Shadows from a nuclear bomb explosion. Images of silhouettes of objects at the sites of a nuclear explosion are called “Shadows of Hiroshima. Hibakusha - who are they?

I swore off arguing with the assholes, but I made you angry... and are you really Dimitri Belolyakh? The manual is old and detailed, I’m not seeing these numbers for the first time, does the analytical department supply you with materials there? You've got your tongue and provocation, little frog. I repeat: The main (here I will be less categorical) volume of supplies came at a time when the enemy was already broken and the pendos contributed with the dough in order to steal Victory from the Union. Ask anyone in New York or Paris: "Who defeated Hitler?" - Does anyone even remember the Soviet Union/Russia?
For the exact amounts of lend-lease payments, go to Siluanov, he knows for sure. I came across information that servicing lend-lease debts (interest and other dirty tricks) will be part of the budget until 2030. Yes, I read that the main amount was repaid, as if ahead of schedule, quite recently.
Well, how much did they drive us? Ahhh, no need, I know it myself, Mr. Liberas. Our aces flew on many types of aircraft, German jets were shot down on La-7, Dolshushin fought on Yaks. Pokryshkin was a great master of his craft, he greatly appreciated the Airacobra for its high-quality radio communications and the fact that it suited him and his school of fighters in their fighting style. At the same time, the pilots who regularly flew to escort attack aircraft, at low altitudes, did not fight in ecstasy from the Cobra, it was too heavy for such a thing. And what we really needed - B-17, B-29, P-51D pendos were not supplied. A real fighter escort for long-range bombers, the La-9/La-11, was made after the war. Ah-ah-ah, what should I show luck?
http://statehistory.ru/35/Lend-liz--Mify-i-realnost/
I liked the comments there:
"Igor 2017-01-01 23:03:40 I can’t help but call this allied help. For example: A neighbor was attacked by bandits. The neighbor used a double-barreled shotgun, the bandits fired machine guns. I went to the attic, took out a machine gun, the barrel was blowing out the window -tra- ta-ta for the bandits. This is Help! And if I shout to my neighbor, “Give me a kilo of gold, I’ll give you a machine gun!” This is business! But! If at the same time I sell a couple of grenades to the bandits, then this is a provocation! America began supplying goods to Germany even before the war, and so on until the very end. All types of fuel, for example. Automotive manufacturing are subsidiaries of American companies. And such little things as sewing uniforms - Hugo boss tried! Although not such little things, dressing the whole pack in comfortable uniform. The German soldiers were the first to drink Fanta; Coca-Cola made it specially for them. Instruments for experiments on prisoners, components for the FAU and much more. The footcloth of the entire list is difficult, but can be found on the Internet if anyone is interested. So, If the Germans had won the war, then America would have been their allies! In this regard, those who say how many Soviet lives were saved by deliveries to the USSR, in fairness it is necessary to count how many of these lives were ruined by deliveries to Germany.
Igor 2017-01-01 2231
Were they supplied on credit?
"
And especially:
“It’s strange, but you read the memoirs of American sailors, how they languished in the ports waiting to leave. Because there was a “golden” rule - until the cargo is paid for, the convoy does not leave the port! And also the claim of the USSR leadership to America: why are ships with gold, those going in payment for the goods delivered go in the mode of pleasure ships, and at the same time there is not a single attack by the Germans, while all convoys with cargo are subject to constant attacks. What is the trick?

In general, these are such silver-less pendos, people of great spiritual breadth...
That's it, enough of you, white-haired pendos.

August 6, 1945, 8:15 am. A lone figure sat on the stone steps outside the Sumitomo Bank in Hiroshima. This man's right hand was holding a cane, and his left most likely rested on his chest.

Suddenly, in a split second, the figure disappeared - the man's body was incinerated before he knew what was happening around him. In the place of the stranger, only a shadow remained, which served as an unimaginably eerie outline of the last moment before the atomic bomb exploded over the city.

