Tsar. And you, my son, what are you doing? What's this?

Fedor. Drawing of the Moscow land; our kingdom

From edge to edge. You see: here is Moscow,

Here is Novgorod, here is Astrakhan. Here is the sea

Here are the Perm dense forests, and here is Siberia.

A. S. Pushkin

The territory of Ugra is located in the depths of the largest continent and the largest state in area, in the center of the largest West Siberian Plain in Asia (the geographic center of the West Siberian Plain is located in the south of the Nizhnevartovsk region at the source of the Kulyegan River and has coordinates 60 0 N. and 76 0 E), on the banks of the mighty rivers – Ob and Irtysh. Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous region-Ugra is both central region Ural federal district– the center of the district is located in the Beloyarsky district at the source of the river. Un-Woshegan and has coordinates 62 0 30" N and 69 0 35" E.

Distance KHMAO

Our district is not the largest in area in the country, but a local airline plane will take about 4.5 hours to cover the distance from the western borders to the eastern ones. The area of ​​the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra is 534,800 km 2, which is larger in size than the administrative entities of the European part of Russia and the European states, with the exception of Ukraine and France. From north to south the district stretches for 900 km, from west to east – for 1400 km.

Borders of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug

Extreme northern point of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug lies in the Berezovsky district, on the Narodoitinsky ridge and has coordinates 65 0 43 "N and 62 0 E.

Westernmost point lies in the Berezovsky district on the Mon-Hamvo ridge and has coordinates 63 0 01" N and 59 0 48" E.

Easternmost point lies in the Nizhnevartovsk region on the watershed surface of the rivers Vakh, Tankses and Sym, and has coordinates 61 0 28 "N and 85 0 58" E.

Southernmost point lies in the Kondinsky district on the interfluve of the Kuma (right tributary of the Konda) and Noska (left tributary of the Irtysh) rivers and has coordinates 58 0 35 "N and 66 0 21" E.

From the extreme northern point of the district to the Arctic Circle is 98 km, and from the extreme southern point of the district to the southern borders of Russia is 428 km.

The total length of the district's external borders is about 4,733 km. In the north, Ugra borders along the watershed surfaces of the North Sosvinskaya and Poluyskaya uplands with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (length about 1716 km); in the northwest, a border with a total length of about 590 km runs along the watersheds of the Urals with the Komi Republic, in the southwest - with Sverdlovsk region(about 597 km), in the south - with the Tyumen region (about 749 km), in the southeast with the Tomsk region (about 824 km) and in the east with Krasnoyarsk Territory(about 257 km).

The distance from Khanty-Mansiysk in a straight line to Moscow is 2050 km, to St. Petersburg – 2130 km, to Yekaterinburg – 690 km, to Tyumen – 475 km, to Salekhard – 625 km.

Administratively, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is divided into 9 districts (see Appendix 1). Of these, the largest in terms of territory - Nizhnevartovsk district - occupies an area of ​​117.31 thousand km 2, and the smallest - Oktyabrsky - 24.49 thousand km 2. There are 16 cities, 24 urban-type settlements, and 173 rural settlements in the district (see Table 1.1).

As of January 1, 2006, the permanent population of Ugra was 1,473.8 thousand people.

1156.8 thousand people live in 16 cities of the district (78.7% of the total population). Population density – 3.1 people. per 1 sq. km. Urban population(including urban-type settlements) - 1334.9 thousand people

Representatives of 123 nationalities live in the district, including Slavic, Turkic, Finno-Ugric groups. According to the 2002 census, the ethnic composition of the district's population is dominated by Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, and Bashkirs.

The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is the historical homeland of the indigenous (aboriginal) population, which is represented by three small nationalities. These are the Khanty, Mansi and Forest Nenets . Their total number is about 1.5%.

Table 1.1

Population size and density by administrative regions of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

Districts and cities	Population at the beginning of 2006 (thousand people)	Area of ​​the region (thousand km 2)	Population density (persons/km 2)
(without cities)	cities (separately)
Berezovsky district
Beloyarsky district Beloyarsky
Kondinsky district
Nefteyugansk district Nefteyugansk Pyt-Yakh
Nizhnevartovsky district Nizhnevartovsk Langepas Megion Pokachi Raduzhny
Oktyabrsky district Nyagan
Sovetsky district Sovetsky Yugorsk
Surgutsky district Surgut Kogalym
Khanty-Mansiysk region Khanty-Mansiysk

Considering the ethnic composition of the district, the leading confessions are Orthodoxy and Islam.

The territory of Ugra lies in the fifth time zone, but its standard time equal to the fourth time zone, so the difference with Moscow is 2 hours.

Geographical Center of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is located in Surgut region, on the left bank of the river. Lyamin, in the swamp interfluve of the river. Yumayakha and its left tributary, its coordinates are 61 0 56" 46" N. and 70 0 37" 30" E. 4.5 km west-northwest of the center there is a winter hut on the river. Lyamin. The distance in a straight line from the center of Khanty-Mansiysk to Khanty-Mansiysk is 129 km, to Surgut – 168 km and to Nefteyugansk – 144 km.

The highest elevation of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – the highest peak of the Urals – Mount Narodnaya (1895 m).

Lowest absolute altitude in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug lies at the edge of the Ob River, when it goes beyond the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 7 m.

In the photo, the Vakh is one of the many large and wide rivers of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the right tributary of the Ob. Its bed meanders across the plain, forming many loops among the swampy taiga. Not far from here, near Lake Samotlor, there is one of the largest oil fields in Russia.

Geography

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra occupies the central part of the West Siberian Lowland. It stretches from west to east for almost one and a half thousand kilometers from the Ural ridge to the Ob-Yenisei watershed and is located in the basin of the Ob and rivers.

The territory of the district is a vast and weakly dissected plain with altitudes of about 200 m above sea level. Only in the north-west is the North Sosvinskaya Upland, and on the northern border of the district is the ridge of the Siberian ridges. A very interesting natural formation from a geological point of view is the Belogorodsky continent: a hilly area along the right bank of the lower Ob, so named for the light shade of the clays that make it up. In the west are the spurs of the Northern and Subpolar Urals, and on the border with the Komi Republic is the highest point of the district - Mount Narodnaya.

Almost the entire Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra is located in the taiga forest zone, only in the extreme north-west, in the Urals, does it enter the forest-tundra and mountain tundra zone.

Nature

Among the natural attractions of the district are animals typical of the middle taiga of Western Siberia (brown bear, sable, ermine, elk), and species characteristic of more southern regions (for example, lynx) or northern regions (wolverine, reindeer ).

Important historical and cultural sites are protected on the territory of the reserve: the Neolithic site of Belaya Gora, the ancient Khanty settlements of Tuzingort, Shukhtungort and Khangokurt, the Nikito-Ivdelskaya winter equestrian road of the 19th century, the shamanic place of the Holy Cape.

