Social science
Senyavin dynasty. Senyavin dynasty Rapid career growth

Senyavin dynasty. Senyavin dynasty Rapid career growth

Admirals Russian Empire made a huge contribution to the formation of our state. They are shining examples for posterity to remember the heroic contributions of these great men.

One of them is Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin. This is a Russian admiral who once commanded the Baltic Fleet. Glory was brought to him by the victory of the Second Archipelago Expedition over the Turks in and also at the Dardanelles, of which he was the head. No less important in Senyavin’s biography is the fact that, while holding the rank of flag captain, he exercised leadership over the first construction work for the construction of a fortified city, which a year later, from February 1783, began to be called Sevastopol.

Family

Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin was born according to the new style 6, and according to the old style on August 17, 1763 in the village of Komlevo, which was located in Borovsky district Kaluga region. His family belonged to a well-known noble family in the country, the fate of whose representatives was inextricably linked with the Russian fleet from the very beginnings of its foundation.

The father of the future admiral, Nikolai Fedorovich, was a retired prime major. For some time he served as adjutant general, serving with Alexei Naumovich Senyavin, who was his cousin.

Noble family, to which the future admiral belonged, its roots went back to the very revival of the Russian fleet. Thus, the grandfather of the famous naval commander, Ivan Akimovich, served as a boatswain under Peter I. Under him, he rose to the rank of rear admiral.

His brother Naum Akimovich, who distinguished himself in 1719 in battles with the Swedes near the island of Ezel, managed to make an equally brilliant career. Dmitry Nikolaevich's father was the military governor of Kronstadt in the 1770s, rising to the rank of vice admiral. When the boy was ten years old, his parent personally took him to Morskoy cadet corps. There he left his son.

Study and start of service

In the Naval Cadet Corps of the future Admiral D.N. Senyavin was enrolled in 1773. He showed great abilities in his studies, thanks to which he was one of the first to graduate from this institution. Already at the age of 14, in the November days of 1777, the young man was promoted to midshipman. He sailed in this rank for three years, managing to take part in several campaigns.

Admiral Senyavin spoke a lot about his time studying in the corps and the beginning of his service in his later memoirs. These descriptions depicted the maritime life that existed during the time of Ochakov and the conquest Crimean peninsula. The old man's memories were somewhat idealized. For example, he argued that in those years “everyone was rosy and cheerful, but now all around you can see only despondency, bile and pallor.”

Admiral Senyavin was an ardent supporter of Suvorov’s science, and, tuning only for victory, he always relied on the “spirit of the Russian warrior,” which allows him to overcome all sorts of obstacles.

The biographer described the admiral as “meek in disposition and modest, demanding and strict in his service,” indicating that Senyavin was loved like a father and respected as a fair boss.

Career advancement

Admiral Senyavin, whose biography is inextricably linked with the sea, served as a midshipman until 1780. After that, he managed to pass the exam and became a midshipman. In this rank he first went to his long voyage in Lisbon. The purpose of the campaign was to support the armed neutrality of Empress Catherine II, which was associated with the War of Independence, which was fought in the North American colonies.

But still, the main expeditions of Admiral Senyavin took place in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Already in 1782, the young midshipman was transferred to the corvette Khotin, located in the Azov Fleet. A year later he received the rank of lieutenant. During the construction of the new Russian naval base(Sevastopol) Senyavin, who was a flag officer, was the closest assistant to Admiral Mackenzie. It was then that he was noticed by the Governor-General of Novorossiya, who was Prince Potemkin. The future admiral was involved in construction issues until 1786. After that, he was transferred to the floating staff, appointed commander of a packet boat called “Karabut”, which maintained relations with the Russian ambassador in Turkey.

Rapid career growth

In 1787 - 1791, the future admiral Senyavin was under the command of Ushakov. During the same period, when Russia was at war with the Turks, he had to go through a harsh combat school. At the very beginning of hostilities, he was a flag captain, serving in Voinovich’s squadron. Already on June 3, 1788, the Black Sea Fleet won a victory near Fr. Fidonisi. In this battle, Ushakov, who led the Russian vanguard, especially distinguished himself.

At that moment, when a fairly strong Turkish fleet tried to help Ochakov, besieged by the Russians, from the sea, Senyavin with five cruisers was sent to the shores of Anatolia. The goal of our sailors was to distract the attention of the Turks and disrupt their lines of communication. Historians report that already here Senyavin showed extraordinary abilities. Carrying out his first independent actions, he managed to take several prizes and destroy a dozen Turkish ships.
Senyavin also took part in the battle of Kaliakria. It was the last in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791.

