Why agroclimatic resources are of great value. Agroclimatic resources. Types of winter. Main indicators of agroclimatic resources

Getting to know geographical features different regions, you can find that the agronomic capabilities of areas depend on different climatic conditions. Therefore, each subject of Russia has its own characteristics. Thanks to the accumulation and development of such knowledge, it is possible to assess agroclimatic resources. This involves analyzing the climate of the region. After this, the natural features of the area will be known.

Concept

Agroclimatic resources- this is a set of climatic factors that determine whether certain crops can be grown on the territory. Productivity and labor intensity of agricultural technologies depend on them. The concept is characterized geographical latitude, relief, location from the sea, presence of water.

Agricultural production is an important factor in the development of each region. This area must feed a certain number of people, which is the first stage in the economy. To build a developed agricultural complex, an extensive infrastructure of processing and service industries is required. How independent a region is in providing people with food determines its level of development.

Indicators of agroclimatic resources

Agroclimatic resources are important factors without which development is impossible Agriculture. Important factors in improving agriculture include light, moisture and heat needed for plant growth. They depend on the location of the territory, climate zone and natural zone.

Today, agroclimatic resources are those factors that are characterized by several indicators:

• The sum of temperatures when active plant growth is observed.
• The length of the growing season, when the temperature is favorable for the growth of green mass, ripening of fruits and cereals.
• The provision of moisture to the earth, which depends on the annual amount of precipitation relative to evaporation.

The sum of average daily temperatures is established based on the summation of daily averages from 10 degrees throughout the year. The average daily temperature is determined by the arithmetic mean of 4 measurements taken at noon, midnight, 6 and 18 hours.

Heat and precipitation are determined by the geographical location of the territory - its altitudinal zone and location in a certain latitudinal zone. Agroclimatic moisture zones in the plains have a latitudinal distribution, while in the mountains they are determined by the height above the sea.

Russian resources

Russia's agroclimatic resources are very rich. They change based on climatic zones and moisture areas. The assessment of agroclimatic resources is carried out on the basis of the total average daily temperature of 10 degrees. According to this indicator, the nature of Russia is divided into:

• Arctic zone - the sum of temperatures does not exceed 400 degrees, which is not suitable for growing crops.
• Subarctic zone - the indicator is in the range of 400-1000 degrees; some cold-resistant crops (green onions, radishes, early potatoes) can be grown.
• Temperate zone - average temperature per day is 1000-3600 degrees, which is required for the favorable growth of many crops.

In addition to heat, the success of farming is affected by water moisture. In Russia there are areas with sufficient moisture levels and arid regions. Their border is the northern tip of the forest-steppe belt.

Regional resources

A favorable region for growing plants is considered North Caucasus. In this area you can find a lot of grains, rice, sunflowers, and sugar beets. There are suitable conditions for agriculture in the south Far East.

Central Russia is suitable for growing potatoes, cereals, feed and herbs. The humidity here is at a sufficient level. In the taiga zone it is possible to grow grains, potatoes and forage grasses. Climatic conditions are favorable for specific plants, which ensures their normal development.

Agroclimatic resources are the ratio of heat, moisture, light necessary for growing crops. They are determined by the geographical location of the territory within climatic zones and natural areas. Agroclimatic resources are characterized by three indicators:

The sum of active air temperatures (the sum of average daily temperatures above 10°C), conducive to the rapid development of plants.

The duration of the period with active temperatures (growing season) during which temperatures are favorable for plant growth. There are short, medium-long and long growing seasons.

The provision of moisture to plants (determined by the moisture coefficient).

Humidity coefficient - determined by the ratio of heat and moisture at certain territory and is calculated as the ratio of annual precipitation to evaporation. The higher the air temperature, the greater the evaporation and, accordingly, the lower the humidification coefficient. The lower the humidification coefficient, the drier the climate.

The distribution of heat and precipitation on the globe depends on latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zones. Therefore, according to the availability of agroclimatic resources on Earth, agroclimatic zones, sub-belts and humidification zones are distinguished. On the plains they have a latitudinal location, and in the mountains they change with altitude. For each agroclimatic zone and sub-zone, examples of typical agricultural crops are given, specifying the duration of their growing season. The “Agroclimatic Resources” map has been supplemented with the “Winter Types” map. It will help characterize the prerequisites for the development and specialization of agriculture in the countries of the world.