Story

Around 15-10th thousand BC. e. the settlement of this territory began, mostly from the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia - the most likely ancestral home of the Ugrians. In the 2nd millennium BC. e. Due to climate warming, the border of the steppes began to move north, and pastoral tribes began to move north, mixing with the taiga aborigines.

The beginning of the Russian colonization of these lands is considered to be the 12th-16th centuries, when the Novgorod Ushkuiniki began to penetrate here. It was they who reported that they live beyond the Stone (Ural) northern peoples Ugra. The Russians learned this very name from the Komi. The land on which these peoples lived was also called. Nowadays, this name has returned to use and is often used as the name of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Since 2003, it received official status, and the name of the subject of the federation began to sound like the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra.

Representatives of about 120 nationalities live in the district, the majority of the population is Russian. Representatives of indigenous peoples (Khanty, Mansi, Forest Nenets) make up a little more than 2% of the total population. But the whole district celebrates with them in June international festival crafts of the Finno-Ugric peoples "Ugra".

Khanty and Mansi are two closely related peoples living in Northwestern Siberia. Their names are derived from the self-names of the Khante, Kantah and Mansi peoples. They were adopted as official names after the establishment Soviet power, in the documents of the administration of Tsarist Russia, the Khanty were called Ostyaks, and the Mansi were called Voguls.

To designate the Khanty and Mansi as a single whole, the term “Ob Ugrians” is used: the beginning indicates the main place of residence (the Ob River), the second comes from the word Ugra. In Russian chronicles of the XI-XV centuries. this was the name given to the territory in the Polar Urals and Western Siberia, as well as its inhabitants.

With its outlines, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug resembles a bridge: from here the development of Siberia developed further, to the east.

The religion and folklore of the Khanty and Mansi are closely intertwined and permeated with belief in spirits or animism. The universe of these peoples is divided into three zones: the sky (torum), the earth (muv or ma) and the underworld (kali-torum or hamal-ma). Accordingly, people worship three gods, and the most important of them is the heavenly god Num-Torum, or "high god". He is the creator of the earth, the giver of daylight, the guardian of world order. It also determines the life span of each person. His name is associated with the “sacred flood”, which is also present in these beliefs. His brother Kul lives in the underworld and takes into his kingdom those people whom Torum doomed to death. All three worlds are connected by a staircase.

Strangely enough, the Khanty and Mansi are rather indifferent to the moon, sun and stars, but fire and everything connected with it occupy a significant place in their faith. Just like the forest spirit Unt-tonkh: he lives in the thicket and helps in hunting, sacrifices should be made to him in spring and autumn.

A special group of spirits are family spirits: they belong to an individual or family, they help the owner, and happiness, success and health depend on them. True, the power of the household spirit is not too great, and if help is needed in an important life situation, they turn to spirits of a higher rank for it.

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra is an important and large oil production area (Samotlorskoye, Mamontovskoye, Fedorovskoye, Krasnoleninskoye fields) and natural gas(Igrimskoye and Pungimskoye fields). Pipeline transport has been developed (oil pipelines, gas pipelines). Agriculture is of a traditional nature; reindeer husbandry, fur farming, and fur farming are developed. Due to climatic conditions, crop production is almost non-existent.

The population of the district lives in major cities, and in approximately 700 camps: small seasonal national settlements associated with traditional activities of the indigenous population.

Administrative center AO - stands on the Irtysh River. In 1582, the Cossacks of Ermak came here. In 1635, the Samarovsky pit was created to service postal routes, which became the Samarovskaya Sloboda, at the intersection of important trade routes. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Samarovo is a wealthy village, and also a place of exile. Moved here and to Soviet time- from dispossessed to deported. In 1950, the village of Khanty-Mansiysk received city status.

Surgut, one of the first Russian cities in Siberia, was founded in 1594 as a fort on the site of an Ostyak fortress. It got its name from the name of the nearest channel of the Ob. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. it became one of the centers of Russian colonization of Western Siberia in the 19th century. was a place of political exile, including the Decembrists. For a long time it was in decline, until in the 1950-1960s. Rich oil and gas deposits were not discovered nearby. Today Surgut is a major center of the oil production industry.

The urban-type settlement of Berezovo is a regional center on the banks of the Northern Sosva, a tributary of the Ob. Back in 1593, it was founded as a Berezov fortress; it received its name from the Ostyak settlement Sumatvosh, or the city of birches, located on this site. Berezovo was a place of exile for disgraced dignitaries of the 18th century, the most famous being the closest associate of Peter I, Alexander Menshikov, and diplomat Vasily Dolgorukov, the author of the forged “will” of Peter I.

general information

Location : Western Siberia.
Administrative affiliation : Tyumen region, Ural federal district, Russian Federation.
Administrative division : 13 urban districts, 9 municipal districts.
Administrative center : Khanty-Mansiysk - 96,936 people. (2016).
Cities: Surgut - 348,643 people, Nizhnevartovsk - 270,846 people, Nefteyugansk - 125,368 people, Kogalym - 63,476 people, Nyagan - 57,120 people, Megion - 55,854 people. (2016).
Educated: 1930
Languages: Russian, Khanty, Mansi.
Ethnic composition : Russians - 68.11%, Tatars - 7.61%, Ukrainians - 6.39%, Bashkirs - 2.48%, Azerbaijanis - 1.82%, Khanty - 1.33%, Belarusians - 1.03%, Kumyks - 0.97%, Chuvash - 0.95%, Lezgins - 0.93%, Mansi - 0.77%, others - 7.61% (2010).
Religions: Orthodoxy, Islam, shamanism.
Currency unit : Russian ruble.
Rivers: Ob, Irtysh, Vakh, Agan, Tromyogan, Bolshoy Yugan, Bolshoi Salym, Northern Sosva, Konda, Sogom.
Lakes: Tursuntsky and Levushinsky Tumans, Vandemtor and Trmemtor.
Neighboring subjects of the Federation : in the north and northeast - the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the east - the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the southeast - the Tomsk region, in the south - the Tyumen region, in the southwest - the Sverdlovsk region, in the northwest - the Komi Republic.

Numbers

Square: 534,801 km 2 .
Length: from west to east - about 1400 km, from north to south - about 800 km, border - 4750 km.
Population: 1,646,078 people (2017).
Population density : 3.1 people/km 2 .
Urban population : 92.33% (2017).
Highest point : 1895 m, Mount Narodnaya (Subpolar Urals).
Rivers: total number - more than 2000, total length - 172,000 km.
Lakes: the total number is about 300,000, the deepest are Kintus (48 m) and Syrkovy Sor (42 m).
Remoteness (Khanty-Mansiysk) : 2050 km northeast of Moscow.

Climate and weather

Temperate continental.
Winters are harsh and long, summers are short and relatively warm.
average temperature January : -21°С
Average temperature in July : +18°С
Average annual precipitation : about 500 mm.
Average annual relative humidity : 70-75%.