Such successful actions contributed to the fact that Senyavin was appointed to command the ship Leonty Martyr. Afterwards he began to lead the ship “Vladimir”. Already in the 4th year of the war (in 1791), he was the commander of the ship “Navarkhiya”, which was part of Ushakov’s squadron.

Battles with the French

After the end of hostilities with Senyavin, he continued to command the battleship that was part of Ushakov’s squadron. On August 13, 1798, the Russian Mediterranean fleet left Sevastopol. He headed to Constantinople to join the Turkish ships. This squadron set out to fight the French.

Ushakov's first goal was the Ionian Islands. They had to be freed from the French army in order to create a squadron base here.

The most protected of all the islands were Santa Mavra and Corfu. Taking the first of them was obtained by Senyavin, who, being in command of the ship “St. Peter". The frigate Navarchia, as well as two Turkish ships, helped him in this. Senyavin coped with the task assigned to him successfully. The fortress of Santa Mavra fell on November 2. In his report on the capture of the island, Ushakov gave a positive assessment of the actions taken by Senyavin.

After the siege, Russian sailors took Corfu, as well as the other Ionian islands. After this, they liberated Rome and the Kingdom of Naples from the French.

New appointments

Ushakov's squadron returned to Sevastopol in 1800. Senyavin, who distinguished himself in battles, was appointed to command the Kherson port. In 1803 he began to serve in the same position in Sevastopol. A year later, Senyavin was appointed naval commander and transferred to Revel. Here he remained until 1805. In the same year, he was put in command of a Russian squadron, which was sent to Sevastopol to carry out a new combat mission.

Senyavin's career at the beginning of the 19th century

After Russia at the end of the 18th century. was able to win a number of victories, under the leadership of her troops by the great commander Suvorov and the remarkable naval commander Ushakov, her influence on European affairs and international significance increased significantly.
During the same period, there was a struggle between England and France, which had embarked on the capitalist path of development. These countries fought for world domination. At the same time, Napoleon’s aggressive policy began to threaten the interests of Russia. This led to an aggravation of contradictions between the great states.

Since 1804, Russia has taken a number of measures aimed at concentrating forces in the Mediterranean Sea. She increased the number of warships and transferred them from Sevastopol to the island. Corfu Infantry Division.

In the spring of 1805, Russia and England concluded an agreement between themselves, which approved the joint actions of states directed against France. This union also included Naples and Austria.

In September 1805, a Russian squadron led by D.N. was sent to the Archipelago from Krondshtat. Senyavin, who had previously been promoted to vice admiral. The expedition arrived safely in Corfu. Here Senyavin took command of the Russian ground forces and naval forces in the Mediterranean. The vice admiral's main task concerned the protection of the Ionian Islands, which served as the base of the Russian fleet, as well as preventing Napoleon from capturing Greece.

Almost immediately, Senyavin began to take active steps. They occupied Montenegro, as well as the Cattaro region. In order to win over the locals, the regions occupied by Russians were, by his order, exempted from all duties. In addition, under the leadership of Senyavin, the convoy of ships heading to Constantinople and Trieste was organized, which significantly intensified trade in these areas.

In December 1806, Türkiye, incited by Napoleon, decided to declare war on Russia. And already at the beginning of January of the following year, a new squadron was sent to Corfu, commanded by Captain-Commander Ignatiev.

Hiking in the Aegean Sea

Admiral Senyavin received instructions from Russia, from which it followed that his task was to capture Constantinople, blockade Egypt, protect Corfu, and also impede communication between France and Turkey. If the admiral had blindly followed all the instructions, he would certainly have been defeated, scattering the forces at his disposal. Senyavin made the right decision, leaving part of his army to defend Corfu, leaving with the remaining troops to the Archipelago to solve the main task. In February 1807, his squadron set off for the waters of the Aegean Sea. In order to ensure the surprise of his actions, Senyavin ordered the detention of all merchant ships encountered on his way. Thus, no one was able to warn the enemy about the approach of the Russian squadron.

Battle of the Dardanelles

The Russian government hoped that the British would go to help Senyavin by sending Admiral Duckworth’s squadron into the Aegean Sea. This, however, did not happen. The British, trying to prevent events, decided to capture Constantinople before the Russians did. In February 1807, the Albion squadron passed by the Dardanelles and appeared near Constantinople. The British began to negotiate with the Turks, during which the latter managed to significantly strengthen themselves in the strait. Duckworth left the coastal waters of Constantinople, suffering heavy losses during his retreat.

At the time Senyavin approached the Dardanelles, they were heavily fortified. His combat mission was greatly complicated. Duckworth did not come to the aid of our squadron, going to Malta.