The diversity of agroclimatic resources depends on geographical location countries. These resources are inexhaustible, but their quality may change with climate change and under the influence economic activity person.

Agroclimatic resources - climatic conditions taken into account on the farm: the amount of precipitation during the growing season, the annual amount of precipitation, the sum of temperatures during the growing season, the duration of the frost-free period, etc.
Agroclimatic resources are climate properties that provide agricultural production opportunities. They are characterized by: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +10 °C; the sum of temperatures for this period; the ratio of heat and moisture (humidification coefficient); moisture reserves created by snow cover in winter. Different parts of the country have different agro-climatic resources. On Far North where there is excessive moisture and little heat, only focal agriculture and greenhouse farming are possible. Within the taiga north of the Russian Plain and most of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga it is warmer - the sum of active temperatures is 1000-1600 °, rye, barley, flax, and vegetables can be grown here. In the zone of steppes and forest-steppes of Central Russia, in the south Western Siberia and the Far East, there is sufficient moisture, and the sum of temperatures is from 1600 to 2200 °, here you can grow rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, various vegetables, sugar beets, and fodder crops for livestock needs. The most favorable agroclimatic resources are the steppe regions of the southeast of the Russian Plain, the south of Western Siberia and the Ciscaucasia. Here the sum of active temperatures is 2200-3400°, and you can grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beets, sunflowers, heat-loving vegetables and fruits

17.Land resources(land) occupy about 1/3 of the planet's surface, or almost 14.9 billion hectares, including 1.5 billion hectares occupied by Antarctica and Greenland. The structure of the land in this territory is as follows: 10% is occupied by glaciers; 15.5% – deserts, rocks, coastal sands; 75% – tundra and swamps; 2% – cities, mines, roads. According to FAO (1989), there are about 1.5 billion hectares of soil suitable for agriculture on the globe. This is only 11% of the area soil cover peace. At the same time, there is a tendency to reduce the area of ​​this category of land. At the same time, the availability (in terms of one person) of arable land and forest land is decreasing.

The area of ​​arable land per person is: in the world - 0.3 hectares; Russia – 0.88 hectares; Belarus – 0.6 ha; USA - 1.4 hectares, Japan - 0.05 hectares.

When determining the availability of land resources, it is necessary to take into account the unevenness of population density in different parts of the world. The most populous countries are Western Europe And South-East Asia(more than 100 people/km2).

A serious reason for the decrease in land areas used for agriculture is desertification. It is estimated that the area of ​​desertified lands is increasing annually by 21 million hectares. This process threatens the entire landmass and 20% of the population in 100 countries.

It is estimated that urbanization consumes over 300 thousand hectares of agricultural land per year.

Solving the problem of land use, and therefore the problem of food supply, involves two ways. The first way is to improve agricultural production technologies, increase soil fertility, and increase crop yields. The second way is the way to expand agricultural areas.

According to some scientists, in the future the area of ​​arable land can be increased to 3.0–3.4 billion hectares, that is, the total area of ​​land that can be developed in the future is 1.5–1.9 billion hectares. These areas can produce products sufficient to supply 0.5–0.65 billion people (the annual increase on Earth is about 70 million people).

Currently, approximately half of the area suitable for agriculture is cultivated. The limit of agricultural soil use reached in some developed countries is 7% of the total area. In developing countries in Africa and South America, the cultivable portion of the land is approximately 36% of the cultivable area.

An assessment of the agricultural use of soil cover indicates great unevenness in the coverage of agricultural production in the soils of different continents and bioclimatic zones.

The subtropical zone has been significantly developed - its soils are plowed to 20–25% of the total area. The small area of ​​arable land in the tropical zone is 7–12%.

The agricultural development of the boreal zone is very small, which is limited to the use of sod-podzolic and partly podzolic soils - 8% of the total area of ​​these soils. The largest tracts of cultivated land fall on the soils of the subboreal zone - 32%. The main reserves for expanding the area of ​​arable land are concentrated in the subtropical and tropical zones. There are also considerable potential opportunities for expanding arable land in the temperate zone. The objects of development are, first of all, sod-podzolic and sod-podzolic swampy soils occupied by unproductive hayfields, pastures, shrubs, and small forests. Swamps are a reserve for the expansion of arable land.