Economy

GRP: 3136.8 billion rubles. (2015), per capita - 1.937 million rubles. (2015).
Minerals : oil, natural gas, gold, iron, bauxite, copper, zinc, lead, niobium, tantalum, quartz, rock crystal, brown and hard coal, sapropel, peat, mineral and thermal springs.
Industry: oil and gas production, electric power (Surgut State District Power Plant-1 and State District Power Plant-2, Nizhnevartovskaya State District Power Plant), forestry, woodworking, construction, food (fish processing).
Agriculture : crop farming (vegetables, potatoes), livestock farming (reindeer husbandry, fur farming).
Fur trade, river fishing.
Services sector: tourism, transport (oil and gas pipelines, river navigation), trade, resort.

Attractions

Khanty-Mansiysk city

• Museum of Nature and Man (1932)
• Ethnographic open-air museum “Torum-Maa” (1987)
• House-Museum of the artist Vladimir Igoshev (2001)
• Theater of Ob-Ugric Peoples (2002)
• Church of the Resurrection of Christ (2005)
• Generations Foundation Art Gallery (2005)
• Archeopark “Samarovsky Remain” (2008)
• Monument to the Discoverers of the Ugra Land

Natural

• Malaya Sosva Nature Reserve (1976)
• (1982)
• Mountains Tunkh-Vesh (devil's face) and Pedy (1010 m, Northern Urals)
• Lakes Khane-Tuv, Aran-Tur, Sorovskie, Kogolymlor and Paasynlor
• Natural monument Valley of Streams
• Zimnie Sovkunin tract, Shapshinsky and Neuskinsky cedar forests
• Natural parks “Kondinskie Lakes”, “Numto” and “Samarovsky Chugas”

Curious facts

• The territory of the Malaya Sosva reserve is located in the basin of the river of the same name, which belongs to the Ob basin. The river has an extremely winding channel with numerous boulder and pebble rifts. Some river loops almost meet at their ends, forming narrow isthmuses, as, for example, on the Holy Cape. Here you need to travel along the river for about 30 km, and along the isthmus, or, as they used to say, “drag,” to travel only 900 m.
• Linguists introduced the word “Ugra” into the scientific classification, calling the Khanty and Mansi languages ​​Ugric (Ugra). This group also includes the related language Hungarian. The Ugric languages, along with the Baltic-Finnish, Volga, Permian and Sami languages, form the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family(in addition to Finno-Ugric, it includes Samoyed languages ​​spoken by the Nenets, Selkups, Enets, Nganasans).
• It is common for the Khanty and Mansi to eat raw reindeer meat and blood. A piece of meat from a freshly killed deer is dipped in still warm blood, grabbed with the teeth and with a quick movement of the knife cut from the bottom up right at the lips. Raw deer meat and warm blood contain a large amount of vitamin C, and such food also serves as an antiscorbutic remedy.
• At the beginning of the Iron Age (VI-IV centuries BC), the southern part of the Ugric tribes was in close relationship with Iranian-speaking nomadic pastoralists. It is likely that the ancestors of modern Hungarians later emerged from this group, moving west and settling on the Danube. And the ancestors of the Ob Ugrians (Mansi and Khanty) settled respectively on both sides of the Ural ridge and the basin of the lower and middle Ob.
• Among the Nenets, two stand out ethnic groups- tundra Nenets and forest Nenets, differing in family composition, dialect, and some cultural features. Only Forest Nenets live on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra; there are about 2 thousand of them. A few decades ago, they used nets tied from willow bast for fishing, and mammoth ribs and deer skulls served as sinkers. They always had few domestic reindeer; the forest Nenets preferred hunting upland and waterfowl, and fur-bearing animals. The Forest Nenets believe in spirits, their main sanctuary is Lake Numto: here on the island of Ngo-yah, sacrifices were made to the pagan gods and wooden figures of the spirit of the kakha stood.

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra- a subject of the Russian Federation (as part of the Tyumen region), part of the Ural Federal District.

Square— 537.8 thousand sq. km.
Length: From north to south - 900 km, from west to east - 1400 km. the total length of the borders is 4,750 km.

Population— 1520 thousand people (2009 data)
Population density – 2.8 people. per 1 sq. km.
The share of the urban population is 91.5%, rural - 8.5%.

Administrative center- city of Khanty-Mansiysk.

Geographical position.
The Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is located in the middle part of Russia and occupies the central part of the West Siberian Lowland, stretching from west to east for almost 1,400 km - from the Ural ridge to the Osko-Yenisei watershed. From north to south the district extends approximately 800 km, falling between 58 degrees 30 minutes and 65 degrees 30 minutes northern latitude.

The territory of the district is a vast, weakly dissected plain with absolute elevations rarely reaching 200 m above sea level. The only exception is the North Sosvinskaya Upland located in the northwestern part, between the Ural ridge and the Ob, and the barely raised ridge of Siberian ridges running along the northern border of the district, which is a natural watershed between the basins of the Ob rivers and Nadym and Pura, which extend in a submeridian direction to the north and Taza.

The moraine ridges also include the more modestly sized Agansky Uval and Numto Uval. Of particular note is the most interesting natural formation, called the Belogorodsky continent. It is a hill stretching in a submeridional direction, bounded on the west by the Ob River, and bordered on the east by the valley of the Nadym River. Maximum heights (up to 231 m) tend to the strongly dissected “mountainous” part of the Ob region; in the east the relief is poorly dissected.

The northern part is characterized by heights of 190-230 m. In the south, elevations rarely exceed 100-130 m. In the west, the spurs and ridges of the mountain system of the Northern and Subpolar Urals enter the territory of the district. This part of the district's territory is characterized by low- and mid-mountain relief (in the Subpolar Urals - with alpine features). The length of the mountainous region is 450 km with a width of 30-40 km. Within the mountain system of the Subpolar Urals on the border with the Komi Republic there are maximum absolute heights in the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - up to 1,895 m (Narodnaya).

Borders:
In the north - with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
In the north-west - with the Komi Republic.
In the southwest - with the Sverdlovsk region.
In the south - with the Tobolsk and Uvat districts of the Tyumen region.
In the southeast and east - with the Tomsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Climate.
The territory of Ugra is exposed to the simultaneous influence of the ocean and the continent, which is one of the most important factors in climate formation. The protection of the territory from the west by the Ural Range has a significant impact. The lack of protection of the territory from the north contributes to the deep penetration of cold Arctic air onto the continent throughout the year. At the same time, openness from the south contributes to the free removal of heated continental air from temperate latitudes.

The climate of the district is sharply continental, characterized by rapid changes in weather conditions, especially in transition periods- from autumn to winter and from spring to summer. The average January temperature is from -18 to -24 degrees Celsius, the average July temperature is from +15.7 to +18.4 degrees Celsius. The formation of the climate is significantly influenced by: the protection of the territory from the west by the Ural ridge and the openness of the territory from the north, facilitating the penetration of cold Arctic masses, as well as the flat nature of the area with a large number of rivers, lakes and swamps.