After this, the Russian admiral assembled a military council, which decided not to do anything other than blockade the Dardanelles. To create a maneuverable base, Russian troops captured the Tenedos fortress, which was located on a nearby island. After this, the blockade of the Dardanelles began. It consisted of two ships keeping watch near the strait, preventing merchant ships from entering the fortress. All these actions caused famine in Constantinople and discontent among its inhabitants. To lift the blockade, the Turks sent their fleet to the strait.

The Battle of the Dardanelles took place on May 10, 1807. Our squadron, taking advantage of the favorable southwestern gusts of wind, headed to approach the enemy. The Turkish fleet did not want to accept the battle and went to the Dardanelles. By eight o'clock in the evening, the Russian squadron caught up with the enemy and entered into battle with him. The Russian ships, whose numbers were significantly smaller, maneuvered perfectly. They did not adhere to a single formation and used fire simultaneously from both sides. In the darkness of the night, Turkish batteries fired shots not only at the Russians. Sometimes they ended up in their ships. The battle lasted until midnight. As a result, 3 enemy ships, which could not move due to severe damage, stuck to the shallows, and the rest managed to slip into the Dardanelles.

At dawn on May 11, the Turks began towing their damaged ships. At the same time, Senyavin gave the order to attack enemy ships. Only one of them managed to slip into the Dardanelles. The other two were thrown ashore by the Turks. This ended the battle of the Dardanelles, which disabled three Turkish warships. Enemy losses in manpower reached 2,000 people.
The blockade of the Dardanelles led to a complete cessation of food supplies to Constantinople. The discontent of the local population intensified, as a result of which a coup took place that overthrew Selim III, after which Sultan Mustafa IV received power.

The Turkish fleet was also defeated in the Battle of Athos, which took place on June 19, 1807. Here Senyavin used the latest methods of combat, using wake column attacks, an attack on one enemy ship by two Russians, etc. For his courage, the naval commander was awarded the honorary Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.

Return to the Baltic

On August 12, 1807, Türkiye, struck at sea, was forced to sign a truce. According to the peace treaty of Tilsit, Alexander I ceded the Dalmatian and Ionian islands to Napoleon. In addition, Türkiye received back its island of Theodos. Having learned about this, Dmitry Nikolaevich could not hold back his tears. Such an agreement crossed out all the victories of the Russian fleet. Soon his squadron returned to its homeland. Senyavin was sent to the Baltic.

During the war with Napoleon, Senyavin commanded the Revel squadron, which patrolled the English coast. The naval commander considered this inaction. He wrote a report about the transfer, but it remained unanswered. In 1813, Vice Admiral Senyavin resigned, receiving only a half pension. Dmitry Nikolaevich's family suffered financial difficulties.

But everything changed after Nicholas I came to power. Senyavin returned to service. The Tsar appointed him personal adjutant general, later transferring him to commander Baltic Fleet. Senyavin was promoted to admiral in 1826. And the very next year he was awarded diamond badges. This happened after the victory of the joint squadron of Russia, France and England over the Turkish-Egyptian ships in

In 1830, Dmitry Nikolaevich became seriously ill. He died on April 5, 1831. The funeral of the Russian admiral was very solemn. The command of the honorary escort of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment when paying last honors to Senyavin was carried out by Nicholas I himself.

Memory

The admirals of the Russian Empire are not forgotten by grateful descendants. The memory of Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin also lives in our hearts.

Thus, the Marine Technical College is named after him. This educational institution, whose history began on June 8, 1957, is located in St. Petersburg. At the beginning of its activity it was a factory training school. Today it is the Marine Technical College named after. Admiral D.N. Senyavin, who trains specialists with primary and secondary professional education, for fishing, river and sea fleets.

In the waters Pacific Ocean from 1954 to 1989 the cruiser "Admiral Senyavin" served. It was a light ship, built according to the 68-bis project.

Pictured is D.N. Senyavin at the monument “1000th anniversary of Russia”. It is located in Novgorod, in the very center of its Kremlin. This is a unique monument, which simply has no analogues in the world. It was not staged in honor of one event and is dedicated to more than one person. It tells descendants about a whole millennium and perpetuates the memory of the entire people. The idea of creating this monument belongs to Alexander II. In total, 109 figures are depicted on the monument “1000th Anniversary of Russia” statesmen, heroes and military men, educators and masters of art, who were personally approved by the king.

Anyone who sees this colossal mass of metal in the form of a silent bell at least once in his life will never be able to forget about it. Just as the exploits of those Russian people who faithfully and faithfully served for the good of their Fatherland are not forgotten.

