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Presentations on the medieval history of Western Europe. Early Middle Ages

Presentations on the medieval history of Western Europe. Early Middle Ages

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Culture Western Europe in the early Middle Ages History teacher MBOU "Secondary School No. 27 of Yoshkar-Ola" Norkina T.V. Presentation for a lesson in 6th grade

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Problem: what is the role of the church in the formation and development of medieval culture in Western Europe?

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Lesson Plan: Performances medieval man about the world. Carolingian revival. "The Seven Liberal Arts". The art of handwritten books. Literature. Entertainment.

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1. Medieval people’s ideas about the world During the early Middle Ages, people imagined the earth in different ways: in the form of a ball (the teachings of Pythagoras were not forgotten), floating in the ocean on whales or turtles, about a precisely defined “edge of the earth,” about the firmament supported pillars, etc.

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Medieval maps Jerusalem is the “navel” of the Earth! On maps, as in ancient times, the earth was drawn in the shape of a circle, but if the ancients placed each of their own fatherland in the center of the universe, then medieval cartographers took Jerusalem as the center, because there, according to the Gospel legend, Jesus Christ was crucified and Jerusalem was considered the “navel” of the Earth .

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Absolutely fantastic, fragmentary information from travelers about various regions and the peoples inhabiting them - people with dog heads and generally headless people, having four eyes, living on the smell of apples, etc., was spread throughout society. Inhabitants of distant countries. Medieval miniature. In the first centuries of the Middle Ages, not many people traveled beyond their rural surroundings. Absolutely fantastic, fragmentary information from travelers about various regions and the peoples inhabiting them - people with dog heads and generally headless people, having four eyes, living on the smell of apples, etc., was spread throughout society.

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Why did Europeans go and travel few places in the early Middle Ages? Bad roads or their absence Dangerous Lack of maps Lack of transport Why do you think in the early Middle Ages Europeans went and traveled few places? Bad roads or lack thereof Dangerous Lack of maps Lack of transport

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Time Water clock Sundial Hourglass Time calculation: Time and the change of seasons were determined by natural signs (by the Sun, rooster crows, phases of the Moon, flowering of plants, by the nature of wind and precipitation) They were indifferent to the exact time. Dates were counted from church holidays and important historical events(change of power, battles, epidemics, etc.) Sometimes they used the inventions of Ancient Rome and Greece - sundials, water or hourglass. The day was divided into day and night. Night is the time of manifestation of the devil, evil spirits, and spirits. The day is bright and kind.

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The rise of culture during the reign of Charlemagne Charlemagne. Imaginary image of Albrecht Durer. 2. Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian Renaissance is the rise of culture during the reign of Charlemagne.

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1. Invited to the court educated people from England, Italy, Spain, Ireland. 2. Entrusted the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin with the responsibility of schools, who organized education and wrote textbooks. Raban the Maurus, led by Alcuin, presents his composition to the Archbishop of Mainz. Miniature of the Fulda Code. miniature Charlemagne 1. Invited educated people from England, Italy, Spain, and Ireland to the court. 2. Entrusted the Anglo-Saxon monk Alcuin with the responsibility of schools, who organized education and wrote textbooks. Student's message about Alcuin.

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3. A society for scientific studies arose in Aachen - the “Palace Academy” 4. Charles built churches and palaces, the late Roman buildings served as a model. The palace of Charlemagne in Aachen was built in the 8th century AD. 3. A society for scientific studies arose in Aachen - the “Palace Academy” - where Karl, his family and courtiers discussed the works of ancient authors and modern chronicles and biographies. The emperor himself knew the languages of the conquered peoples and tried to learn to write. 4. Charles built churches and palaces, using late Roman buildings as a model.

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Why did Charlemagne revive ancient culture and promote the spread of literacy? To govern a vast country, Charlemagne needed competent officials and judges. Why did Charlemagne revive ancient culture and promote the spread of literacy? Why did Charlemagne revive ancient culture and promote the spread of literacy?

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Schools were opened at cathedrals and monasteries. Education in Latin Only boys were educated There was no division into classes The main textbook is the Bible 3. “The Seven Liberal Arts” Charlemagne ordered the opening of schools at monasteries and cathedrals, where only boys were educated without division into classes or by age. Education was conducted in Latin, although it had not been spoken for a long time. The main book in teaching was the Bible (Old and New Testament).