The annual rainfall in the district is from 400 to 550 mm. The height of the snow cover is from 50 to 80 cm. The maximum amount falls in July and August. During this period, rainfall prevails; daily maximums can reach 20-25 mm.

Water resources.
On the territory of the district there are more than 2 thousand large and small rivers with a total length of 172 thousand km.
The river network of the district is formed by the two largest rivers of Russia flowing from south to north - the Ob and Irtysh, and 12 of their tributaries, which are significant rivers of the district (North Sosva, Konda, Vakh, Yugan, Kazym, Pim, Tromyegan, Agan, B. Salym, Lyapin , Lyamin, Nazim), as well as many small rivers.

There are more than 10 rivers in the district, the length of which exceeds 500 km. Each of them, due to its size, special beauty, and abundance of fish resources, could become the national pride of many countries around the world. The Konda River, for example, is almost equal in length (about 1,100 km) to the Rhine, the Great Yugan (1,063 km) is only 5 km shorter than the Vistula, and the deep-flowing Vach (964 km) is significantly longer than the Oder. All rivers of the district, excluding the rivers of the Ural part, are characterized by small slopes, low flow speed, spring and summer floods, floods in the warm season, and backwater phenomena. The Ob backwaters extend to a distance of 700-200 km from the mouth of the tributaries, which contributes to the formation of lars (floodplain swamps) and sors (seasonal lakes formed in flooded low-lying areas).

There are about 290 thousand lakes in the district with an area of ​​more than 1 hectare. The large category (with an area of ​​over 100 sq. km) includes Kondinsky Sor, Leushinsky Tuman, Vandemtor and Tromemtor. The deepest are Kintus (48 m) and Syrkovy Sor (42 m).

Vegetable world.
Flora Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug has over 800 species of higher plants. The territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug belongs to two botanical and geographical regions: the Ural mountain region and the West Siberian plain. The main part is located within the West Siberian plain botanical-geographical region, which is characterized by a distinct zonal division of vegetation. Within the district there are subzones of northern, middle and southern taiga, but almost the entire territory of the district is located within one natural zone - taiga forests (middle taiga). Most of the territory is occupied by heavily swampy taiga. In the northern regions, the composition of vegetation is greatly influenced by permafrost.

The vegetation is represented by communities of forests, swamps, meadows, reservoirs, and mountain tundra. The forest cover of the district is 52.1%. The middle taiga zone dominates. It is represented by dark-coniferous, light-coniferous, small-leaved and mixed forests. Spruce, cedar, larch, fir, and pine grow in them. Pine forests are replaced by dark coniferous forests with increasing swamping and on sandy river terraces, ridges and ridges, where white moss pine forests form. Pine and lingonberry forests often represent secondary forests on the site of burnt dark coniferous taiga. Meadow vegetation is confined to the floodplains and lowlands. In the northern regions, lichen communities are common and used as reindeer pastures. Forests and swamps are rich in fruit and food species of vegetation: cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, currants, cloudberries, raspberries, rose hips, bird cherry, rowan.

The northern taiga subzone is characterized by a combination of sparse forests, flat-hilly and large-hilly swamps and meadow-swamp-sorty plant communities of floodplains large rivers. Larch, pine-larch, and pine forests and woodlands predominate. Larch-spruce-cedar, larch and spruce forests are common on flat watersheds. Forests are sparse and low in productivity. The ground cover of such forests is formed by shrubs - wild rosemary, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries and green mosses. Lichens are found in patches. Significant areas are occupied by swampy forests: larch, larch-pine and spruce, shrub-long-moss and sphagnum. The swampiness averages 40 percent. A tenth of the territory is occupied by flat-hilly complex swamps.

The southern taiga is represented by dark coniferous, pine and small-leaved (birch, aspen) forests. The zonal type is highly productive cedar-spruce-fir green moss and small-grass forests with abundant regrowth and diverse undergrowth, which may include linden. Pine forests different types found in small areas among swamps or on sand. Birch and aspen forests are predominantly secondary, resulting from logging and fires.

River floodplains and lowlands are characterized by meadow vegetation. High floodplains of large rivers are often covered with park-type willow forests, willow-birch, willow-birch-aspen grass forests. Forests and swamps are rich in berries: cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, currants, cloudberries, raspberries, rose hips, bird cherry, rowan. IN traditional medicine Indigenous peoples use about 200 plant species.

Animal world.
The mammal fauna of Ugra is quite rich and represents a typical taiga complex, including approximately fifty species belonging to six orders.
The bat order in the district is represented by three species of bats. Two of them—the long-whiskered and pond bats—were recorded only in the southwestern part of the district. The third species, the northern leatherback, is more widespread in the region.

Among the rare species of the order of carnivores, one should first of all include the lynx - the only representative of the cat family in the taiga fauna. The ermine, otter, weasel and wolverine are common throughout the district, but only the first of these species is numerous, the rest are quite rare.

Among lagomorphs, the most numerous species in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is the Ural northern pika, or haymaker. This endemic subspecies of the northern pika is found only in the Ural Mountains.

The largest representative of the rodent order in Ugra is the beaver. Possessing very valuable fur, this species has long been an object of fishing. At present, only the Kondo-Sosva hearth has survived from its former vast range, supported by the protected territory of the Malaya Sosva Nature Reserve and the Verkhne-Kondinsky Beaver Reserve.

The vertebrate fauna includes 369 species. Mammals are represented by 60 species, 28 of which are commercial. The most common and economically valuable are: fox, arctic fox, squirrel, sable, marten, ermine, weasel, polecat, mink, weasel, otter, hare, wild reindeer, elk, etc. Wolverine and West Siberian river are listed in the Red Book of Russia beaver.

The district's avifauna is represented by 256 bird species, including 206 resident and nesting species. The most numerous orders are passeriformes, chariformes and anseriformes. The basis of the hunting fauna (48 species) is formed by geese, wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, partridges, ducks, and waders. Of the predators, special mention should be made of the vulture hawk, marsh harrier, and long-eared owl. There are rare species listed in the Red Book: Dalmatian Pelican, Black Stork, Common Flamingo, Lesser Lesser Lesser Lesser Lesser Lesser White-fronted Lesser, Golden Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, Black Crane, Siberian Crane (White Crane), Slender-billed Curlew, White-tailed Eagle, Osprey, Gyrfalcon, Brent Goose, Red-breasted Goose.
There are 42 species of fish in rivers and lakes. Only 19 of them are commercial - these are sterlet, lelma, muksun, peled (cheese), whitefish (pizhyan), Sosvinskaya herring (tugun), burbot, pike, ide, roach, bream, dace, perch, ruff , gold and silver crucian carp, and carp are grown in the cooling ponds of the Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk State District Power Plants. The species listed in the Red Book is the sturgeon.