Years of service Rank

: Incorrect or missing image

admiral Commanded

Don military flotilla,
Azov military flotilla

Battles/wars Awards and prizes

Connections

Alexey Naumovich Senyavin (Sinyavin; October 5 ( 17221005 ) - August 11) - Russian admiral from the Senyavin family, commander of the Don and Azov military flotillas.

Biography

Origin

Service

Alexey Naumovich, in respect of his father’s merits, began serving in the navy directly from the rank of midshipman on September 5, 1734. In 1735-1739, serving as an adjutant to his father, he took part in the Russian-Turkish war. At the end of the war he was transferred to the Baltic Fleet and fought against the Swedes in 1741-1743. Senyavin's next campaign was the Seven Years' War, where he, commanding battleship"St. Pavel”, distinguished himself in 1760 during the naval blockade of the Kolberg fortress. In 1762, Senyavin, with the rank of captain 1st rank, retired.

All the brilliant activities of the admiral, as the best sailor of his time, belong to the reign of Empress Catherine II.

Called back to service in 1766 as Treasurer General of the Admiralty, Senyavin was promoted to rear admiral two years later. On November 9, 1768, on the occasion of the outbreak of war against the Turks, the Empress entrusted him with organizing the Don Expedition with the task of building at the old Peter the Great shipyards on the Don various types ships that could then operate in the Azov and Black Seas. The order, which required speed and special intelligence, led to the revival of the Don (Azov) flotilla, whose task was to provide active assistance ground forces, which soon began military operations in the Black Sea region and Crimea. In 1769, Senyavin was promoted to vice admiral, he was also entrusted with the restoration of Taganrog.

For better success maritime enterprise, it was necessary to select a type of military vessels that would answer both local conditions navigation in shallow waters, and combat requirements, because the experiences of previous years in this regard were unsatisfactory. Such a new type of ships, called “newly invented ships”, and combining all the required conditions, was built by 1771 on the Don and, rafted to Taganrog, helped our troops capture the Crimea; For these works, Senyavin was awarded the Order of St. in 1771. Alexander Nevsky.

In 1773, Senyavin, with the flotilla entrusted to him, already acted so successfully against the Turks at sea that he forever closed the entrance to the Sea of Azov to enemy ships by occupying the fortresses of Yeni-Kale and Kerch. The following year, 1774, with a flotilla stationed at the Kerch Strait, he repelled the attack of the Turkish naval fleet, and despite the extreme inequality of forces, forced it to retreat with damage.

Thus, under the terms of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace concluded this year, thanks to the assistance of the Don flotillas, Azov and Taganrog were returned to Russia and Kerch and Yenikale were given, which opened the entrance to the Black Sea for Russian ships.

“Here, under this stone,
The glorious admiral lies,
Who did not like flattery, despised deceit,
Senyavin is valiant, a wise, merciful leader,
The immortal temple that left itself in reverence,
Friend of humanity, friend of true rightness.
Passer-by, pray to the Creator for him too!”

Founding of Taganrog

Catherine II wrote: “We are giving the Taganrog harbor completely to the department of Vice Admiral Senyavin in order to put it in such a state that it can serve as a refuge for ships, and for the construction of these, and even more so galleys and other ships... and so that the future campaign of 1770, the flotilla could already spend the winter there..." In a personal letter to A.N. Senyavin, the Empress clarifies the tasks for 1770: "The main subject of the next year on the Sea of Azov, it seems, should be to close the newly established fortresses in order to make an attack on Kerch and Taman and take possession of these fortresses, so that through this we can get the sound (strait) of the Black Sea into our own hands, and then our ships will freely cruise all the way to the Constantinople Canal and to the mouth of the Danube.”

At the end of April 1771, A. N. Senyavin informed the President of the Admiralty Board, Count I. G. Chernyshev: “With all my boredom and annoyance that the fleet is not ready yet, Your Excellency, imagine my pleasure to see those standing in front of the harbor from an 87-foot height (Where is it? In Taganrog!) ships flying the military Russian imperial flag, which has not been seen here since the time of Peter the Great.” And at the end of May 1771, under the command of Senyavin there were already 21 ships with 450 guns and 3,300 crew members. In June, the Azov flotilla supported the capture of Perekop, the fortresses of Kerch and Yeni-Kale, repelled attempts by the Turkish fleet to block the Russian advance along the eastern coast of Crimea, and supported other actions of the army of General V. M. Dolgorukov. In the same year, the flotilla moved from Taganrog to Kerch, and Taganrog turned into a merchant port city.

In the Rostov region, halfway along railway between Rostov and Taganrog, the village of Sinyavskoye is located, named after the admiral.

