The Russian national language was formed by. History of the origin of the Russian language. Phraseologism: its lexical meaning, function in a sentence and text

How often do we, Russian speakers, think about such an important point as the history of the emergence of the Russian language? After all, how many secrets are hidden in it, how many interesting things can be learned if you dig deeper. How did the Russian language develop? After all, our speech is not only everyday conversations, it is a rich history.

History of the development of the Russian language: briefly about the main thing

Where did our native language come from? There are several theories. Some scientists (for example, linguist N. Guseva) believe that Sanskrit is the Russian language. However, Sanskrit was used by Indian scholars and priests. This was what Latin was like for the inhabitants of ancient Europe - “something very smart and incomprehensible.” But how did the speech that was used by Indian scientists suddenly end up in our favor? Is it really true that the formation of the Russian language began with the Indians?

The Legend of the Seven White Teachers

Each scientist understands the stages of the history of the Russian language differently: these are the origin, development, alienation of the book language from the folk language, the development of syntax and punctuation, etc. All of them may differ in order (it is still unknown when exactly the book language separated from the folk language) or interpretation. But, according to the following legend, seven white teachers can be considered the “fathers” of the Russian language.

There is a legend in India that is even studied in Indian universities. In ancient times, seven white teachers appeared from the cold North (the Himalaya region). It was they who gave Sanskrit to people and laid the foundation of Brahmanism, from which Buddhism was later born. Many believe that this North was one of the regions of Russia, which is why modern Hindus often go there on pilgrimage.

A legend today

It turns out that many Sanskrit words completely coincide with - this is the theory of the famous ethnographer Natalya Guseva, who wrote more than 150 scientific works on history and religion of India. Most of them, by the way, have been refuted by other scientists.

This theory was not taken out of thin air by her. An interesting incident led to her appearance. Once Natalya accompanied a respected scientist from India, who decided to organize a tourist trip along the northern rivers of Russia. While communicating with residents of local villages, the Indian suddenly burst into tears and refused the services of an interpreter, saying that he was happy to hear his native Sanskrit. Then Guseva decided to devote her life to studying the mysterious phenomenon, and at the same time to establish how the Russian language developed.

This is truly amazing! According to this story, beyond the Himalayas live representatives of the Negroid race, speaking a language so similar to our native one. Mysticism, and that’s all. Nevertheless, the hypothesis that our dialect originated from Indian Sanskrit is valid. Here it is - the history of the Russian language in brief.

Dragunkin's theory

And here is another scientist who decided that this story of the emergence of the Russian language is true. The famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin argued that truly great language comes from a simpler one, in which there are fewer word forms and shorter words. Supposedly Sanskrit is much simpler than Russian. And the Sanskrit writing is nothing more than Slavic runes slightly modified by the Hindus. But this theory is just where is the origin of language?

Scientific version

And here is the version that most scientists approve and accept. She claims that 40,000 years ago (the time of the appearance of the first man) people had a need to express their thoughts in the process collective activity. This is how the language appeared. But in those days the population was extremely small, and all people spoke the same language. Thousands of years later, a migration of peoples took place. People's DNA changed, tribes became isolated from each other and began to speak differently.

Languages ​​differed from each other in form and word formation. Each group of people developed their native language, supplemented it with new words, and gave it form. Later, a need arose for science that would describe new achievements or things that people came to.

As a result of this evolution, so-called “matrices” arose in human heads. These matrices were studied in detail by the famous linguist Georgy Gachev, who studied more than 30 matrices - linguistic pictures of the world. According to his theory, Germans are very attached to their home, and this served as an image of a typical German speaker. And the Russian language and mentality came from the concept or image of a road, a path. This matrix lies in our subconscious.

The birth and development of the Russian language

About 3 thousand years BC among Indo-European languages the Proto-Slavic dialect stood out, which a thousand years later became the Proto-Slavic language. In the VI-VII centuries. n. e. it was divided into several groups: eastern, western and southern. Our language is usually classified as eastern.

And the beginning of the path of the Old Russian language is called education Kievan Rus(IX century). At the same time, Cyril and Methodius invented the first Slavic alphabet.

The Slavic language developed rapidly, and in terms of popularity it has already become equal to Greek and Latin. It was (the predecessor of modern Russian) that managed to unite all the Slavs; it was in it that the most important documents and literary monuments were written and published. For example, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”

Normalization of writing

Then came the era of feudalism, and the Polish-Lithuanian conquests in the 13th-14th centuries led to the fact that the language was divided into three groups of dialects: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, as well as some intermediate dialects.

In the 16th century in Muscovite Rus' they decided to normalize the written language of the Russian language (then it was called “prosta mova” and was influenced by Belarusian and Ukrainian) - to introduce the predominance of coordinating connections in sentences and the frequent use of conjunctions “yes”, “and”, “a”. The dual number was lost, and the declension of nouns became very similar to the modern one. And the basis literary language became characteristic features of Moscow speech. For example, “akanie”, the consonant “g”, the endings “ovo” and “evo”, demonstrative pronouns (yourself, you, etc.). The beginning of book printing finally established the literary Russian language.