Innocent victims who didn't notice they were gone

When the Americans dropped the atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima (and three days later on Nagasaki), Japan was changed forever. 90% of the city was reduced to rubble, 70,000 people were dead, and thousands of people were affected by radiation. Within a few days, the emperor announced an unconditional cessation of the armed struggle. By the way, Japan became the first country in the world to face all the lethality head-on atomic bomb.

There, among the rubble etched onto buildings and sidewalks, were the haunting outlines of the people who had taken them over. last moments life on earth. These shadows showed how quickly the attack took its toll.

Photographs from that time provide evidence of once-living figures in motion, holding handrails, reaching for doorknobs, or following their companions.

Terrifying shadows - an imprint of a terrible past

When the bomb exploded approximately 610 meters above the city, the explosion sent a wave of heat outward. According to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, the heat was so intense that it bleached buildings and land in the blast zone, leaving behind a dark trail of what was in its path.

"Shadows of Hiroshima" were left not only by people. Any object that was in the path of the explosion was also imprinted in the background, including stairs, window panes, plumbing valves and bicycles. Even if there was nothing in the way, the heat itself left an imprint, marking the sides of buildings with waves of heat and rays of light.

Shadows that continue to haunt the people of Japan

Perhaps the most famous of the "Shadows of Hiroshima" is the one that shows a figure sitting on a beach staircase. This is one of the full-fledged paintings left by the explosion. The shadow remained a remnant of its terrible past for 20 years before it was sent to a museum.

In 1967, the shadow of a man was still around the Sumitomo Bank building and as clear as ever. These prints were stored somewhere for several decades until they were eventually washed away by rain and destroyed by wind.

When the bank planned restoration, part of the steps were removed and taken to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Today, everyone can see the terrifying shadows of a Japanese city, which testify to the destructive power and death that nuclear weapons bring.

On August 9, 1945, an American atomic bomb fell on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. This was the second time in human history that nuclear weapons were used. The consequences of the explosion were terrifying. 74 thousand people were killed and more than fifty thousand buildings were destroyed. The tragedy occurred three days after the first American atomic attack on the city of Hiroshima.

On the day of remembrance of the victims of the disaster, Komsomolskaya Pravda made a selection of 10 photographs of the horrific consequences of this nuclear attack.

1. Photo of a nuclear mushroom over Nagasaki. A huge nuclear mushroom over Nagasaki was photographed on August 9, 1945 from a neighboring island, located 20 kilometers from the city, by the Japanese Hiromichi Matsuda. This photo was taken 20 minutes after a US bomber dropped an atomic bomb on the city.

2. Black shadow. Near the epicenter of the explosion, the temperature was so intense that most living beings were instantly turned into steam. In seconds, people's internal organs became boiled, and burnt bones turned to stone. Shadows on the stairs, on the parapets, near the buildings - all that remains of the people who were at the epicenter of the explosion.

3. Mother and child try to move on with their lives. This photograph was taken on August 10, 1945, the day after the bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, by photographer Yosuke Yamahata. He walked around the city and photographed the consequences of the disaster until dark and one day became the owner of the most exclusive photographs taken immediately after the tragedy.

This photo was also taken by Yosuke Yamahata the day after nuclear explosion in Nagasaki. By the way, as a result of the fact that the photographer spent the whole day in an area of ​​​​high radiation background, he became mortally ill. 20 years after this day, he died of cancer at the age of 48.

The photo was taken by American Stanley Troutman. The nuclear bomb that hit the city destroyed everything within a radius of six kilometers from the epicenter of the explosion, including residential buildings. 95 percent of the people who died on the day of the explosion in Nagasaki, according to the Manhattan Project Center, died from burns, the rest from flying debris and glass.

6. The boy carries his brother on his back. This is another photo taken by Yosuke Yamahata on August 10, 1945. The picture, like most other photos, was published by UN employees after the end of the war. Before this, the photographs had never been shown to the world media by the Japanese side.

7. Tram and its dead passengers. At the top of the photo, in the center, is a tram that was overturned by the blast wave. And nearby in the trench from the explosion lie his dead passengers. The photo was taken on September 1, 1945 by someone from the US Army.