Minerals.
The district is the main oil and gas bearing region of Russia and one of the largest oil producing regions in the world. The main mineral resources are oil and gas. The largest oil and gas fields are Samotlorskoye, Fedorovskoye, Mamontovskoye, Priobskoye. Alluvial gold, vein quartz and collection raw materials are mined in the district. Deposits of brown and hard coal have been discovered. Deposits of iron ore, copper, zinc, lead, niobium, tantalum, manifestations of bauxite, etc. have been discovered. Deposits of decorative stone, brick-expanded clay, and construction sand are being prepared for development.
Operating reserves of mineral (iodine-bromine) waters have been explored and approved.

Geographical location and relief

The Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug occupies the central part of the West Siberian Lowland, stretching from west to east for almost 1,400 km - from the Ural Range to the Osko-Yenisei watershed. From north to south, the district extends approximately 800 km, lying between 58º30' and 65º30' north latitude. The length of the district's borders is 4,750 km. The territory of the district is a vast, weakly dissected plain with absolute elevations rarely reaching 200 m above sea level. The only exception is the North Sosvinskaya Upland located in the northwestern part, between the Ural ridge and the Ob, and the barely raised ridge of Siberian ridges running along the northern border of the district, which is a natural watershed between the basins of the Ob rivers and Nadym and Pura, which extend in a submeridian direction to the north and Taza. The moraine ridges also include the more modestly sized Agansky Uval and Numto Uval. Of particular note is the most interesting natural formation, called the Belogorodsky continent. It is a hill stretching in a submeridional direction, bounded on the west by the Ob River, and bordered on the east by the valley of the Nadym River. Maximum heights (up to 231 m) tend to the highly dissected “mountainous” part of the Ob region; in the east the relief is poorly dissected. The northern part (north of the village of Maly Atlym) is characterized by heights of 190-230 m and significant erosional dissection. In the south, elevations rarely exceed 100-130 m. Belogorye received its name for the light color of the clays that make up the elevation. The Belogorsk continent and its less pronounced continuation already in the Ob-Irtysh interfluve are separated by the vast Kondinskaya and Surgutskaya lowlands - true kingdoms of lakes and swamps. In the west, the territory of the district includes spurs and ridges of the mountain system of the Northern and Subpolar Urals. This part of the district's territory is characterized by low- and mid-mountain relief (in the Subpolar Urals - with alpine features). The length of the mountainous region is 450 km with a width of 30-40 km. Within the mountain system of the Subpolar Urals on the border with the Komi Republic there are maximum absolute heights in the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - up to 1,895 m (Narodnaya).

Climate

The climate of the district is temperate continental, characterized by rapid changes in weather conditions, especially in autumn and spring, as well as during the day. The climate formation is significantly influenced by the protection of the territory from the west by the Ural Range, as well as the openness from the north, which facilitates the unhindered penetration of cold Arctic masses. An important role is played by the flat nature of the area with a large number of rivers, lakes and swamps. Winters are harsh and long with stable snow cover, summers are short and relatively warm. Transitional seasons (spring, autumn) are characterized by late spring and early autumn frosts. The average January temperature in the district ranges from 18-24 ºC. The lowest air temperatures (down to -60-62 ºC) were recorded in the Vakh River valley in the Nizhnevartovsk region. The duration of the period with negative air temperatures can reach 7 months, from October to April; with stable snow cover - 180-200 days - from late October to early May. Frosts are not uncommon until mid-June. The warmest month, July, is characterized by average temperatures ranging from 15.0 ºC (in the northwest) to 18.4 ºC (in the southeast). The absolute maximum reaches 36 ºC. The annual duration of sunshine in the district is 1600-1900 hours, in Khanty-Mansiysk - 1765 hours (for comparison: in St. Petersburg - 1563, Kursk - 1775, Kyiv - 1843 hours).

In summer, the predominant wind direction is north, in contrast to winter, when the south wind is more common. Annual precipitation is 400-620 mm. The height of the snow cover is from 50 to 80 cm. The maximum precipitation occurs in the warm season. Even with a relatively small number of them, the evaporation values ​​are very insignificant, as a result of which the entire territory of the region is located in a zone of excess moisture. Waterlogging, low temperatures, late spring, summer and early autumn frosts - all this hinders the cultivation of most agricultural crops. Only focal farming is widespread, specializing in the cultivation of potatoes, onions, radishes, cabbage, carrots, oats, barley, and fodder crops.

Hydrography

On the territory of the district there are more than 2 thousand large and small rivers with a total length of 172 thousand km. The main rivers of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - the Ob (3650 km) and the Irtysh (3580 km) - are among the largest rivers in Russia. In addition to them, significant rivers include the tributaries of the Ob: Vakh, Agan, Tromyogan, Bolshoy Yugan, Lyamin, Pim, Bolshoy Salym, Nazim, Northern Sosva, Kazym, as well as the tributary of the Irtysh - the Kondu and Sogom rivers. There are more than 10 rivers in the district, the length of which exceeds 500 km. Each of them, due to its size, special beauty, and abundance of fish resources, could become the national pride of many countries around the world. The Konda River, for example, is almost equal in length (about 1,100 km) to the Rhine, the Great Yugan (1,063 km) is only 5 km shorter than the Vistula, and the deep-flowing Vach (964 km) is significantly longer than the Oder. All rivers of the district, excluding the rivers of the Ural part, are characterized by small slopes, low flow speed, spring and summer floods, floods in the warm season, and backwater phenomena. The Ob backwaters extend to a distance of 700-200 km from the mouth of the tributaries, which contributes to the formation of lars (floodplain swamps) and sors (seasonal lakes formed in flooded low-lying areas).

A third of the district's territory is occupied by swamps, mainly of the raised and transitional type. Surrounded by swamps and forests, there are about 290 thousand lakes with an area of ​​more than 1 hectare. The largest of them (with an area of ​​more than 100 sq. km) are Tursuntsky and Levushinsky Tumans, Vandemtor and Trmemtor. The deepest are Kintus (48 m), Syrkovy Sor (42 m). Most of the lakes (about 90%) are small in area and rather shallow, without surface runoff.

Soils

The soil cover is not very diverse. Podzolic soils are common in drained riverine areas under dense dark coniferous taiga. In watersheds with weak surface and groundwater flow, different kinds gley soils, which in the central part are usually replaced by marsh soils. Thin podzolic soils of light mechanical composition are characteristic of outwash areas; As a rule, moss pine trees grow on them. The Ob floodplain is characterized by a complex combination of alluvial, turf-meadow and marsh soils. In the mountainous (Ural) part, tundra coarse-humus gravelly soils are common.