Peter's era

It greatly affected my speech. After all, it was at this time that the Russian language was freed from the “tutelage” of the church, and in 1708 the alphabet was reformed so that it became closer to the European model.

In the second half of the 18th century, Lomonosov laid down new norms for the Russian language, combining everything that came before: colloquial speech, folk poetry, and even the command language. After him, the language was transformed by Derzhavin, Radishchev, and Fonvizin. It was they who increased the number of synonyms in the Russian language in order to properly reveal its richness.

A huge contribution to the development of our speech was made by Pushkin, who rejected all restrictions on style and combined Russian words with some European ones to create a complete and colorful picture of the Russian language. He was supported by Lermontov and Gogol.

Development trends

How did the Russian language develop in the future? From the mid-19th to early 20th centuries, the Russian language received several development trends:

1. Development of literary norms.
2. The convergence of literary language and colloquial speech.
3. Expansion of language through dialectisms and jargons.
4. Development of the “realism” genre in literature, philosophical issues.

Somewhat later, socialism changed the word formation of the Russian language, and in the twentieth century the media standardized oral speech.

It turns out that our modern Russian language, with all its lexical and grammatical rules, originated from a mixture of various East Slavic dialects, which were widespread throughout Rus', and the Church Slavonic language. After all the metamorphoses, it has become one of the most popular languages ​​in the world.

A little more about writing

Tatishchev himself (author of the book “Russian History”) was firmly convinced that Cyril and Methodius did not invent writing. It existed long before they were born. The Slavs not only knew how to write: they had many types of writing. For example, cutting traits, runes or initial letters. And the scientist brothers took this very initial letter as a basis and simply modified it. Perhaps about a dozen letters were thrown out to make it easier to translate the Bible. Yes, Cyril and Methodius, but its basis was the initial letter. This is how writing appeared in Rus'.

External threats

Unfortunately, our language has repeatedly been exposed to external danger. And then the future of the entire country was in question. For example, at the turn of the 19th century, all the “cream of society” spoke exclusively French, dressed in the appropriate style, and even the menu consisted only of French cuisine. The nobles gradually began to forget their native language, stopped associating themselves with the Russian people, acquiring a new philosophy and traditions.

As a result of such an introduction of French speech, Russia could lose not only its language, but also its culture. Fortunately, the situation was saved by the geniuses of the 19th century: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. It was they, being true patriots, who did not let the Russian language die. They were the ones who showed how handsome he was.

Modernity

The history of the Russian language is complex and not fully studied. There is no way to summarize it. It will take years to study. The Russian language and the history of the people are truly amazing things. And how can you call yourself a patriot without knowing your native speech, folklore, poetry and literature?

Unfortunately, modern youth have lost interest in books, and especially in classical literature. This trend is also observed among older people. Television, the Internet, nightclubs and restaurants, glossy magazines and blogs - all this has replaced our “paper friends”. Many people have even stopped having their own opinions, expressing themselves in the usual cliches imposed by society and the media. Despite the fact that the classics were and remain in school curriculum, few people read them even in summary, which “eats up” all the beauty and uniqueness of the works of Russian writers.

But how rich is the history and culture of the Russian language! For example, literature can provide answers to many questions better than any forums on the Internet. Russian literature expresses the full power of the wisdom of the people, makes us feel love for our homeland and better understand it. Every person must understand that their native language, native culture and people are inseparable, they are one whole. What does a modern Russian citizen understand and think about? About the need to leave the country as quickly as possible?

Main danger

And of course, the main threat to our language are foreign words. As mentioned above, this problem was relevant in the 18th century, but, unfortunately, has remained unresolved to this day and is slowly acquiring the features of a national catastrophe.

Not only is society too keen on various slang words, obscene language, made-up expressions, but it also constantly uses foreign borrowings in its speech, forgetting that the Russian language has much more beautiful synonyms. Such words are: “stylist”, “manager”, “PR”, “summit”, “creative”, “user”, “blog”, “Internet” and many others. If this came only from certain groups of society, then the problem could be combated. But, unfortunately, foreign words are actively used by teachers, journalists, scientists and even officials. These people bring their word to people, which means they introduce a bad habit. And it happens that a foreign word settles so firmly in the Russian language that it begins to seem as if it were original.

What's the matter?

So what is it called? Ignorance? Fashion for everything foreign? Or a campaign directed against Russia? Perhaps all at once. And this problem must be solved as quickly as possible, otherwise it will be too late. For example, more often use the word “manager” instead of “manager”, “business lunch” instead of “business lunch”, etc. After all, the extinction of a people begins precisely with the extinction of the language.