The main factors limiting the development of land for arable land are, first of all, geomorphological (steepness of slopes, rugged terrain) and climatic ones. The northern border of sustainable agriculture lies in the range of 1400–1600° of active temperature sums. In Europe, this border runs along the 60th parallel, in the western and central parts of Asia - along 58° northern latitude, in the Far East - south of 53° north latitude.

The development and use of land in unfavorable climatic conditions requires considerable material costs and is not always economically justified.

Expansion of arable land areas should take into account environmental and conservation aspects.

Forest resources of the world

Forest resources are the most important type of biosphere resources. Forest resources include: wood, resin, cork, mushrooms, fruits, berries, nuts, medicinal plants, hunting and commercial resources, etc., as well as beneficial properties of the forest - water protection, climate regulation, anti-erosion, health, etc. Forest resources belong to renewable resources. World forest resources are characterized by two main indicators: the size of forest area (4.1 billion hectares or about 27% of the land area) and standing timber reserves (350 billion m3), which, due to constant growth, increase annually by 5.5 billion. m 3. However, forests are being reduced to arable land, plantations, and construction. In addition, wood is widely used for firewood and wood products. As a result, deforestation has become rampant. The world's forest area is decreasing annually by at least 25 million hectares, and global timber harvest is expected to reach 5 billion m 3 in 2000. This means that its annual growth rate will be fully utilized. Largest area forests have been preserved in Eurasia. This is about 40% of all the world's forests and almost 42% of the total timber supply, including 2/3 of the volume of timber from the most valuable species. Australia has the least forest cover. Since the sizes of the continents are not the same, it is important to take into account their forest cover, i.e. ratio of forested area to total area. According to this indicator, it ranks first in the world South America. In the economic assessment of forest resources, such a characteristic as wood reserves is of paramount importance. On this basis, the countries of Asia, South and North America. Leading positions in this area are occupied by countries such as Russia, Canada, Brazil and the USA. Bahrain, Qatar, Libya, etc. are characterized by a virtual absence of forests. The forests of the world form two huge forest belts - northern and southern. The northern forest belt is located in a zone of temperate and partly subtropical climate. It accounts for half of the world's forests and almost the same share of all timber reserves. The most forested countries within this belt are Russia, the USA, Canada, Finland, and Sweden. The southern forest belt is located mainly in the tropical and equatorial climate zone. It also accounts for about half of the world's forests and total timber supply. They are concentrated mainly in three areas: the Amazon, the Congo Basin and Southeast Asia. IN tropical forests are being destroyed at a catastrophic rate. In the 80s 11 million hectares of such forests were cut down annually. They are under threat of complete destruction. Over the past 200 years, the forest area has decreased by at least 2 times. Every year, forests are destroyed on an area of ​​125 thousand km 2, which is equal to the territory of countries such as Austria and Switzerland combined. The main causes of forest destruction are: expansion of agricultural land and deforestation for timber use. Forests are being cut down due to the construction of communication lines. The green cover of the tropics is being destroyed most intensively. In most developing countries, logging is carried out in connection with the use of wood for fuel, and forests are also burned for arable land. Forests in highly developed countries are shrinking and degrading from air and soil pollution. Massive drying out of tree tops occurs due to their damage by acid rain. The consequences of deforestation are unfavorable for pastures and arable land. This situation could not go unnoticed. The most developed and at the same time forest-poor countries are already implementing programs to preserve and improve forest lands. Thus, in Japan and Australia, as well as in some Western European countries, the area under forests remains stable, and depletion of the forest stand is not observed.

The high supply of mineral resources to the world economy does not in itself solve the problems associated with meeting the economic needs of individual countries for mineral raw materials.

There are significant gaps between the distribution of production forces and mineral reserves (resources), and in a number of regions these gaps have increased. Only 20-25 countries have more than 5% of mineral reserves of any one type of raw material. Only a few of the largest countries in the world (Russia, USA, Canada, China, South Africa, Australia) possess the majority of their species.

Allocation of resources and capacity of the manufacturing industry.