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"Trivium" "Quadrivium" Grammar; Rhetoric; Dialectics; Arithmetic; Geometry; Astronomy; Music. Theology “Queen of Sciences” “Seven Liberal Arts”: “TRIVIUM”: Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectics “Quadrivium”: Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music

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Parchment is specially treated skin from young calves or lambs. 4. The art of handwritten books Under Charles, the number of educated people increased rapidly. Workshops for copying books appeared at the monasteries. It took about 1 year to create 1 book, so they were of great value. Purchased the book modern look folded and bound sheets of parchment.

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Medieval Book of Hours. Many people worked on the book - scribes and artists. Each of them did their own part - text, initials, screensavers, miniatures.

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Books were a luxury item, and only very wealthy people could afford them, because... each book was a real masterpiece. In libraries and cathedrals, books were chained to the wall to protect them from thieves. Instead of reed feathers, they began to write with bird feathers. Books were a luxury item, and only very wealthy people could afford them, because... every book was a real masterpiece. In libraries and cathedrals, books were chained to the wall to protect them from thieves.

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Lives of Saints Scenes from the life of St. Jerome (creation of the Vulgate). Vivian's Bible. 845 Paris, National Library. Works that told about the exploits of saints in the name of God and made calls for mercy and love for people. 5. Literature B medieval literature the main genre was religious literature - gospels and Lives of saints. The lives told about the exploits of saints in the name of God and there were calls for mercy and love for people.

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II. Chronicles are manuscripts that tell about the history of peoples and contemporary life according to the chronicler Isidore of Seville, “History of the Goths.” Gregory of Tours "History of the Franks." Trouble the Honorable " Church history of the people of the Angles" Charles Martell (Hammer) - Savior of the West (engraving from the World Chronicle of G. Schedel) II. Chronicles are manuscripts that tell about the history of peoples and contemporary life according to the chronicler Isidore of Seville, “History of the Goths.” Gregory of Tours "History of the Franks." The Venerable Bede "Ecclesiastical History of the English People"

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Questions of the Middle Ages: concepts and periodization. World of barbarians. States of the early Middle Ages. Church in the early Middle Ages.

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Lesson assignment Fill out the table: Periods Chronological framework Events State structure Role of the Church

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1. Middle Ages: concept and periodization of the 15th century. - Italian humanists – the period between Antiquity and the beginning of Modern times. Beginning – Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476). Ending – Controversy: - Great geographical discoveries(towards the 15th century). English bourgeois revolution (mid-17th century). Contents: the origin and development of feudal relations. The Middle Ages on the Timeline

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1. The Middle Ages: concept and periodization Periodization V – trans. half of the 11th century – early Middle Ages. (The birth of feudal relations, the formation of early feudal states). Ser. XI – XV centuries – developed Middle Ages (dominance of feudal relations, period feudal fragmentation. K. XV – XVII centuries. – Late Middle Ages (crisis of feudalism, the emergence of capitalist relations). Feudal fiefdom

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2. The world of barbarians IV – V centuries. – Great Migration of Peoples of 376. - The Huns settle in the Roman province of Moesia. 410 – The destruction of Rome by the Visigoths (Alaric). 418 – Kingdom of the West Goths (Toulouse) – Gaul and Spain. 507 – The Franks conquered the Visigothic kingdom. Barbarian kingdoms: Vesgoths, Franks (northern Gaul), Burgundians (southern France), Ostrogoths, Lombards. Battle of Tolbiak. Death of the Visigoth King

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2. The world of barbarians Rome and barbarians - borrowing Roman culture and technology - synthesis. -Adoption of Christianity (Arianism), -Receipt of land for service, -Barbarian law - a combination of Roman laws and customs P/O. -The rapprochement of colons and barbarians. “II migration” - Arabs, Hungarians, Normans (VIII - X centuries). Salic truth

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3. States of the early Middle Ages England Angles and Saxons - invasion of Britain (from the 5th century). VIII century - Normans. The Anglo-Saxons united to form England. Frankish state IV – V centuries. from the Rhine to Gaul. 486 – Clovis is king. 496 - Clovis was baptized. VI century - Conquest of Gaul. "Salic truth". Death. Strife between sons. Majordomos. 732 – Battle of Poitiers. Anglo-Saxon warriors

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3. States of the early Middle Ages The rise of Charles Martel. Land in lifetime possession for service. Overlords and vassals. 751 – Pepin the Short is king. Carolingian Dynasty. 768 - 814 - Charlemagne. + Italy, Bavaria, Saxony, s-v, Spain, defeat of the Avar Kaganate. 800 – Emperor. Schools. Chronography. Academy. Alcuin. Romanesque style - “Carolingian Revival” Pepin Korotky