The photo was taken by American Stanley Troutman on September 13, 1945 in devastated Nagasaki, just over a month after the atomic attack. According to the most plausible data from the Manhattan Project Center, on August 9, 1945, 74 thousand people died in Nagasaki. However, it is extremely difficult to determine the total number of victims. The destruction of hospitals, fire and police stations, and government offices created complete confusion in the death count. There was no data on the population before the bombing. The Japanese regular census was incomplete. In addition, large-scale fires completely consumed many bodies. All this affected the calculations of total losses.

Don't you think this is cruel?
We are of different faiths, but I doubt that you were taught cruelty.

Fathers should not be punished with death for their children, and children should not be punished with death for their fathers; everyone must be punished with death for his crime (Deut. 24:16).

“To God alone belongs the power to justify and condemn, since He knows the spiritual structure of everyone, and the strength, and the way of upbringing, and talents, and physique and abilities; and according to this He judges everyone, as He Himself alone knows. For God judges differently the affairs of a bishop and differently of a worldly ruler, differently He judges the affairs of an abbot and differently of a disciple, differently of an old person and differently of a young person, differently of a sick person and differently from a healthy one. And who can know all these judgments? There is only One, who created everyone, created everything and leads everything.”
(Abba Dorotheos. Soulful teachings. Sixth teaching)

Alexander Tvardovsky
The son is not responsible for his father -
Five words in a row, exactly five.
But what do they contain?
You young people don’t suddenly need a hug.

He dropped them in the Kremlin hall
The one who was one for all of us
Arbiter of earthly destinies,
Whom the peoples called
At the celebrations, the father's family.

To you -
From another generation -
Hardly to comprehend to the depth
Those short words are a revelation
For the guilty without guilt.

You will not be confused in any questionnaire
The once ominous graph:
Who was there in the world before you?
Your father, dead or alive.

In the clouds of midnight meetings
You weren't bothered by that question:
After all, you didn’t choose your father, -
The answer today is simple.

But in those years and five-year plans,
Those who are unlucky with the graph -
For an indelible mark
Submit your brow without complaint.

So that with shame and burning torment
Wearing it is the law.
Always be at hand - in case
Lack of class enemies.
Ready for the torture of being public
And sometimes to bitter bitterness,
When your friend is your bosom
At the same time, he will not raise his eyes.

Oh, the years of unlovable youth,
Her cruel troubles.
It was the father, then suddenly he was the enemy.
And the mother?
But it is said: two worlds,
And nothing about mothers.

And here, where beyond the flood
Those years you hurried barefoot,
You are called a brat
Not even a son, but a son.

How can a boy live with that nickname?
How to serve an unknown sentence,
Firsthand,
Not from the book
The author of these lines interprets.

You are here, son, but you are not from here,
What other reason do you have?
When your parent is in complete darkness,
Included in the same list.

If only you had such leaven
I dreamed of stepping into the forbidden circle.

And he shakes your hand with caution
Your bosom friend...
And suddenly:
The son is not responsible for his father.

That sign has now been removed from you.
Happy a hundred times:
I didn’t wait, I didn’t expect,
And suddenly - he’s not guilty of anything.

The end of your dashing adversity,
Stay cheerful, don't hide your face.
Thank the father of nations,
That he forgave your father
Native -
with unexpected ease
The curse was lifted. As if he
Unknown and strange to him
He saw it and repealed the law.

Son - for father? Doesn't answer!
Amen!
And as if unaware:
What if that son (and not son!)
Receiving such rights
And could you answer for your father?

Answer - even if not from science,
Let it come to the wrong end,
But maybe just by remembering my hands,
Which ones did my father have?
In knots of veins and tendons,
In the arms of crooked fingers,
Those who sigh, like strangers,
Sitting down at the table, he put it on the table.

And not otherwise with that calculation
I've been hanging over the ground for years,
Sprinkled with my free sweat,
The dawn closed over her with the dawn.
And I’ll also add on my own behalf,
What, perhaps, in the hour of trouble itself
His peasant vanity,
Oh, how it jumped - my God!

Decided - try without loss,
Let's confirm our decree.
And, be kind, Magnitka Mountain,
Enroll us in the working class.