Flora

The flora of the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug includes over 800 species of higher plants. Almost the entire territory of the district is located within one natural zone - taiga forests, only in the extreme north-west in the Ural part it enters the zone of forest-tundra and mountain tundra. Most of the territory is occupied by heavily swampy taiga. The vegetation is represented by communities of mixed and coniferous forests, swamps, water meadows, ponds, and mountain tundra. In the northern regions, the composition of vegetation is greatly influenced by permafrost.

The forest cover of the territory is 52%. The middle taiga zone dominates, which is represented by dark-coniferous, light-coniferous, small-leaved and mixed forests. Spruce, cedar, fir, pine, larch, birch, and alder grow in them. Of particular note are the vast light lichen forests, widespread in the northern regions of the district, used as deer pastures.

River floodplains and lowlands are characterized by meadow vegetation. High floodplains of large rivers are often covered with park-type willow forests, willow-birch, willow-birch-aspen grass forests. Forests and swamps are rich in berries: cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, currants, cloudberries, raspberries, rose hips, bird cherry, rowan. About 200 plant species are used in traditional indigenous medicine.

Fauna

The fauna of the district is typical for the taiga zone of Russia. The vertebrate fauna includes 369 species. Mammals are represented by 60 species, 28 of which are commercial. The most common and economically valuable are: fox, arctic fox, squirrel, sable, marten, ermine, weasel, polecat, mink, weasel, otter, hare, wild reindeer, elk, etc. Wolverine and West Siberian river are listed in the Red Book of Russia beaver.

The district's avifauna is represented by 256 bird species, including 206 resident and nesting species. The most numerous orders are passeriformes, chariformes and anseriformes. The basis of the hunting fauna (48 species) is formed by geese, wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, partridges, ducks, and waders. Of the predators, special mention should be made of the vulture hawk, marsh harrier, and long-eared owl. There are rare species listed in the Red Book: Dalmatian Pelican, Black Stork, Common Flamingo, Lesser Lesser Lesser Lesser Lesser Lesser White-fronted Lesser, Golden Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, Black Crane, Siberian Crane (White Crane), Slender-billed Curlew, White-tailed Eagle, Osprey, Gyrfalcon, Brent Goose, Red-breasted Goose.

There are 42 species of fish in rivers and lakes. Only 19 of them are commercial - these are sterlet, lelma, muksun, peled (cheese), whitefish (pizhyan), Sosvinskaya herring (tugun), burbot, pike, ide, roach, bream, dace, perch, ruff , gold and silver crucian carp, and carp are grown in the cooling ponds of the Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk State District Power Plants. The species listed in the Red Book is the sturgeon.

The area is notorious for the abundance of mosquitoes and midges. The huge number of blood-sucking insects is a significant nuisance for domestic animals and people working outdoors. For example, the average number of adult mosquitoes in a forest area in the Ob and its tributaries is from 4 to 12 specimens per 1 sq.m of territory. Mosquitoes appear in late May - mid-June, and their mass emergence occurs in early July. By the end of August, the number and activity of mosquitoes decreases significantly. The period of greatest activity of midges, when they attack people, occurs in the second half of summer.

Natural resources

The district has huge natural resource potential. First of all, these are oil and gas reserves, forest resources, as well as a number of solid minerals. More than 400 oil and gas-oil fields have been discovered with reserves of about 20 billion tons. Forecast oil reserves are estimated at 35 billion tons. The largest oil fields include Samotlor (among the ten largest in the world), Fedorovskoye, Mamontovskoye and Priobskoye. As a rule, oil fields contain associated gas - a valuable raw material for the chemical industry. Unfortunately, most of it is still burned in the fields, a smaller part is used as fuel at the largest thermal power plants (Surgut State District Power Plant-1 and State District Power Plant-2). In terms of natural gas reserves, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug ranks second in the Russian Federation after the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

In addition to oil and gas deposits, the wealth of the region also consists of deposits of primary and placer gold, the forecast reserves of ore formations of which are estimated at 220 tons. In the part of the Autonomous Okrug adjacent to the Urals, deposits of iron ore, as well as manifestations of bauxite, copper, zinc, lead, niobium, tantalum, etc. Industrial development of deposits of vein quartz, rock crystal and piezoquartz is underway. The quality of these types of raw materials is one of the highest in the world. There are known deposits of brown and hard coal, the estimated reserves of which are estimated at 4600 and 970 million tons, respectively. There are deposits of decorative stone, brick-expanded clay, construction sand, sand-gravel mixture, valuable agrochemical raw materials - sapropel, and countless reserves of peat. There are huge resources of fresh, mineral and thermal groundwater, which are still little used.

Yugansky Reserve

Obrazov in 1982 as the largest taiga landscape reserve. It occupies an area of ​​648.7 thousand hectares, has a two-kilometer security zone with an area of ​​98.9 thousand hectares along the perimeter. The territory of the reserve includes part of the basins of the Negusyakh and Maly Yugan rivers - the right tributaries of the Big Yugan. The central estate of the reserve is located on Utug, the largest nearby settlement. Not far from the borders of the reserve, a small number of Khanty families traditionally live along the rivers.

The Yugansky Reserve is located in the middle taiga subzone, where the most typical areas are full-moss dark coniferous forests combined with long-moss and sphagnum forests. Along the valleys of rivers and streams there are unique taiga formations - urmans, in which spruce or cedar predominate in the vicinity of fir, birch, rowan, and bird cherry. Pine forests are also widespread, sometimes combined with sphagnum bogs (ryams). The slopes of ridges and river valleys are covered with picturesque shrub forests with a predominance of lingonberries and wild rosemary. Birch and aspen forests with an undergrowth of rose hips and goat willow, combined with areas of meadow vegetation, are confined to the river floodplains. Grass-forb, sedge-canary grass and marsh-sedge meadows extend here.

About 40 species of taiga mammals live in the Yugansky Nature Reserve. The most common species are elk, brown bear, sable, squirrel, chipmunk, otter, pine marten, ermine, mountain hare, fox, weasel and wolverine. In some years, visits by Arctic foxes and wild boars are noted. Acclimatized species - muskrat and American mink - have spread widely. The avifauna includes more than 180 species, of which the predominant species are wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, ptarmigan, waders, woodcocks, snipe, ducks, owls of prey, cuckoos, and woodpeckers. There are also rare birds: eagle owl, black-throated loon, gray crane, black kite, goshawk, sparrowhawk, whooper swan, black swift.

Occasionally, birds listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation come into the field of view of naturalists: white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, osprey, black stork, red-breasted goose, peregrine falcon. Reptiles are represented by the common viper and viviparous lizard, amphibians - the Siberian frog, the sharp-faced frog, and the Siberian salamander. The permanent habitat of ten species of fish is noted on the territory of the reserve. In various reservoirs of the reserve you can find pike, perch, ruff, roach, ide, dace, gold and silver crucian carp, as well as gudgeon and minnow. In the Greater Yugan, salmon and burbot are sometimes caught.