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3. States of the early Middle Ages Death - the collapse of the empire. 814 - 840 – Louis I – allocated lands to Luthar, Louis and Charles – strife 843 – Verdun division. Feudal fragmentation. "My vassal's vassal is not my vassal." States of Eastern Europe IX–X centuries – Great Moravia. The fight against Louis the German. Cyril and Methodius (Glagolitic). Cyrillic - 10th century Bulgaria. Louis I the Pious

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3. States of the early Middle Ages K. IX centuries. – Czech Republic (Premyslov dynasty). Conquest of the neighboring Slavs. Centralization. 885 – Methodius baptized Prince Borzhivoy. Archbishopric of Prague. But: vassalage from the German emperor. X century – The Piast Dynasty is a Polish state. 966 – baptism. Conflicts with the Germans. Feudal relations. Fragmentation Piast Coat of Arms 4. Church of the early Middle Ages 9th century – Rise. Attempts to subjugate secular power. Papal State - tithes, land holdings in other states. Monasteries are centers of spiritual and economic life. Monks are hermits, then members of a church organization. Statutes of monasteries. Benedict of Nursia - The rules of conduct for monks are modesty, work, abstinence. Benedictines. Benedictine monks.

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Early Middle Ages

Questions of the Middle Ages: concepts and periodization. World of barbarians. States of the early Middle Ages. Church in the early Middle Ages.

Lesson assignment Fill out the table: Periods Chronological framework Events Government structure Role of the Church

1. Middle Ages: concept and periodization of the 15th century. - Italian humanists – the period between Antiquity and the beginning of Modern times. Beginning – Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476). End – Disputes: - Great geographical discoveries (towards the 15th century). English bourgeois revolution (mid-17th century). Contents: the origin and development of feudal relations. The Middle Ages on the Timeline

1. The Middle Ages: concept and periodization Periodization V – trans. half of the 11th century – early Middle Ages. (The birth of feudal relations, the formation of early feudal states). Ser. XI – XV centuries – developed Middle Ages (dominance of feudal relations, period of feudal fragmentation. XV – XVII centuries. – Late Middle Ages (crisis of feudalism, emergence of capitalist relations). Feudal fiefdom

2. The world of barbarians Rome and barbarians - borrowing Roman culture and technology - synthesis. -Adoption of Christianity (Arianism), -Receipt of land for service, -Barbarian law - a combination of Roman laws and customs P / O. -Convergence of colons and barbarians. “II migration” - Arabs, Hungarians, Normans (VIII – X centuries). Salic truth

3. States of the early Middle Ages The rise of Charles Martel. Land in lifetime possession for service. Overlords and vassals. 751 – Pepin the Short is king. Carolingian Dynasty. 768 - 814 - Charlemagne. + Italy, Bavaria, Saxony, s-v, Spain, defeat of the Avar Kaganate. 800 - Emperor. Schools. Chronography. Academy. Alcuin. Romanesque style - “Carolingian Revival” Pepin Korotky

3. States of the early Middle Ages Death - the collapse of the empire. 814 - 840 – Louis I – allocated lands to Luthar, Louis and Charles – strife 843 – Verdun division. Feudal fragmentation. "My vassal's vassal is not my vassal." States of Eastern Europe 9th–10th centuries. – Great Moravia. The fight against Louis the German. Cyril and Methodius (Glagolitic). Cyrillic - 10th century Bulgaria. Louis I the Pious

4. Church of the early Middle Ages “The Popes are the saviors of Rome” 450s. – Leo I – Atilla, Geiseric (refusal of ruin, mitigation of robberies). IV – V centuries. - Baptism of barbarian kings. Missionary work – taking into account local traditions, rapprochement with paganism. But: destruction of idols and temples. Pope's diplomacy with Constance Tantinople and the barbarian kings. 756 – papal state - Pepin the Short. Pope Leo I

4. Church of the early Middle Ages 9th century – Rise. Attempts to subjugate secular power. Papal State - tithes, land holdings in other states. Monasteries are centers of spiritual and economic life. Monks are hermits, then members of a church organization. Statutes of monasteries. Benedict of Nursia - The rules of conduct for monks are modesty, work, abstinence. Benedictines. Benedictine monks.

Primitive

Ancient world

(Egypt, Babylon)

Antiquity

(Greece, Rome)

Average

century

Restored

15th century

5th century

Renaissance

(humanists)

Forgot

Start– Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476).