But how and where will the father land,
It's not about the father, it's about the son:
The son is not responsible for his father, -
Provide him with a way.

Five short words.
But year after year
Those words faded away
And the title of son of an enemy of the people
Already under them it became legal.

And beyond one line of the law
Fate has already equaled everyone:
Son of a fist or son of a people's commissar,
The son of an army commander or a priest.

Marked from birth
A baby of enemy blood.
And everything seemed to be missing
The land of branded sons.

No wonder in the days of the bloody war
Another blessed her:
Without reproaching him with guilt,
That the bitter soul burned with poison,
The war provided the right
To death and even a share of glory
In the ranks of the fighters of our native land.

And having lived to the end
That way of the cross, half alive -
From captivity to captivity, under the thunder of victory
Follow with a double stamp.

The son is not responsible for his father -
Law, which also means:
Father for son - head.

But I extinguished all the laws
For the best night.
And he is not responsible for his son,
Ah, neither for my son nor for my daughter.

In August 1945, the United States bombed the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This was the only case of combat use of atomic bombs in the entire history of mankind. The total power of the explosions was, according to various estimates, from 34 to 39 kilotons of TNT. As a result of the bombing Japanese cities Between 150 and 250 thousand people died. 70 years have passed since then. We decided to recall the history of how a new weapon of mass destruction was developed, what its design was and why the Americans decided to use it against Japan.

The Second World War, unlike all previous wars, was high-tech. In 1939-1945, the outcome of battles was determined by powerful military equipment and weapons, and not by numerical superiority. It was during the Second World War that the abrupt development of science and technology began, and a qualitative technological breakthrough occurred. Thus, Great Britain and the USSR began testing the first drones, Germany launched a ballistic missile that made the first space flight, and the first computer started working on board an American battleship.

But the most significant technical breakthrough of the Second World War should be considered the creation of the first atomic bomb. Developments in this direction have been carried out since the 1920s in different countries peace. In 1934, Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard patented the principle of the atomic bomb. However, the United States was the first to begin the practical creation of a bomb. In 1939, the Uranium Committee was formed in this country, the main task of which was to coordinate the accumulation of reserves uranium ore and financing of work on the creation of nuclear weapons.

One of the reasons why the Americans decided to develop the most powerful weapon ever was information that Germany was developing an extremely powerful new type of bomb. Several physicists who emigrated from Germany in the first half of the 1930s worked on the creation of new weapons in the United States. The Danish physicist Niels Bohr, who was evacuated from the territory of Denmark captured by the Germans, also made a significant contribution to the project.

Explosion cloud over Nagasaki

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

Bockscar bomber commander, Major Charles Sweeney.

Photo: ww2db.com

In September 1943, the Manhattan Project was launched in the United States, on which a total of about half a million people from the United States, Canada and Great Britain worked. Wherein true goal The project was known to at most several hundred specialists who were responsible for coordinating the work and creating weapons. Scientists were studying the properties of uranium ore and nuclear reactions, collecting data on the German nuclear program, and developing a project to restore the flooded Shinkolobwe uranium mine in the Congo.

For the Manhattan Project, the city of Oakridge was built with laboratories, research institutes and various pilot plants for uranium enrichment and plutonium-239 production. IN different points The United States developed two main designs for atomic bombs - implosion and cannon. The latter turned out to be so simple to implement that the drawings of an atomic bomb built according to this scheme are still classified.

The first test of an atomic bomb based on plutonium-239 took place as part of Operation Trinity in July 1945 at the Alamogordo test site. By this time, scientists had established that the critical mass of uranium-235 should be about ten kilograms, and that nuclear chain reactions were possible using two types of fissile material - uranium-235 and plutonium-239. The power of the Trinity bomb, the first atomic weapon, during the test was 21 kilotons of TNT. After the bomb exploded, American physicist Robert Oppenheimer, who led the Manhattan Project, declared: “The war is over.”

