the great inertia of the speech analyzer (about 4 seconds). If you repeat a phone number long enough, it will “settle” in your memory. The disadvantage of cramming is that short-term speech memory only holds one phone number. Therefore, memorizing phone numbers (and other information) by cramming takes a lot of time.

In addition, memorized information tends to be erased from memory very quickly. Historical dates, stored in the visual analyzer, can be stored in memory almost permanently.

The chronological tablet memorized before the test “evaporates” from the head within a few days.