Family

Was married since 1760 to Anne-Elisabeth von Braude(-) and had one son and four daughters:

Anastasia Alekseevna(-18..), husband Vasily Ivanovich Nelidov (-), their daughter Maria was married to Count V.F. Adlerberg.
Ekaterina Alekseevna(-), maid of honor, since 1781 the wife of Count S. R. Vorontsov.
Maria Alekseevna(-), maid of honor, lady of state, since 1781 wife of A.L. Naryshkin.
Grigory Alekseevich(-), captain-commander, his son senator I.G. Senyavin.
Anna Alekseevna( -), Single.

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Notes

Sources

Lurie V. M. Nautical biographical dictionary. XVIII century. - St. Petersburg. , 2005.
// Russian biographical dictionary: in 25 volumes. - St. Petersburg. -M., 1896-1918.
Saitov V. St. Petersburg necropolis. - T. 4. - St. Petersburg. , 1913.
Lebedev A. A. At the origins Black Sea Fleet Russia. Azov flotilla in the struggle for Crimea and in the creation of the Black Sea Fleet (1768-1783). - St. Petersburg. , IPK.: Gangut. 2011. - ISBN 978-5-904180-22-5

Excerpt characterizing Senyavin, Alexey Naumovich

– See?... Doll... Mimi... See.
And Natasha could no longer speak (everything seemed funny to her). She fell on top of her mother and laughed so loudly and loudly that everyone, even the prim guest, laughed against their will.
- Well, go, go with your freak! - said the mother, feigning angrily pushing her daughter away. “This is my youngest,” she turned to the guest.
Natasha, taking her face away from her mother’s lace scarf for a minute, looked at her from below through tears of laughter and hid her face again.
The guest, forced to admire the family scene, considered it necessary to take some part in it.
“Tell me, my dear,” she said, turning to Natasha, “how do you feel about this Mimi?” Daughter, right?
Natasha did not like the tone of condescension to childish conversation with which the guest addressed her. She did not answer and looked at her guest seriously.
Meanwhile, all this young generation: Boris - an officer, the son of Princess Anna Mikhailovna, Nikolai - a student, the eldest son of the count, Sonya - the count's fifteen-year-old niece, and little Petrusha - the youngest son, all settled in the living room and, apparently, tried to keep within the boundaries of decency the animation and gaiety that still breathed from every feature of them. It was clear that there, in the back rooms, from where they all ran so quickly, they were having more fun conversations than here about city gossip, the weather and Comtesse Apraksine. [about Countess Apraksina.] Occasionally they glanced at each other and could hardly restrain themselves from laughing.
Two young men, a student and an officer, friends since childhood, were the same age and both were handsome, but did not look alike. Boris was a tall, fair-haired young man with regular, delicate features of a calm and handsome face; Nikolai was a short, curly-haired young man with open expression faces. Black hairs were already showing on his upper lip, and his whole face expressed impetuosity and enthusiasm.
Nikolai blushed as soon as he entered the living room. It was clear that he was searching and could not find anything to say; Boris, on the contrary, immediately found himself and told him calmly, jokingly, how he had known this Mimi doll as a young girl with an undamaged nose, how she had grown old in his memory at the age of five and how her head was cracked all over her skull. Having said this, he looked at Natasha. Natasha turned away from him, looked at her younger brother, who, with his eyes closed, was shaking with silent laughter, and, unable to hold on any longer, jumped and ran out of the room as quickly as her fast legs could carry her. Boris didn't laugh.
- You seemed to want to go too, maman? Do you need a carriage? – he said, turning to his mother with a smile.
“Yes, go, go, tell me to cook,” she said, pouring out.
Boris quietly walked out the door and followed Natasha, the fat boy angrily ran after them, as if annoyed at the frustration that had occurred in his studies.