Survivors walk along the road after the Nagasaki explosion

Photo: Yosuke Yamahata, 1945

The United States has officially entered the Second world war at the end of 1941. By the spring of 1945, when it was already clear that the Manhattan Project was close to successful completion, Japan became the main enemy of the United States in the war. Over the course of more than three years of participation in the war, the United States lost more than 200 thousand people killed, a little more than half of them directly in the war with Japan. The American government needed to find a way to get Japan out of the war as quickly as possible. For this purpose, the military planned to conduct combat tests of new weapons on Japanese territory.

Hiroshima before the explosion (left) and after it. The photo was taken by a reconnaissance plane flying behind Enola Gay.

Photos: Wikimedia Commons

The very next day after the surrender of Germany, a meeting of the Target Selection Committee was held in Los Alamos, New Mexico, which recommended that the American government drop bombs on one of the largest industrial centers in Japan, Kyoto, army warehouses and a military port in Hiroshima, military enterprises in Yokohama, the largest arsenal in Kokura or the engineering center in Niigata. The military was asked to choose two targets, since it was planned to create two bombs within the next month as part of the Manhattan Project. Moreover, by mid-September, at least five atomic bombs could have been created in the United States.

It should be noted that the US Target Selection Committee strongly recommended a bomb attack on the ancient capital of Japan, Kyoto. The committee was guided by the fact that the residents of this particular city were more educated than the rest of the Japanese, and, according to the logic of the military, the bombing of Kyoto would have a double result. First, survivors with higher levels of education would have been better able to appreciate the impact of the bombing and the importance of American weapons in the war. Secondly, this would damage the overall cultural development of Japan. Apparently, the question of the admissibility of bombing civilians was not even raised.

Nagasaki before the explosion (above) and after it.

Photos: Wikimedia Commons

Fortunately, US Secretary of War Henry Stimson crossed Kyoto off the list. He insisted that the city was too culturally important to Japan and its destruction would be blasphemous. In addition, Stimson argued that Kyoto was of no military interest as a target. According to one version, Stimson became attached to Kyoto during his honeymoon in the city several decades earlier. In order to end disputes with the military, Stimson even got US President Harry Truman to remove Kyoto from the list of targets.

Burns on the skin, imprinted in the form of a kimono pattern.

Photo: ww2db.com

Some scientists opposed the bombing of Japan. In particular, physicist Leo Szilard, who participated in the Manhattan Project, called the use of atomic weapons unacceptable, comparing it to the crimes of the Nazis in World War II. Albert Einstein also spoke out against the creation of atomic weapons. In May 1945, scientist James Frank wrote a letter to the US Department of Defense in which he noted that the use of the atomic bomb by the Americans would lead to an arms race and would make it impossible to sign international treaties on control over the development of such weapons.

In May-June 1945 on the island of Tinian in the Mariana Islands archipelago in Pacific Ocean, captured by the Americans in 1944, a military airfield was created, where the 509th mixed aviation group arrived, whose planes were supposed to drop bombs on Japanese cities. On July 26, the cruiser Indianapolis delivered parts of the Little Boy atomic bomb to Tinian, and on July 28 and August 2, components for the Fat Man bomb were brought to the island by plane.

On the morning of August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay, under the command of Colonel Paul Tibbetts, dropped "Baby" on Hiroshima. On August 9, "Fat Man" was dropped on Nagasaki by a B-29 bomber named Bockscar, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney. This was Sweeney's first bombing.

“Shadow” of the deceased on the steps of a bank in Hiroshima, 260 meters from the epicenter of the explosion

Photo: United States Strategic Bombing Survey

The “Baby” atomic bomb was built according to the simplest design - a cannon one. Such a bomb is very simple to calculate and construct. It is for this reason that the exact drawings of the cannon bombs are classified. In "Baby" for initiation chain reaction the collision of two parts made of uranium-235 was used - a cylinder and a pipe. A beryllium-polonium cylinder was used as an initiator.

Testing of the Malysh bomb systems.

The simplified diagram of the bomb is as follows: it contained a 164-millimeter caliber naval artillery gun shortened to 1.8 meters. A uranium-235 cylinder and initiator were installed on the muzzle side of the barrel, and a powder charge, a tungsten carbide projectile and a uranium-235 pipe were installed on the breech side. When the sentry detonator was triggered, a powder charge was ignited, which launched a projectile and a uranium tube with a total mass of 38.5 kilograms down the barrel towards a uranium cylinder and an initiator weighing 25.6 kilograms.