Lesson topic: Territory, borders and geographical position

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (8th grade)

Goals and objectives of the lesson :

1. To form an idea of ​​identifying the features of the geographical location of the territory of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the stages of development and formation of the territory of our district.

2.Develop the ability to classify facts and draw generalizing conclusions.

3.Cultivate a feeling of love for your native land.

Equipment:

Basic concepts:

area equivalent to districts Far North

Planned results of student training:

Name, show

Extreme points of the district and its area, border areas;

2. Determine by map

Coordinates geographical objects (settlements);

3. Apply to contour map

District boundaries geographical features;

4.Explain using the example of a district

The essence of basic scientific concepts and terms.

Intersubject and intrasubject integration:

Geography 8th grade: territory, borders, geographical location of Russia.

Forms and methods of work:

Practical work. Partially searchable.

Lesson content:

1.Geographical location of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.

2. Extreme points of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, their geographical coordinates.

3. Borders of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, length.

4. Stages of development and formation of the territory of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.

Homework:

2. Workbook“We reflect, we analyze” (p. 6)

For fun. Draw the heraldry of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (coat of arms, flag) on ​​a separate A4 sheet

During the classes:

1. The living word of the teacher:

Today we are starting our first geography lesson

4. slide 9)

– Name the subjects of the Russian Federation with which our district borders. Work on the flyleaf of the textbook. (In the north-west, the district borders with the Komi Republic, in the north - with the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the east and south-east - with the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Tomsk Region, and in the south - with the Tyumen Region, in the south-west it has common border with the Sverdlovsk region)

6 . Checking the progress of work (slide 11)

Earth, my land!
I will see you -
And a new string
I'll move unexpectedly
And in the trembling of that string,
Like in the depths of the depths,
I'll hear the sound of the waves
The spilled Ob.

And, golden suns,
The distant reach will sparkle!
And the babbling of swans,
And the ringing laughter of the birches!
And with this string
The whole native land is ringing!

Yuvan Shestalov.

Today you are beginning to study your small Motherland - that part of Russia where you now live, where most of you were born and raised. Homeland... No one gets to choose it. Rich or poor, gentle or harsh, she is like a mother to a person, one, they have common trials, a common destiny. Everyone has a need to know the region in which they live. IN different time and with different strengths, but it does arise. Each of us is connected with our territory by thousands of threads. We adapt to its natural conditions (or partially change them ourselves), communicate with people who live next to us, choose this or that profession, this or that place of work.

Studying your region is not just assimilation of the knowledge that you receive from a teacher or from teaching aid. It is also a desire to learn new things on one’s own, to receive information from newspapers, magazines, television and radio programs, and conversations with residents. Local history is a way of studying your small homeland, which will lead you to a real knowledge of your land, fill your memory and mind, enrich your soul and heart. In order to have the undisputed right to be called residents of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, you must assimilate the cultural heritage that we inherited from our ancestors, and have a deeper knowledge of the region where you live. (Slide 3)

So we go to the country YUGORIA! (Slide 4).

– The topic of today’s lesson: “Geographical location of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The goal of our lesson is to identify the features of the geographical location of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, as well as the stages of development and formation of the territory of our district. (Slide 6.5)

2. Studying new material.

I. Geographical location of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug was formed on December 10, 1930. Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is one of the four autonomous okrugs of the Russian Federation. The administrative center of the district is the city of Khanty-Mansiysk. The area of ​​the district is 523.1 thousand square meters. km, which is 3.1% of the area of ​​our country. Among the 83 subjects of the Russian Federation, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug ranks 8th in area, and among the autonomous okrugs it ranks 3rd after the Yamalo-Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. ( Slide 5).During the teacher's story, students look at the map in the textbook on page 7.

– The area of ​​the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug exceeds the territory of any European state except France. (Working with statistical data from regions of Russia and
foreign countries(thousand sq. km.)).

– Compare the area of ​​Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug with the area of ​​European countries?

– The area of ​​which European state is almost 2 times less than the area of ​​Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug? (Great Britain)

– With which states does the district have a territory almost equal in area?( Slide 7).

3. Practical work 1. (slide 8)(Workbook pp. 4-5)

The extreme northern point of the district is located in the mountains of the Subpolar Urals in the Berezovsky district at the source of the river. Khulga. The southernmost one is in the Kondinsky district, near the village. Kuminsky. In the west, the extreme point is in the mountains of the Northern Urals at the source of the river. Northern Sosva. In the east - in the Nizhnevartovsk region at the source of the river. Wow.

Tasks:

1. On the contour maps, mark extreme points on the contour map. Determine their geographic coordinates and label the geographic coordinates of these points on the contour map.

2. Determine the extent of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug along 62° N latitude. from west to east and along 66° east. from north to south in degrees and kilometers.

What actions do we need to perform to find out the extent of the territory from north to south? (From north to south the maximum length is approximately 900 km). From west to east the district extends for 1400 km.

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug occupies the central part of the West Siberian Plain, one of the largest low-lying plains on the globe. The flat nature of the territory is broken only in the far west, where mountainous regions extend - the Northern and Subpolar Urals. Central part The district is crossed by two great rivers of Russia - the Ob and Irtysh. The Autonomous Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug is a land of rivers, lakes and swamps, occupying more than half of its territory.

4.Work on the administrative map of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug”( slide 9)

– Name the subjects of the Russian Federation with which our district borders. Work on the flyleaf of the textbook. (In the north-west, the district borders with the Komi Republic, in the north - with the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the east and south-east - with the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Tomsk Region, and in the south - with the Tyumen Region, in the south-west it has common border with the Sverdlovsk region)

5.Practical work 2 (slide 10)

1) Sign the subjects of the Federation with which the district borders;

2) Sign the district center - Khanty-Mansiysk;

3) Determine the distance from Khanty-Mansiysk to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Tyumen;

4) Give an assessment of the economic and geographical position of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in Western Siberia;

5) Give an assessment of the economic and geographical position of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in Russia.

6 . Checking the progress of work (slide 11)

The geographical position of the district is peculiar: it is located in the middle part of both the Eurasian continent and Russia.

Distance from Khanty-Mansiysk to: Moscow – 2050 km, St. Petersburg – 2130 km, Ekaterinburg – 690 km, Tyumen – 480 km.

– The total length of the external borders of the district reaches 4,750 km.

(The district occupies a deep continental position and does not have direct access to the ocean.)

7.Introduction to concepts (note to local historian). By decree of the government of the Russian Federation, the entire territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is classified as the regions of the Far North. The main characteristics by which a particular territory belongs to these areas are sparsely populated and poorly developed, located to the north of old, economically developed areas, low population density and harsh natural conditions, preventing the development of open ground farming. (slide 13)

– Give an assessment of the economic and geographical position of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in Russia.