About dictionaries

Now you know how the Russian language developed. However, that's not all. The history of Russian language dictionaries deserves special mention. Happened modern dictionaries from ancient handwritten and later printed books. At first they were very small and intended for a narrow circle of people.

The most ancient Russian dictionary is rightfully considered a short appendix to the Novgorod Helmsman's Book (1282). It included 174 words from different dialects: Greek, Church Slavonic, Hebrew, and even biblical proper names.

After 400 years, much larger dictionaries began to appear. They already had systematization and even an alphabet. The dictionaries of that time were mainly educational or encyclopedic in nature, and therefore were inaccessible to ordinary peasants.

The first printed dictionary

The first printed dictionary appeared in 1596. This was another supplement to the grammar textbook of the priest Lawrence Zizanius. It contained more than a thousand words, which were sorted alphabetically. The dictionary was explanatory and explained the origin of many Old Church Slavonic languages ​​and was published in Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian.

Further development of dictionaries

The 18th century was a century of great discoveries. They also did not bypass explanatory dictionaries. Great scientists (Tatishchev, Lomonosov) unexpectedly showed increased interest in the origin of many words. Trediakovsky began writing notes. In the end, a number of dictionaries were created, but the largest was the “Church Dictionary” and its supplement. More than 20,000 words have been interpreted in the Church Dictionary. This book laid the foundation for a standard dictionary of the Russian language, and Lomonosov, along with other researchers, began its creation.

The most important dictionary

The history of the development of the Russian language remembers a date that is so significant for all of us - the creation of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl (1866). This four-volume work has received dozens of reprints and is still relevant today. 200,000 words and more than 30,000 sayings and phraseological units can safely be considered a real treasure.

Our days

Unfortunately, the world community is not interested in the history of the emergence of the Russian language. His current situation can be compared with one case that once happened to the unusually talented scientist Dmitry Mendeleev. After all, Mendeleev was never able to become an honorary academician of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (the current RAS). There was a huge scandal, and one more thing: such a scientist would not be accepted into the academy! But Russian empire and her world were unshakable: they declared that the Russians, since the times of Lomonosov and Tatishchev, were in the minority, and one good Russian scientist, Lomonosov, was enough.

This history of the modern Russian language makes us think: what if someday English (or any other) will supplant such a unique Russian? Notice how much there is in our jargon foreign words! Yes, mixing languages ​​and friendly exchanges is great, but we must not allow amazing story our speech has disappeared from the planet. Take care of your native language!

Russian language is National language of the Russian people, the language of the Russian nation. The Russian language is part of the Slavic group of languages, which also includes Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak, Macedonian, Slovenian and other languages. All of these languages ​​originated from the Common Slavic language.

Russian language refers to Slavic group Indo-European family languages. Within the Slavic group, in turn, three groups - branches are distinguished: eastern(languages ​​Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian), southern(languages ​​Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian) and western(Polish, Slovak, Czech and others).

Russian language is one of the richest languages peace. He has a large vocabulary, has developed expressive means, used to denote all the necessary concepts in any field human activity.

In the territory Russian Federation Russian is the official language. The state language of the Russian Federation can be considered as a system-forming factor in preserving the integrity of the Russian Federation, as an instrument for expressing the will of the people and every citizen of the country, as a necessary element for achieving uniformity government controlled and understanding of state will as a mechanism for realizing the rights and obligations of the population of Russia, as a national characteristic in international legal relations. Due to the fact that people of different nationalities live in the Russian Federation, the Russian language serves for productive interethnic communication. With the help of the Russian language as a means of communication, many problems of national importance are solved. In addition, the Russian language helps to become familiar with the riches of Russian and world scientific thought and culture. The Russian language is one of the generally recognized world languages ​​and one of the most developed languages ​​in the world.

Language, in its specificity and social significance, is a unique phenomenon: it is a means of communication and influence, a means of storing and assimilating knowledge, and the focus of the spiritual culture of the people.

The Russian language is the language of culture, science and technology. The Russian language is the primary element of great Russian literature. Works of outstanding Russian writers were created in Russian - A.S. Pushkina, M.Yu. Lermontova, N.V. Gogol, F.I. Tyutcheva, I.S. Turgeneva, S.A. Yesenina, M.I. Tsvetaeva, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhova, I.A. Bunin, M. Gorky, V.V. Mayakovsky, B.L. Pasternak, M.A. Bulgakov and other writers. Literature is unthinkable without language. Literature is the art of depiction in words, and Russian literature is the art of depiction in Russian words.

The connection of language with national character, mentality, with national self-awareness and its expression in literature was an obvious truth for all Russian writers. I.A. Goncharov wrote that “...what connects us with our nation, most of all, is language.” Impact on the reader from the author work of art It is connected, first of all, with the imagery and emotional richness of the word.