ORS accounts for approximately 36% of the world's non-fuel mineral reserves, 5% of oil and 81% of manufacturing output. A fairly limited number of explored mineral raw materials are concentrated in them in significant quantities - chromites, lead, zinc, potassium salts, uranium raw materials, rutile, ilmenite, bauxite, uranium, iron ore. Among the ORS, Australia (uranium, iron and manganese ores, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc, titanium, gold, diamonds), South Africa (manganese, chrome ores, vanadium, gold, platinum group metals, diamonds, urn), Canada have the largest mineral resources (uranium, lead, zinc, tungsten, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, niobium, gold, potassium salts), USA (coal, oil, gold, silver, copper, molybdenum, phosphate raw materials).

About 50% of the world's non-fuel mineral resources, 2/3 of oil reserves and about half natural gas, while developing countries produce less than 20% of manufacturing products. In the depths of this subsystem of the world economy there are 90% of industrial reserves of phosphates, 86% of tin, 88% of cobalt, more than half of the reserves of copper and nickel ores.

RSs also show quite significant differentiation in their availability of mineral reserves. The vast majority of them are concentrated in about 30 developing countries. Thus, the Gulf countries have 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. In addition to the oil-producing countries of the Middle East, Brazil (iron, manganese ores, bauxite, tin, titanium, gold, niobium, tantalum), Mexico (oil, copper, silver), Chile (copper, molybdenum), Zambia (copper, cobalt) should be highlighted. . Modern countries The Third World, as a rule, is worse supplied with raw materials than ORS on early stages of its development.

Eastern European countries have significant proven reserves of mineral raw materials. The richest country in the world in natural resources is Russia, where 70% of the world's reserves of apatite ore, 33% of natural gas reserves, 11% of coal, 13% of the world's iron ore reserves, 5% of the world's oil reserves are concentrated. The mineral resources of the Russian Federation are 3 times greater than in USA, and 4.4 times than in China.

Consumption and production of mineral raw materials. Industrialized countries consume over 60% of mineral raw materials, 58% of oil and about 50% of natural gas. As a result, in this subsystem of the world economy there is a large gap between the production and consumption of mineral resources. The United States imports 15-20% (in value terms) of the mineral raw materials it needs, while consuming up to 40% of the world's mineral resources, primarily fuel and energy. EU countries import 70-80% of consumed mineral raw materials. Their own resources are concentrated in only a few of the main types of mineral raw materials - iron ore, mercury, potash fertilizers. Japan imports about 90-95% of mineral raw materials. PRS, having approximately 40% of mineral resources, consume 70% of these resources.

One of the difficult problems of Western European countries and the United States is meeting the need for oil. Thus, the United States accounts for about 25% of world oil consumption, while its share in world oil production is only 12%. Japan is almost entirely dependent on oil imports.

In developing countries (including China and Vietnam), where about 79% of the world's population lives, up to 35% of mineral resources are concentrated, about 16% of the world's mineral raw materials are consumed. Under the influence of industrialization, their demand for mineral resources is increasing. So, in the 90s. global demand for oil, ferrous and non-ferrous metals increased mainly due to the NIS of Asia and Latin America. Currently, oil and gas consumption is greatly influenced by China's booming economy. Due to the high quality of mineral resources in these countries and the low cost of labor, the development of the raw materials sector is not accompanied by a significant increase in production costs.

Providing the possibility of conducting production: light, heat and moisture. These properties largely determine placement. The development of plants is favored by sufficient illumination, warmth, and good moisture.

The distribution of light and heat is determined by the intensity of solar radiation. In addition to the degree of illumination, the length of daylight hours affects the placement of plants and their development. Long-day plants - barley, flax, oats - require longer light hours than plants short day- corn, rice, etc.

The most important factor for plant life is air temperature. The main life processes in plants occur in the range from 5 to 30 °C. The transition of the average daily air temperature through 0 °C, when it rises, indicates the beginning of spring, and when it decreases, it indicates the onset of a cold period. The interval between these dates is the warm period of the year. A frost-free period is a period without frost. The growing season is the period of the year with a stable temperature above 10 °C. Its duration approximately corresponds to the frost-free period.

The sum of temperatures during the growing season is of great importance. It characterizes heat resources for agricultural crops. In Russian conditions, this indicator is generally within the range of 1400-3000 °C.

An important condition for plant growth is a sufficient amount of moisture. The accumulation of moisture depends mainly on the amount of precipitation and its distribution throughout the year. From November to March it falls as snow in most parts of the country. Their accumulation creates a snow cover on the soil surface. It provides a supply of moisture for plant development and protects the soil from freezing.