Of the youth, not counting eldest daughter the countess (who was four years older than her sister and already behaved like a grown-up) and the young lady's guest, Nikolai and Sonya's niece remained in the living room. Sonya was a thin, petite brunette with a soft gaze, shaded by long eyelashes, a thick black braid that wrapped around her head twice, and a yellowish tint to the skin on her face and especially on her bare, thin, but graceful, muscular arms and neck. With the smoothness of her movements, the softness and flexibility of her small limbs, and her somewhat cunning and reserved manner, she resembled a beautiful, but not yet fully formed kitten, which would become a lovely little cat. She apparently considered it decent to show participation in the general conversation with a smile; but against her will, from under her long thick eyelashes, she looked at her cousin [cousin] who was leaving for the army with such girlish passionate adoration that her smile could not deceive anyone for a moment, and it was clear that the cat sat down only to jump more energetically and play with your sauce as soon as they, like Boris and Natasha, get out of this living room.
“Yes, ma chere,” said the old count, turning to his guest and pointing to his Nicholas. - His friend Boris was promoted to officer, and out of friendship he does not want to lag behind him; leaves both the university and me as an old man: he goes to military service,ma here. And his place in the archive was ready, and that was it. Is that friendship? - said the count questioningly.
“But they say war has been declared,” said the guest.
“They’ve been saying this for a long time,” said the count. “They’ll talk and talk again and leave it at that.” Ma chere, that’s friendship! - he repeated. - He is going to the hussars.
The guest, not knowing what to say, shook her head.
“Not out of friendship at all,” answered Nikolai, flushing and making excuses as if from a shameful slander against him. – Not friendship at all, but I just feel a calling to military service.
He looked back at his cousin and the guest young lady: both looked at him with a smile of approval.
“Today, Schubert, colonel of the Pavlograd Hussar Regiment, is dining with us. He was on vacation here and takes it with him. What to do? - said the count, shrugging his shoulders and speaking jokingly about the matter, which apparently cost him a lot of grief.
“I already told you, daddy,” said the son, “that if you don’t want to let me go, I’ll stay.” But I know that I am not fit for anything except military service; “I’m not a diplomat, not an official, I don’t know how to hide what I feel,” he said, still looking at him with coquetry. beautiful youth to Sonya and the guest young lady.
The cat, glaring at him with her eyes, seemed every second ready to play and show all her cat nature.
- Well, well, okay! - said the old count, - everything is getting hot. Bonaparte turned everyone’s heads; everyone thinks how he got from lieutenant to emperor. Well, God willing,” he added, not noticing the guest’s mocking smile.
The big ones started talking about Bonaparte. Julie, Karagina’s daughter, turned to young Rostov:
– What a pity that you weren’t at the Arkharovs’ on Thursday. “I was bored without you,” she said, smiling tenderly at him.
The flattered young man with a flirtatious smile of youth moved closer to her and entered into a separate conversation with the smiling Julie, not noticing at all that this involuntary smile of his was cutting the heart of the blushing and feignedly smiling Sonya with a knife of jealousy. “In the middle of the conversation, he looked back at her. Sonya looked at him passionately and embitteredly and, barely holding back the tears in her eyes and a feigned smile on her lips, she stood up and left the room. All Nikolai's animation disappeared. He waited for the first break in the conversation and with an upset face left the room to look for Sonya.
– How the secrets of all these young people are sewn with white thread! - said Anna Mikhailovna, pointing to Nikolai coming out. “Cousinage dangereux voisinage,” she added.
“Yes,” said the countess, after the ray of sunshine that had penetrated into the living room with this young generation had disappeared, and as if answering a question that no one had asked her, but which constantly occupied her. - How much suffering, how much anxiety has been endured in order to now rejoice in them! And now, really, there is more fear than joy. You're still afraid, you're still afraid! This is precisely the age at which there are so many dangers for both girls and boys.
“Everything depends on upbringing,” said the guest.
“Yes, your truth,” continued the Countess. “Until now, thank God, I have been a friend of my children and enjoy their complete trust,” said the countess, repeating the misconception of many parents who believe that their children have no secrets from them. “I know that I will always be the first confidente [confidant] of my daughters, and that Nikolenka, due to her ardent character, if she plays naughty (a boy cannot live without this), then everything is not like these St. Petersburg gentlemen.
“Yes, nice, nice guys,” confirmed the count, who always resolved issues that confused him by finding everything nice. - Come on, I want to become a hussar! Yes, that's what you want, ma chere!
“What a sweet creature your little one is,” said the guest. - Gunpowder!
“Yes, gunpowder,” said the count. - It hit me! And what a voice: even though it’s my daughter, I’ll tell the truth, she will be a singer, Salomoni is different. We hired an Italian to teach her.
- Is not it too early? They say it is harmful for your voice to study at this time.
- Oh, no, it’s so early! - said the count. - How did our mothers get married at twelve thirteen?
- She’s already in love with Boris! What? - said the countess, smiling quietly, looking at Boris’s mother, and, apparently answering the thought that had always occupied her, she continued. - Well, you see, if I had kept her strictly, I would have forbidden her... God knows what they would have done on the sly (the countess meant: they would have kissed), and now I know every word she says. She will come running in the evening and tell me everything. Maybe I'm spoiling her; but, really, this seems to be better. I kept the eldest strictly.
“Yes, I was brought up completely differently,” said the eldest, beautiful Countess Vera, smiling.
But a smile did not grace Vera’s face, as usually happens; on the contrary, her face became unnatural and therefore unpleasant.
The eldest, Vera, was good, she was not stupid, she studied well, she was well brought up, her voice was pleasant, what she said was fair and appropriate; but, strangely, everyone, both the guest and the countess, looked back at her, as if they were surprised why she said this, and felt awkward.
“They always play tricks with older children, they want to do something extraordinary,” said the guest.