The Russian language is a huge element that maintains relative, but still ecological purity. The ocean of words is boundless, it conceals both unpredictable processes and stability thanks to the immunity of colossal strength, unique property self-cleaning. Famous philologist and literary critic M.M. Bakhtin said: “Man is first of all a word, and then everything else. The word is an instrument for a person’s fulfillment; it provides him with vital energy.” Mastery of words - an instrument of communication and thinking - is the fundamental basis of human intelligence. A person who has few words in his stock is lost, complex, and cannot find common language with the people around you. Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote about language: “...Our language is the most important part of our general behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with... You need to learn good intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. But even though it’s difficult, it’s necessary.”

Language is the most important means of human communication, cognition and creative development of the surrounding reality.

Russian language is the national language of the Russian people. The Russian national language developed in the 16th-17th centuries. in connection with the formation of the Moscow State. It was based on the Moscow and adjacent local dialects. The further development of the Russian national language is associated with its normalization and formation in the 18th-19th centuries. literary language. The literary language combined the features of northern and southern dialects: in the phonetic system, the consonants corresponded to the consonants of the northern dialects, and the vowels were closer to the pronunciation in the southern dialects; the vocabulary has more overlaps with northern dialects (for example, rooster, but not roars, wolf, but not Biryuk).

Old Church Slavonic had a significant influence on the formation of the Russian national language. His influence on the Russian language was undoubtedly beneficial: this is how borrowings entered the Russian literary language temper, drag out, ignoramus, head, etc., Russian participles with suffixes -ach (-yach) were replaced by Old Slavonic participles with suffixes -ash (-box) (burning instead of hot).

In the course of its formation and development, the Russian national language borrowed and continues to borrow elements from other, unrelated languages, such as, for example, French, German, English, etc.

The national Russian language is a complex phenomenon, heterogeneous in its composition. And this is understandable: after all, it is used by people who differ in their social status, occupation, place of birth and residence, age, gender, level of culture, etc. All these differences between people are reflected in language. Therefore, language exists in several varieties:

· Territorial dialects, as a local variety of language, exist in oral form and serve mainly for everyday communication (for example, bustle, instead of drizzle, rukoternik, instead of towel and etc.).

· Vernacular- a variety of language used in the speech of poorly educated native speakers (for example, TV set, instead of TV, play instead of play, you bake, instead of you bake and etc.).

· Professional jargons is a type of language that is used in the speech of people of the same profession (for example, spark, instead of spark from the drivers, batten down the hatches, instead of close the sailors say, training aircraft called ladybug pilots, etc.).

· Social jargons use socially isolated groups of people in their speech (for example, spur, stepyokha- from student jargon, ancestors, horse racing- from youth slang, etc.).

· Territorial dialects, professional and social jargons, vernacular are included as an integral part of the national Russian language, but the basis, the highest form of existence of the national language is literary language. It serves various spheres of human activity: politics, legislation, culture, art, office work, everyday communication.

One of the main signs of literary language - normalization. The normalization of a literary language lies in the fact that the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling and the formation of grammatical forms are subject to a generally accepted pattern - the norm. Along with normalization, the literary language has the following characteristics:

Resilience (stability);

Mandatory for all native speakers;

Processing;

Availability of functional styles;

Availability of oral and written forms.

In accordance with the “Law on the Languages ​​of the Peoples of Russia”, the Russian language, which is the main means of interethnic communication of the peoples of the Russian Federation, in accordance with established historical and cultural traditions, has the status state language throughout Russia.

Functions of the Russian language as the state language:

1. Russian is the language in which the highest legislative bodies of the Russian Federation work.

2. The texts of laws and other legal acts are published in Russian.

3. Russian language as official language is studied in secondary, secondary vocational and higher educational institutions.

4. Russian is the language of the media.

5. Russian is the language of communication in the fields of industry, transport, communications, services and commercial activities.

On the territory of Russia with its multinational population, the “Law on the Languages ​​of the Peoples of Russia” guarantees and ensures, along with the functioning of the Russian language as the state language, the creation of conditions for the development of the state languages ​​of the republics of the Russian Federation, for the preservation and development of the languages ​​of small peoples and ethnic groups.

The Russian language is not only the language of interethnic communication between the peoples of Russia, but also the peoples of the former CIS.

The functions of the Russian language are not limited to life within the nation and Russian state, but also cover international spheres of communication, since Russian is one of the world languages. World languages ​​are those that are means of interstate and international communication.

The Russian language has become one of the world languages ​​since the middle of the 20th century. The number of people who speak Russian to one degree or another now exceeds half a billion people. The Russian language meets all the requirements for world languages:

• The Russian language is a means of communication among scientists, one of the languages ​​of science.
• Russian is studied as a foreign language in many countries around the world.
• Russian is the working language of such international organizations as the UN, UNESCO, etc.