(The territory of the district is thousands of kilometers away from the western and eastern borders of Russia, from the economically developed regions of the country)

8.Teacher's story about the history of development and formation of the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug

The great Ugra region... Its history goes back to ancient times... Ugra did not immediately become part of Russia. A special page in the history of the district is associated with the development of Siberia by Russian pioneers. The first mention of Ugra in historical sources dates back to the 11th century. The Tale of Bygone Years said that “... the rich Novgorodian Gyuryata Rogovich sent his people to Pechera and further to Ugra...”. In the 12th century, the Yugra volost began to be mentioned in charters as a Novgorod possession, from which tribute was even collected. In the 14th century, Novgorod warriors reached the lower reaches of the river. Obi. The construction of the first Russian towns, such as Lyapin on the river, dates back to this time. Sosve. Since the 15th century As the Great Moscow Principality strengthened, Moscow squads began to appear more and more often on the Ugra land. And in 1465, the Moscow governor for the first time collected tribute in favor of the Moscow Grand Duke. After the annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow state in 1478, the Yugra land became part of the first Russian state. Siberia was finally annexed to the Moscow state after the legendary campaign of Ermak Timofeevich. (Slide 14)

Please note that the slides show events related to Ermak’s campaign (1 – attack on the Cossack camp; 2 – death of Ermak’s squad; 3 – memorial for Ermak among the Tatars;).

From versions of chronicle stories about the organization of Ermak’s campaign. Kungur Chronicle: “...in 1582, on September 1, the Stroganovs sent from their fortresses in Siberia... Ermak Timofeevich with his comrades, and with them they released... their various service people... and dressed them in various armor, weapons - cannons, and arquebuses, and They were provided with all kinds of weapons, and various supplies, and everything else in abundance.

With the advance of the Russians into Siberia, the first cities began to emerge: (I show, I name the years of foundation) Berezov, Surgut, Tobolsk, Tyumen. Now let’s look in more detail at some points from the history of cities.

9. Students’ report about the first cities of Siberia;

Slide 18. “Berezovo”

On the coat of arms of Berezovo you see birches, which clearly demonstrate the origin of the name of the city. The following illustration is a model of a prison where state criminals were kept in the 18th century. In general, the 18th century became a time directly related to the events that took place in Russia. Berezov becomes the place of royal exile of eminent nobles. At one time, the following people visited here: A. Menshikov - in 1728, who untimely died here along with his daughter Maria, the Dolgorukov princes - in 1729, Count Osterman - in 1742. Their graves are located in the village of Berezovo. The Decembrists, I. Fokht, A. Cherkasov, A. Entaltsev, and famous revolutionaries L. Trotsky, S. Gusev and V. Nogin visited the Berezovsky exile. In the 30-40s of the 20th century, streams of special settlers came here. And this is what the city looks like today. (Slide 19)

Slide 2 0. “Berezovo today”

Slide 2 1. “Surgut”

Slide 22.Surgut at the end of the 16th century was a small fortress with two gates, four blind and one carriageway towers; Gostiny Dvor was built in 1596. At the end of the 16th century - a small fortress. In the 17th-18th centuries it was one of the centers of Russian development of Siberia. Since 1782 - a district town of the Surgut district of the Tobolsk governorate, province. In 1785, the city's coat of arms was approved. IN late XVIII century, in connection with the development of the southern cities of Siberia, it lost its administrative significance. Since 1868 - a district city, and since 1898 - a district city of the Tobolsk province. The city of Surgut is one of the oldest Siberian cities. It was founded by order of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, given on February 19, 1594 to the governor Prince Fyodor Boryatinsky and the written head Vladimir Onichkov. The city was founded near the Ostyak fortress of Prince Bardak (Borodok). Surgut was “founded by 4 people”: a governor, a priest, a merchant and a hunter.

Slide 23. “Surgut today”

Mangazeya occupied a special place among Russian cities.

Slide 2 4 . “Mangazeya”

Experienced sailors of Pomerania, even before Ermak, visited Mangazeya, as the area in the lower reaches of the Taz was called. From there they brought beautiful sable skins with thick fluffy fur; they were expensive. Gradually, the fame of the region’s sable riches spread throughout Russia. It was decided to build a fort in that region and send the governor with the Cossacks to serve, so that they would begin to collect tribute from the indigenous inhabitants of Mangazeya, and the hunters would be forced to pay a fee for sable fishing - one tenth of the number of skins obtained.

Slide 2 5 . “Mangazeya” (1-island, 2-wooden towers of Mangazeya)

10 Practical work 3. (slide 26) On the contour maps, mark those cities that are currently located on the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the dates of their founding (Surgut - 1594, Berezovo - 1593).

Please note (write on the board):

– On July 25, 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a Decree on changes official name Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

– From now on, the subject of the Russian Federation is called “Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra”

– Currently, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug includes 9 districts, 15 cities, many urban-type settlements (worker settlements), and rural settlements.

11. Consolidation of the material learned in the lesson.

– What new did you learn in the lesson?

Slide 2 7

Let's check how you have mastered the lesson material. I offer you a five question test.

1. The total length of the external borders of the district reaches:

a) 1700 km
b) 450 km
c) 4750 km
d) 5440 km

2. Area of ​​the district (thousand sq. km):

a) 523.1 b) 544 c) 604

3.The natural boundary of the district in the west?

a) Caucasus
b) Kondinskaya lowland
c) Subpolar and Northern Urals
d) East European Plain.

4.Where is Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug located?

a) in Altai
b) on Far East
c) on West Siberian Plain

5.What are the coordinates of the southernmost point of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug?

a) 59 n w, 60 h d b) 66 n w, 61 h d, c) 62 n w, 86 h d

12. Self-test using the key (slide 28) : 1c 2a 3c 4c 5a. No mistakes, score 5, one mistake, score 4, two mistakes, score 3. Raise your hand for those who managed 4 and 5. Who found it difficult?

13. Lesson summary.

– Our lesson ends, but your journey through your native land will continue in the geography lessons of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.

Slide 2 9 .

I didn’t choose my homeland.
She, like life, is given from birth,
I felt the blizzard harsh Yugra
The Fatherland, that point of formation,
Where did I step into life and where am I going?
In plain sight for everyone, like a candle in a yurt.

V. Plesovskikh

14. Homework.

1. Textbook text. Introduction p.7-11

2. Workbook “Thinking, Analyzing” (p. 6) (slide 30)

For fun.Draw the heraldry of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (coat of arms, flag) on ​​a separate A4 sheet

15.Literature used.

1. Textbook for grades 8-9 “Geography of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug”, Bakulin V.V.;

2. Didactic material for studying the course “Geography of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug”, Nemshanova T.I.;

3. Workbook on the geography of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, grades 8-9, Kim E.V., Myasoedova V.P.;

4. Course program “Geography and ecology of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra” (grades 8-9), Orlova T.K. (slide 31)