“The Battle of Athos on June 19, 1807. 1853. » on Yandex.Photos The Battle of Athos, also known as the Battle of Mount Athos and the Battle of Lemnos, took place on June 19, 1807 near the Athos peninsula in the Aegean Sea as part of the campaign of the Second Archipelago Expedition of the Russian fleet during the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812 years. During the battle, the Russian squadron of Vice Admiral D.N. Senyavin (10 battleships, 754 guns) attacked and defeated the Turkish squadron of Kapudan Pasha Seyit-Ali (10 battleships, 5 frigates, 3 sloops and 2 brigs, 1196 guns). Turkish losses: 3 battleships, 4 frigates and 1 sloop. As a result of the battle Ottoman Empire lost its combat-ready fleet for more than a decade and agreed to sign a truce.

Senyavin, Dmitry Nikolaevich - adjutant general, admiral, senator. Senyavin's ancestors served in the navy from time immemorial, giving Russia a number of prominent military sailors. 2014 marks the 500th anniversary of the Senyavin dynasty’s service to Russia. And it would be good to remember this in advance and have time to pay tribute to the people who devoted so much effort, and sometimes even their very lives, to serving the Fatherland. The noble family of the Senyavins descended from Alekhna Senyavin, who moved from Poland to Moscow at the beginning of the 16th century. Representatives of this family were included in the genealogical books of several provinces. The family especially distinguished itself during the time of Peter I: Naum Akimovich and Ivan Akimovich Senyavin became one of the first Russian admirals, and four more brothers held high administrative positions.

"" on Yandex.Photos Peter I called the Ezel victory “a good initiative for the Russian fleet.” In honor of this event, a medal was cast with the inscription “Loyalty exceeds greatly.” In the Battle of Ezel, the Russian fleet won its first naval victory only with artillery fire, without resorting to boarding. It is no coincidence that this significant victory is associated with the name of naval officer Naum Akimovich Senyavin, whose whole life, like his brother Ivan Akimovich, was devoted to the formation and strengthening of the young Russian fleet, created by the labors and efforts of Tsar Peter I and his assistants. In 1716, both brothers, Naum, commander of the battleship Devonshire, and Ivan, commander of the battleship Archangel Uriel, sailed as part of the Russian squadron, led by Tsar Peter himself. By the beginning of August 1716, a huge armada of ships gathered near Copenhagen - from Russia, Denmark, England and Holland.

In July and August 1719, commanding the battleship "St. Catherine", captain-commander Naum Senyavin sailed in the Baltic, and near the Åland Islands he supported the operations of Russian galley flotillas with landing detachments Marine Corps off the coast of Sweden. Before the signing of the victorious peace treaty with Sweden on August 30, 1721, Naum Senyavin was a constant participant in battles and campaigns. Alexey Naumovich Senyavin (Sinyavin) (October 5, 1722 - August 11, 1797) - the son of the famous Petrovsky admiral Naum Akimovich Sinyavin (1680-1738), cousin of the admiral and member of the State Council Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin.

State Russian Museum. Painting of the 18th century. Artist F.S. Rokotov. If the merits of Alexei Naumovich were limited only to the fact that he accepted, nurtured, put F.F. Ushakov on the wing, passing on his rich experience to him, then this alone would be enough for his mark in the history of the Russian fleet to be noticeable. But he gave the fleet another bright figure - Dmitry, his nephew, won many victories, stood at the origins of the Azov flotilla and the Black Sea Fleet, was a brave sailor and an excellent organizer of naval combat, improved shipbuilding in Russia. Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin

Hero of the Dardanelles and Athos battles (Archipelago campaign of 1807, two victorious battles with a superior Turkish squadron, successor of Ushakov’s work, teacher of the subsequent generation of naval commanders - M.P. Lazarev, P.S. Nakhimova. Since 1826, commander of the Baltic Flotilla, Senator. Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky highest degree, Order of St. Vladimir 2nd degree, Order of St. Anna 2nd degree, Order of St. George 4th degree.
When Dmitry Nikolaevich died in 1831, Emperor Nicholas I himself commanded the funeral procession. D.N. was buried. Senyavin was in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Frigate "Mercury" from the squadron of D.N. Senyavin

Military flotillas.