The Russian language is the language of the richest fiction, global significance which is exceptionally large.

The national language is the means of oral and written communication of a nation. Along with the common territory, historical, economic and political life, as well as mental makeup, language is a leading indicator of the historical community of people, which is usually called the term nation(lat.natio – tribe, people).

Russian national language by kinship, belongs to to the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. Indo-European languages ​​are one of the largest language families, including Anatolian, Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Italic, Romance, Germanic, Celtic, Baltic, Slavic groups, as well as Armenian, Phrygian, Venetian and some other languages.

Slavic languages ​​come from single pre-Slavic a language that emerged from the base Indo-European language long before our era. During the period of the existence of the Proto-Slavic language, the main features characteristic of all Slavic languages. Around the 6th-7th centuries AD, the pre-Slavic unity disintegrated. The Eastern Slavs began to use a relatively common East Slavic tongue. (Old Russian, or the language of Kievan Rus). Around the same time, they formed West Slavic(Czech, Slovak, Polish, Kashubian, Serbian Sorbian and “dead” Polabian) and South Slavic languages (Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovenian, Ruthenian and “dead” Old Church Slavonic).

In the 9th – 11th centuries, based on the translations of liturgical books made by Cyril and Methodius, the first written language Slavs – Old Church Slavonic Its literary continuation will be the language used to this day in worship – Church Slavonic .

As it gets stronger feudal fragmentation and overthrow Tatar-Mongol yoke Great Russian, Little Russian and Belarusian nationalities are being formed. Thus, the East Slavic group of languages ​​falls into three related languages: Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian. By the 14th – 15th centuries, the language of the Great Russian people took shape, with Rostov-Suzdal and Vladimir dialects at its core.

Russian national language begins to take shape in the 17th century in connection with the development capitalist relations and the development of the Russian people into nation. The phonetic system, grammatical structure and basic vocabulary of the Russian national language are inherited from the language Great Russian people, formed in the process interaction between northern Great Russian and southern Great Russian dialects. Moscow, located on the border of the south and north of the European part of Russia, has become the center of this interaction. Exactly Moscow business vernacular had a significant impact on the development of the national language.

The 18th century became an important stage in the development of the Russian national language. During these times, our compatriots spoke and wrote using a large number of Old Church Slavonic and Church Slavonic elements. What was required was the democratization of the language, the introduction into its structure of elements of the living, colloquial speech of merchants, service people, the clergy and literate peasants. Main role in theoretical foundation of Russian language played by M.V. Lomonosov. The scientist creates a “Russian Grammar”, which has theoretical and practical significance: ordering of literary language and development rules for using its elements. “All sciences,” he explains, “have a need for grammar. Oratorio is stupid, poetry is tongue-tied, philosophy is unfounded, history is incomprehensible, jurisprudence without grammar is dubious.” Lomonosov pointed out two features of the Russian language that made it one of the most important world languages:

- "the vastness of the places where he dominates"

- “your own space and contentment.”

In the Peter the Great era, due to the appearance in Russia of many new objects and phenomena The vocabulary of the Russian language is updated and enriched. The flow of new words was so enormous that even a decree of Peter I was needed to normalize the use of borrowings.

The Karamzin period in the development of the Russian national language is characterized by the struggle for the establishment of a single language norm in it. At the same time, N.M. himself Karamzin and his supporters believe that, when defining norms, it is necessary to focus on Western, European languages ​​(French), free the Russian language from the influence of Church Slavonic speech, create new words, expand the semantics of those already used to denote those emerging in the life of society, mainly secular, new objects, phenomena, processes. Karamzin’s opponent was the Slavophile A.S. Shishkov, who believed that Old Slavonic language should become the basis of the Russian national language. The dispute over language between Slavophiles and Westerners was brilliantly resolved in the works of the great Russian writers of the early nineteenth century. A.S. Griboyedov and I.A. Krylov showed the inexhaustible possibilities of lively spoken language, the originality and richness of Russian folklore.

Creator the same national Russian language became A.S. Pushkin. In poetry and prose, the main thing, in his opinion, is “a sense of proportionality and conformity”: any element is appropriate if it accurately conveys thought and feeling.

In the first decades of the 19th century, the formation of the Russian national language was completed. However, the process of processing the national language in order to create uniform spelling, lexical, spelling and grammatical norms continues, numerous dictionaries are published, the largest of which is the four-volume “ Dictionary living Great Russian language" V.I. Dalia.