When uranium parts were connected, they formed a supercritical mass, and the impact of the projectile and the pressure of the powder gases compressed the initiator. The latter, under pressure, began to emit a sufficient number of neutrons to maintain and heat the chain reaction. Until critical explosion energy accumulated, all parts were held by the barrel, and then a powerful explosion occurred. The power of the Malysh explosion, according to various estimates, ranged from 13 to 18 kilotons.

The crew of the Enola Gay bomber.

Photo: af.mil

Enola Gay bomber commander Colonel Paul Tibbetts.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

The mass of the atomic bomb was about four tons with a length of three meters and a diameter of 71 centimeters. The uranium for “Baby” as part of the “Manhattan Project” was delivered from the Belgian Congo, from Great Bear Lake in Canada and from Colorado in the United States. A few years after the bomb exploded over Hiroshima, scientists calculated that of the 64 kilograms of uranium-235 used in the Baby, only about 700 grams reacted. The rest of the uranium was scattered by the explosion. Considering that the explosion itself was carried out at an altitude of about 600 meters, Nuclear pollution Hiroshima was relatively small.

However, the bomb caused significant damage to the city. The fact is that Hiroshima is located between the hills, which focused the shock wave from the “Kid”. The blast wave broke glass within a radius of 19 kilometers from the epicenter. In the city center, many buildings were damaged or destroyed. After the explosion, small fires arose, which then merged into one large fire, and arose fire tornado. About 11 square kilometers of the city were destroyed in the fire.

The people who found themselves at the epicenter of the explosion died almost instantly. Many surviving buildings and staircases have unburned areas in the shape of human bodies, who took the heat of the explosion upon themselves. People who were exposed to the temperature of the explosion, but were at some distance from its epicenter, had their skin peel off and their hair burnt. They died a few hours after the bombing. Due to panic and demoralization of the population, accurate statistics of deaths were not kept. As a result of the bombing, from 90 to 160 thousand people died, of which from 20 to 86 thousand died before the end of 1945 from radiation sickness.

Burn from atomic explosion

Photo: Wikimedia Commons

The second bomb, dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, used a different principle of initiating a nuclear reaction - implosion. With this scheme, the supercritical mass of the substance is achieved not due to the strong impact of the parts, but due to their uniform compression by a special aluminum shell. It is according to the implosion scheme that most modern nuclear charges are built.

The Fat Man contained a core made of plutonium-239 (it was produced, among other things, in Oak Ridge in a special reactor by irradiating uranium-238) weighing six kilograms. Inside the nucleus was a neutron initiator - a beryllium ball with a diameter of about two centimeters. This ball was coated with a layer of yttrium-polonium alloy. The core was surrounded by a shell of uranium-238. A compressive aluminum shell and several explosive charges were installed on top of the uranium.

Photo: United States National Archives

Final assembly of the Fat Man bomb on Tinian Island.

Photo: United States National Archives

The signatures of the people who participated in the assembly of “Fat Man” are on the tail of the bomb.

Photo: United States National Archives

"Fat Man"

Photo: United States National Archives

The detonation of auxiliary charges was carried out according to a timer. After the detonation, the shock wave uniformly compressed the compressive shell, which was already compressing the core of the atomic bomb. Under pressure, the initiator in the core began to actively emit a large number of neutrons, which, colliding with plutonium-239 nuclei, started a chain reaction. The uranium shell restrained the core, which inflated during the chain reaction, absorbing or reflecting neutrons that sought to leave the active reaction zone. In this way, the designers managed to achieve a greater efficiency - before the explosion, the largest amount of plutonium had time to react.

The main target for the Fat Man was Kokura, but it was not possible to drop a bomb on this city due to heavy clouds. So the bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, the B-29's alternate target. The power of the atomic explosion was 21 kilotons, which was significantly higher than the power of the “Baby”, but the destructive effect of the explosion was less. The fact is that the bomb exploded over an industrial zone, separated from the rest of the city by several hills.