Alexey Naumovich Senyavin
Artist Rokotov F.S. 1770s
Date of Birth	October 5(1722-10-05 )
Date of death	11th August(1797-08-11 ) (74 years old)
A place of death	Saint Petersburg
Affiliation	Russian empire Russian empire
Type of army	Russian Imperial Navy
Years of service	1734-1788
Rank	admiral
Commanded	Don military flotilla, Azov military flotilla
Battles/wars	Russo-Turkish War (1735-1739), Russo-Swedish War (1741-1743), Seven Years' War, Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774)
Awards and prizes
Connections	father Naum Akimovich Senyavin

Biography

Origin

Service

Alexey Naumovich, in respect of his father’s merits, began serving in the navy directly from the rank of midshipman on September 5, 1734. In 1735-1739, serving as an adjutant to his father, he took part in the Russian-Turkish war. At the end of the war he was transferred to the Baltic Fleet and fought against the Swedes in 1741-1743. Senyavin's next campaign was the Seven Years' War, where he, commanding the battleship St. Pavel”, distinguished himself in 1760 during the naval blockade of the Kolberg fortress. In 1762, Senyavin, with the rank of captain 1st rank, retired.

All the brilliant activities of the admiral, as the best sailor of his time, belong to the reign of Empress Catherine II.

Called back to service in 1766 as Treasurer General of the Admiralty, Senyavin was promoted to rear admiral two years later. On November 9, 1768, on the occasion of the outbreak of war against the Turks, the Empress entrusted him with organizing the Don Expedition with the task of building various types of ships at the old Peter the Great shipyards on the Don, which could then operate in the Azov and Black Seas. The order, which required speed and special intelligence, led to the revival of the Don (Azov) flotilla, whose task was to provide active assistance to the ground forces, which soon began military operations in the Black Sea region and Crimea. In 1769, Senyavin was promoted to vice admiral, he was also entrusted with the restoration of Taganrog.

For the best success of a maritime enterprise, it was necessary to choose a type of military vessel that would meet both the local conditions of navigation in shallow waters and combat requirements, because the experiences of previous years in this regard were unsatisfactory. Such a new type of ships, called “newly invented ships”, and combining all the required conditions, was built by 1771 on the Don and, rafted to Taganrog, helped our troops capture the Crimea; For these works, Senyavin was awarded the Order of St. in 1771. Alexander Nevsky.

In 1775, after the victory in the Russian-Turkish War of 1768-1774, the need arose for a shipyard on the Black Sea to build a full-fledged military fleet. To determine the location, an expedition was organized, headed by Senyavin. It was he who chose the place for the founding of Kherson and proposed to build the hulls of ships, under the cover of the Alexander-Shantz fortification, and after that lowering them into the Dnieper-Bug estuary, equipping them with guns, masts and rigging. This is how ships were built in the Kherson Admiralty, until its liquidation in 1827.

The rewards of Senyavin's labors and merits were his promotion to admiral on July 10, 1775, as well as the award of the Order of St. Anne 1st degree, St. Andrew the First-Called (1794) and St. Vladimir 1st degree (1795).

In 1788, due to labor and serious illness, he was dismissed from service, but in 1794, upon recovery, he entered again, with the appointment to attend the Admiralty Board.

He died on August 11, 1797 in St. Petersburg, and was buried at the Lazarevskoye cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra; in the 1870s, his ashes were transferred to the Tikhvin cemetery there. The grave has a marble column topped with an urn containing a flame. The following epitaph, composed by the future St. Petersburg vice-governor S. N. Zavalievsky, is placed on the plaque:

Founding of Taganrog

At the end of April 1771, A. N. Senyavin informed the President of the Admiralty Board, Count I. G. Chernyshev: “With all my boredom and annoyance that the fleet is not ready yet, Your Excellency, imagine my pleasure to see those standing in front of the harbor from an 87-foot height (Where is it? In Taganrog!) ships flying the military Russian imperial flag, which has not been seen here since the time of Peter the Great.” And at the end of May 1771, under the command of Senyavin there were already 21 ships with 450 guns and 3,300 crew members. In June, the Azov flotilla supported the capture of Perekop, the fortresses of Kerch and Yeni-Kale, repelled attempts by the Turkish fleet to block the Russian advance along the eastern coast of Crimea and supported other actions of the army of General V. M. Dolgorukov

Filas V.N. Fire in the Main Rowing Port of the Baltic Fleet in 1796 (an episode from the life of Admiral A.N. Senyavin) // Dirk: fleet, history, people. – St. Petersburg, 2011. – No. 11. – P. 3-8.