After the October Revolution of 1917, important changes took place in the Russian language. Firstly, a huge layer of secular and religious vocabulary, which was very relevant before the revolution, “dies out.” The new government destroys objects, phenomena, processes and at the same time the words denoting them disappear: monarch, heir to the throne, gendarme, police officer, privat-docent, footman and so on. Millions of believing Russians cannot use openly Christian terminology: seminary, deacon, Eucharist, Ascension, Our Lady, Savior, Dormition, etc. These words live among the people secretly, latently, awaiting the hour of their revival. On the other side. a huge number of new words appear, reflecting changes in politics, economics, culture : Soviets, Kolchak member, Red Army soldier, security officer. A large number of complex abbreviated words appear: party contributions, collective farm, Revolutionary Military Council, Council of People's Commissars, commander, Prodrazverstka, tax in kind, cultural enlightenment, educational program. One of the striking distinctive features of the Russian language of the Soviet period – interference of the opposite, The essence of this phenomenon lies in the formation of two opposing lexical systems, positively and negatively characterizing the same phenomena that exist on opposite sides of the barricades, in the world of capitalism and in the world of socialism : scouts and spies, liberating soldiers and occupiers, partisans and bandits.

Nowadays, the Russian national language continues to develop in the post-Soviet space. Among modern characteristic features the most important languages ​​are:

1) replenishment of the vocabulary with new elements; first of all, this is borrowed vocabulary denoting objects and phenomena of the political, economic and cultural life of the country: electorate, extreme sports, business center, conversion, clone, chip, iridology, HIV infection, audio cassette, cheeseburger, jacuzzi;

2) the return to use of words that seemed to have lost such an opportunity forever; first of all this religious vocabulary: lord, communion. Annunciation, Liturgy, All-Night Vigil, Epiphany, Metropolitan;

3) the disappearance, along with objects and phenomena, of words characterizing Soviet reality: Komsomol, party organizer, state farm, DOSAAF, pioneer;

4) destruction of the system formed as a result of the action interference of the opposite.

The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation, which is used as a means of interethnic communication in Russia and in the near abroad. Currently, the Russian language is one of the languages ​​of European and world significance. Along with English, French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic languages it is recognized as the official and working language of the United Nations. More than 250 million people study the modern Russian literary language in almost 100 countries of the world.

The national Russian language is a means of written and oral communication of the Russian nation. Along with the integrity of the territory, economic life and mental makeup, language is a leading indicator of the historical community of people, which is usually called the term “nation”. National language is a historical category; it is formed during the formation of a nation, its development from a nationality.

Russian national language according to family ties that arose and formed in the process historical development, belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. By origin, it is related to the Common Slavic (Proto-Slavic), which emerged from the 3rd millennium BC. from the base Indo-European language and until the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD. (until the 5th-6th centuries AD) served as a means of communication for all Slavic tribes. During the existence of a single common Slavic language, the main features inherent in all Slavic languages ​​developed. The long existence of the common Slavic (proto-Slavic) language (over three thousand years) as a single dialect of all Slavic tribes explains high degree closeness between modern Slavic languages.

Around VI-VII AD. the pan-Slavic unity disintegrated, and on the basis of the common Slavic language the East Slavic (Old Russian), West Slavic (Polish, Slovak, Czech, Serbian Sorbian, etc.) and South Slavic (Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovenian, Ruthenian and dead Old Slavic) languages ​​were formed. The Old Russian language was spoken by the East Slavic tribes, which in the 9th century formed the Old Russian nation within Kyiv State. As feudal fragmentation intensified, the Tatar-Mongol yoke was overthrown, and as a result of the collapse of the Kyiv state in the 14th-15th centuries, the Great Russian, Little Russian and Belarusian nationalities were formed, and on the basis of the once single Old Russian language, three independent language: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, which with the formation of nations took shape into national languages.

Ukrainian Russian Belarusian

The Russian national language began to take shape in the 17th century in connection with the development of capitalist relations and the development of the Russian nationality into a nation. The phonetic system, grammatical structure and basic vocabulary of the Russian national language are inherited from the language of the Great Russian people, which was formed as a result of the interaction of the Northern Great Russian and Southern Great Russian dialects. The center of this interaction was Moscow, located at the junction of the south and north of the European part of Russia. It was the Moscow business vernacular that had a significant influence on the development of the national language. During this period, the development of new dialectal features of dialects ceased, the influence of the Church Slavonic language weakened, and a literary language of a democratic type developed, based on the traditions of the language of business Moscow.