The best combination was formed in the Central Black Earth, North and partly in the Volga region economic regions. Here, the sum of temperatures during the growing season is 2200-3400 °C, which makes it possible to grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beets, sunflowers, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.

In the main territory of the country, the prevailing temperature ranges from 1000 to 2000 °C, which by world standards is considered below the cost-effective level. This applies primarily to Siberia and: here the sum of temperatures in most of the territory ranges from 800 to 1500 ° C, which almost completely excludes the possibility of cultivating agricultural crops. If the isoline of temperature sums is 2000 °C at European territory country passes along the line Smolensk - Moscow - Ufa, then it descends to the south - to Kurgan and Barnaul, and then appears only in the south of the Far East, in a small area Amur region, Jewish Autonomous Region and Primorsky Territory.

This type of resource includes such natural components as heat, moisture, light. From their presence in decisive degree The productivity of agricultural production and the efficiency of investments in this sector of the economy depend. The agroclimatic resources of Russia create opportunities for the diversified development of agriculture in the republic. The vast expanse of Russia, where most of the country's population is concentrated, is located within the cold and temperate zone. However, the southern half of the country’s territory, lying in the subzone of mixed forests and in the forest-steppe zone, covering Central Russia, the south of Western Siberia and the Far East, has sufficient moisture and the sum of daily air temperatures (above +10 °C) is from 1600 to 2200 °C. Such agroclimatic conditions make it possible to grow wheat, rye, oats, flax, hemp, buckwheat, potatoes and vegetables, sugar beets and various feed crops (corn for feed, grain legumes) necessary for livestock farming.

The northern half of the country, including the taiga north of the Russian Plain and most of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga, has sufficient, and in some places excessive, moisture. The sum of daily temperatures during the growing season fluctuates here between 1000–1600 °C, which makes it possible to grow rye, barley, legumes, flax, vegetables that require less heat (radishes, onions, carrots) and potatoes, herbs.

The least favorable agroclimatic conditions are in the Far North of Russia, where there is excess moisture and the sum of daily temperatures during the growing season is less than 1000 °C. In such conditions, only focal agriculture with the cultivation of crops that require little heat and greenhouse farming is possible.

The warmest part of Russia is the steppe regions of the southeast of the Russian Plain and the south of the West Siberian Plain, as well as the Ciscaucasia. Here, the sum of daily temperatures during the growing season is 2200–3400 °C, which ensures the ripening of winter wheat, corn for grain, millet, sugar beets, sunflowers, heat-loving vegetables and fruits. However, these areas have insufficient moisture, which requires watering and irrigation of the land in many places.

Conclusion

Coming to the conclusion of my work, I would like to say that in any case, natural resources are not unlimited and not eternal. This makes it necessary to constantly take care of their preservation and reproduction.
For this, the following basic conditions exist.

Firstly, it is necessary to carefully and rationally use what nature gives to humans (especially in relation to irreplaceable resources).

Secondly, where available, effective measures should be taken to replenish natural resources (restoring and increasing the natural fertility of the land, planting forests, replenishing reservoirs).

Thirdly, secondary raw materials and other production waste should be used as much as possible.

Fourthly, it is necessary to fully support the environmental cleanliness of production and environmental management.

Bibliography

1. Vavilova E.V. Economic geography and regional studies: Tutorial. – M.: Gardariki, 2004. – 148 p.

2. Gladky Yu.N., Dobrosyuk V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook. M.: Gardarika, 1999.

3. Glushkova V.G., Makar S.V. Economics of environmental management: Textbook. M.: Gardarika, 2003.

4. Lagutenko B.T. Handbook of economic geography of Russia. M.: Yurist, 2001.

5. Economic and social geography of Russia. \Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. M.: 1997

6. Economics\ Ed. can. economy Sciences, Associate Professor A.S. Bulatova. Publishing house BEK, M.: 1997

7. Russia: nature, population, economy. Encyclopedia. T. 12, M.: 1998

Agroclimatic resources

Agroclimatic resources

Agroclimatic resources - climatic conditions taken into account on the farm: the amount of precipitation during the growing season, the annual amount of precipitation, the sum of temperatures during the growing season, the duration of the frost-free period, etc.

Finam Financial Dictionary.

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