Ending– Disputes:

Great geographical discoveries (end of the 15th century).

English bourgeois revolution (mid-17th century).

Periodization

End V – trans. half of the 11th century– early Middle Ages. (The origin of feudal relations, the formation of early feudal states).

Ser. XI – XV centuries– developed Middle Ages (dominance of feudal relations, period of feudal fragmentation.)

K. XV – XVII centuries.– Late Middle Ages (crisis of feudalism, the emergence of capitalist relations).

At the end of the 4th century . the Germanic tribes against which the Romans fought were joined by other barbarian peoples began The Great Migration of Peoples (Huns - Attila).

395 - collapse of the Roman Empire.

Western Roman Empire,

Eastern Roman Empire,

capital Ravenna,

capital Constantinople,

1453

Barbarian states

Visigoths - southeastern part of Gaul and Spain

Franks - northwestern Gaul

Vandals – North Africa

Italy - Ostrogoths

Angles and Saxons - British Isles

Formation of the Frankish state.

IN 486 King of the Salic (Maritime) Franks Clovis (486-509) from the Merovingian family led their resettlement to Northern Gaul; later the Franks subjugated the neighboring Germanic tribes (Alemanni, Thuringians) and conquered Southern Gaul from the Visigoths.

Creation "Salic truth"(500 g)
Acceptance of Christianity

The era of the reign of "lazy kings".

After the death of Clovis, internecine wars began between his descendants. Over time, real power in the state was seized by the managers royal court – majordomos.

At the beginning of the 8th century . majordomo Charles Martell managed to subjugate large landowners and carried out military reform to fight the Arabs:

Creation of heavily armed cavalry
Distribution of lands to warriors subject to carrying military service (fief or linen)

732 - defeat of the Arabs at the Battle of Poitiers

Fiefs – land holdings that were paid to mounted warriors for service and could be inherited. Feudal lords - land owners

Senior

(Mr.)

Vassal

(servant)

Empire of Charlemagne.

After the death of Charles Martel, the state was headed by his son Pepin the Short, who overthrew the last lazy king and himself became king with the support of the Pope.

With Pepin's son Karle (768-814) dimensions Frankish Kingdom increased doubled:

Defeat of the Lombards and annexation of Northern Italy
Conquest of Bavaria
Reconquest of lands in northern Spain
Defeat of the Avars
Wars with the Saxons

the pope laid

on the king's head the imperial crown and

proclaimed him Emperor of the Romans

Royal

Advice

(2 times a year, approved by the laws of the king)

Emperor

bishops

dukes

Graphs Trustees who exercised control, court, tax collection)

Knight's army (protection of the interests of the empire)

"Carolingian Renaissance" and the collapse of the empire.

Goals

Result

1. Revive the Roman Empire

Became emperor in 800

2. Revive ancient culture

Opening of schools, growth of literacy throughout the country, Court School and Academy (academic circle)

"Carolingian Revival"

Changed ethnic composition population,

the capital is Aachen, there were few large cities, the management system was not developed.

After the death of Charlemagne (817) under his son Louis, a new period of strife began.

IN 843 the grandchildren of Charlemagne entered into an agreement among themselves - Verdun section.

Empire of Charlemagne

West Frankish Kingdom

East Frankish

Kingdom of Lorraine –

Other European states.

The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms united in Britain. IN 1066 these lands were conquered by the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, who became king England.

Slavic states formed to the east of Germany - Poland, Czech ia, on the middle Danube arose Kingdom of Hungary.

Kingdoms had formed in northern Europe by this time. Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

Strife among rulers
The desire of the peoples of Charlemagne's empire for independence
The viceroys of the rulers ceased to take into account the supreme power
Dominance of subsistence farming and lack of trade

Catholic Church in the Middle Ages.

The church organization led by the Pope played a huge role. Initially, most Christians did not recognize the government Bishop of Rome - Pope . Had great influence Bishop of Constantinople - Patriarch , the popes obeyed him.

You need to cross yourself with five fingers

Worship in Latin only

Worship in the languages of different nations

Priests were forbidden to have families

You need to cross yourself with two or three fingers

Reading the Bible is allowed only to church ministers

Only monks could not have a family

Roman Catholic Church (universal)

Greek Orthodox (true)

Schism - 1054

Acute shortage of available land
Wars have become more frequent, and remove famine and epidemics
The seizure of Palestine by the Seljuk Turks, which made it impossible to visit holy places
The need to curb the knightly freemen