In the 18th century, through the efforts of progressively minded circles of society, the creation of a single national Russian language began (until the 18th century in fiction, official business documents used the so-called Slavic-Russian language, which absorbed the culture of the Old Church Slavonic language). The democratization of language is taking place, i.e. its vocabulary and grammatical structure include elements of living oral speech, living colloquial speech of merchants, service people, clergy and literate peasants, there is a gradual liberation of the language from the Church Slavonic language, the formation of a scientific language, Russian scientific terminology. In all these processes, the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov took an active part, who did immeasurably much to streamline the Russian language: he created the first in the Russian language “ Russian grammar", in which for the first time he presents scientific system Russian language, creates a set of grammatical rules, demonstrates the richest capabilities of the language, seeks permission from Catherine II to give lectures at the university in Russian, creates Russian scientific and technical terminology (he is the author of the words atmosphere, degree, matter, electricity, thermometer, circumstance, combustion and etc.). Lomonosov pointed out two features of the Russian language that made it one of the most important world languages ​​- “the vastness of the places where it dominates” and “its own space and contentment.” In the Peter the Great era, due to the appearance of many new objects and phenomena in the life of society, the vocabulary of the Russian language was updated and enriched. An influx of foreign words from Polish, French, Dutch, Italian, German languages into the Russian language was so enormous that Peter I was forced to issue a decree normalizing the use of borrowings and ordering “to write everything in the Russian language, without using foreign words and terms,” since from their abuse “it is impossible to understand the matter itself.” TO end of the XVIII- the beginning of the 19th century, the preferred use of native Russian elements in oral and writing becomes a sign of patriotism, respect for one’s nation, one’s culture.

Throughout the 19th century, there were debates about what should be considered the basis of the Russian national language, how to relate to the common language and vernacular. Famous Russian writer, founder of Russian sentimentalism, author of “ Poor Lisa" and "History of the Russian State" N.M. Karamzin and his supporters believed that the Russian language is too difficult to express thoughts and needs to be processed. The transformation of the language, in their opinion, should be oriented towards European languages, especially French, along the path of liberating the language from the influence of Church Slavonic speech, creating new words, eliminating from use archaic and professional Slavicisms, special terms of various crafts and sciences, and crude vernacular. Karamzin created and introduced into active use the word love, humanity, public, future, industry, generally useful and others that we still use today. Opponent N.M. Karamzin became the Slavophiles, led by A.S. Shishkov, writer, public figure, Minister of Education, who considered the Old Church Slavonic language to be the primitive language of all mankind and the basis of the Russian national language. The dispute about language between Slavophiles and Westerners was resolved in the works of the great Russian writers of the 19th century A.S. Griboyedov and I.A. Krylov, who showed what inexhaustible possibilities living folk speech has, how rich, original and original the language of folklore is.

A.S. Pushkin is rightly called the creator of the modern Russian literary language. It was he who introduced folk speech into his poetry, believing that any word is acceptable in poetry if it accurately and figuratively expresses the concept and conveys the meaning. The poet believed that “true taste does not consist in the unconscious rejection of such and such a word, such and such a turn of phrase, but in a sense of proportionality and conformity.” No one before Pushkin wrote in a realistic language or introduced ordinary everyday vocabulary into a poetic text. It was Pushkin who used the common language as a treasury of language.

In the first decades of the 19th century, the formation of the Russian national language was completed, but the process of processing the national language continued in order to create uniform grammatical, lexical, spelling, spelling standards, which are theoretically substantiated in the works of Russian linguists Vostokov, Buslaev, Potebnya, Fortunatov, Shakhmatov, described and approved in the Russian grammars of Grech, Grot, Vostokov and others.

In the 19th century there was an unprecedented flowering of Russian literature and the Russian language. The works of Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ostrovsky, Chekhov and other writers and poets, the achievements of Russian scientists Mendeleev, Dokuchaev, Pirogov, Klyuchevsky and others contributed to the further formation and enrichment of the Russian national language. His vocabulary is replenished (worldview, humanity, lawlessness, serfdom, etc.), phraseology is enriched, the stock of international terminology is expanded (intellectual, progress, international, communism, culture, civilization, etc.), scientific and journalistic functional styles are formalized. The richness and diversity of the Russian language is reflected in the historical, etymological, synonymous dictionaries and dictionary of foreign words that appeared in the 19th century.

In 1863-1866. The four-volume “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl is published, which includes over 200 thousand words. Professor P.P. Chervinsky rightly called this dictionary an “eternal book”, since its content is not subject to time.

Interesting changes occur in the Russian language in the 20th century, which can be chronologically divided into 2 periods: 1 - from October 1917. to April 1985; 2 – since April 1985 to 2000 The first period is associated with October Revolution, which introduced radical transformations into all levels of life of Russian society and was reflected in the most interesting processes in the language: the disappearance into the passive stock of many words denoting concepts that had disappeared into oblivion, associated with the former political and economic way of life and Orthodoxy (tsar, province, volost, policeman, merchant , nobleman, pilgrimage, bishop, Mother of God, Annunciation, Twelve Feasts, Christmas Eve, Christmastide, etc.). During this period, many new words appeared to denote the realities of the new life (district committee, Komsomol member, propaganda team, Central Committee, GORONO, MTS, shock worker, Stakhanovite, etc.). In the years Soviet power the main principle of the name was the renaming (St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad, Ekaterinodar - Krasnodar, Samara - Kuibyshev, Sobornaya street - named after Lenin, Bazovskaya street named after Zhdanov, Bursakovskaya street (named after F.Ya Bursak, ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army) - Krasnoarmeyskaya, etc.). Such a renaming reflected the desire of the party and government elite to influence the public consciousness, trying to connect the name change with the illusion of constant qualitative change in society itself. In addition, new names appear related to the desire to reflect a new ideology in the language: Ninel, Oktyabrina, Vladilena, Rem, Kim, Dazdraperma, etc. Ideologization in language also manifested itself in the so-called “interference of the opposed,” which was understood as the perception of reality through constant contrast, the opposition of the perception of phenomena of reality in us, in the socialist world, and in them, in the capitalist world, for example: in our country - democracy, brotherhood, peace , friendship, equality, brotherhood, a bright future, they have corruption, mafia, racketeering, genocide, drug addiction, exploitation, decaying capitalism, etc.

The second period of the twentieth century is associated with perestroika, which also made its own adjustments to the development of the modern Russian language. Changes in the political and economic way of life, the fall of " iron curtain"affected, first of all, the vocabulary of the language. Vocabulary reflecting all spheres of social life has come into active use: politics, economics, culture, medicine, religion, everyday life, etc., for example: inauguration, post-Soviet, impeachment, clearing, barter, manager, image, music video director, hospice, immunodeficiency , Jehovah's Witness, karmic, cheeseburger, yogurt, case, etc. Many words that were either not used during the years of Soviet power or were in passive form have returned to the active vocabulary. vocabulary: city hall, rent, governess, police, bishop, all-night vigil, communion and many others.

The modern Russian language of the 21st century is characterized by the following trends:

1. In modern times Russian society the type of communication has changed: replaced monologue communication(one speaks, and everyone listens and performs) the dialogical has come. The change in the communicative type of communication is a consequence of the socio-political orientation of society.

2. As a result, the role of oral speech and its dialogization have expanded significantly, i.e. increase dialogue different types communication, expansion of the functions of dialogic speech in the structure of communication, development of new types and forms of dialogue, formation of new rules of dialogical communication.

3. Pluralization of communication: formation of traditions of coexistence different points vision when discussing various, especially acute problems; development of a democratic, tolerant (that is, tolerant) attitude towards opposing views, opponents, points of view.

4. Personification of communication, that is, the development of individual uniqueness of those communicating, the formation of dissimilarity in the expression and presentation of ideas and thoughts different people, increasing the number of unique personal “communicative images”.

5. Prevailing changes in vocabulary and phraseology: the growth of vocabulary in such thematic areas as “ market economy", "politics", "show business", "household appliances", etc.

6. Increase in borrowed vocabulary in all areas of communication.

7. Restructuring in the system of forms of existence of the Russian language: intensive development of the oral form of the language and expansion of its functions; differentiation of the written form according to communicative spheres, formation of the specifics of the written text in various professional fields, especially in the field of business commercial correspondence.

8. Activation of secondary forms of language existence - jargons (youth, computer, criminal, music, sports, etc.).

9. The formation in the stylistic system of the language of a new functional subsystem - national slang, which occupies an intermediate place between colloquial and reduced vocabulary, which is understood as national jargon, that is, a set of well-known and used regardless of age, profession and social status lexical and phraseological units that are of a reduced stylistic nature and have expressiveness (for example, bucks, rubbish, get sick, party, unfasten, showdown, don’t care, deal, for free, dead number, etc.).

Overall, analyzing modern processes and trends in the Russian language, they can be considered as the development and evolution of the language, occurring within the language according to its own laws and reflecting the adaptation of the language to the conditions of its functioning changing under the influence of external factors.

Control questions

1. Christianization of Rus' and its role in the development of language.

2. Eternal truths: winged words, proverbs and sayings of biblical origin.

3. The theory of “three calms” by M.V. Lomonosov and its role in the development of the national Russian language.

4. The reformatory nature of A.S. Pushkin’s creativity in the process of creating the modern Russian literary language.

5. Features of the development of the Russian language during the Soviet period (1917 - April 12985).

6. Features of the development of the Russian language at the end of the twentieth century (April 1985 - end of the twentieth century).

7. How do you understand the term “language” and what points of view exist on the question of the origin of language?

8. Analyze units and levels of language.

9. How does the systematic nature of language manifest itself? Justify your answer.

10. What functions does language perform in society?

11. Prove that language is historically variable and socially determined.

12. Tell us about the origin of the Russian language and the stages of its development.

13. What is the role of M.V. Lomonosov in the history of the development of the Russian language?

14. Why is A.S. Pushkin considered the creator of the modern Russian literary language?

15. What is the role of the Bible and Old Slavonicisms in the formation of the modern Russian language?

16. Name the features of the Russian language of the Soviet period.

17. What features are characteristic of the Russian language at the end of the twentieth century?

18. Name the trends in the modern Russian language at the beginning of the 21st century.