Bank of works
Territory and population of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century. Territory and population of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century Types of cities in the first half of the 19th century

Territory and population of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century. Territory and population of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century Types of cities in the first half of the 19th century

Administrative structure

Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century. was the largest European state. Through the efforts of the rulers of the $18th century. The country has significantly expanded its borders. At the beginning of the $19th century. with completion Patriotic War$ 1812 $ the western border of the state was established.

By $1861, the size of the Russian Empire was $19.6 million square meters. km.

Under Nicholas I, the system of administrative-territorial division was changed. As a result, in the $1850s. on European territory In Russia, the number of provinces was 51. The provinces of Finland and Poland had some privileges and, in general, a special position. In $1822, Siberia was divided into the West Siberian and East Siberian General Governments.

The provinces were mainly divided into districts, but in remote areas Administrative division could have been different.

Note that the administrative division was not always equal to the ethnic and economic division.

Note 1

In general, the existing system worked quite successfully and met its requirements, first of all, political security and stability.

Population

The number of people living in Russia was measured using audits. However, according to the audits, it was only possible to calculate the number of male taxable souls, which, of course, was not the full picture. According to the $1795 audit, the population was more than 37 million people. The last revision was carried out in $1857, it became the tenth in a row, and the population increased to $75 million people. (considering North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Finland and Poland).

Population growth is explained by natural increase due to the relative stability of the country in economically, as well as the absence of serious wars and epidemics of destructive diseases.

Predominance rural population determined the agricultural nature of the country's economy. So, in early XIX V. peasants made up 90% of the population. By mid-century, the share of rural residents was $84$%.

The urban population was difficult to calculate because... Many peasants were engaged in otkhodniki - during the period of the year free from work on the land, they went to the city to earn money, occupying up to 20% of the total number of city residents. In general, we note that in major cities the number of male residents predominated.

For $1811$ in Russian Empire there were $630$ cities and $3$ million inhabitants in them. In all cities, full-fledged citizens (i.e. townspeople, merchants) amounted to about $40$%.

For the most part, the cities were very small, sometimes large industrial villages (for example, Ivanovo, Kimry) exceeded them in size. The life of such small towns differed little from rural life. In Russia $XIX$ century. More than $50 thousand people lived in $5 cities alone:

the population of St. Petersburg was $336$ thousand,
in the middle of the century $500$ thousand,
Moscow – $270$ thousand,
and in the middle of the century – $352$ thousand people.

The number of urban residents grew unevenly; southern cities, as well as the cities of the Volga region. In relation to the entire population of Russia, the share of city dwellers at the beginning of the 19th century. was modest - less than $5$%.

Social composition

Russia remained strictly divided in a social sense, with many different classes existing. As a rule, changing class was extremely difficult. $10$% of the total population belonged to the non-taxable classes, i.e. nobility, officials, clergy, army. The number of nobles in $1795 was $122 thousand, and in the middle of the century – already $462 thousand people. The nobility never exceeded $1$% of the total population.

Note 2

It is difficult to characterize the ethnicity of the population of the Russian Empire, because... It was not nationality that was taken into account, but professed religion. Let us only note that the Orthodox made up $2/3$ of the Russian population.

Cities and citizens in the first half XIX century. LESSON PLAN 1. Development of cities in the province 2.Changes in the appearance of cities 3.Officials and nobles 4. Bourgeois and merchants

1. Development of cities in the province

Morshansk? regional center of the Tambov region, located in the northern part of the Oka-Don Plain, 90 km north of Tambov. Population? 49 thousand people (2001). It was first mentioned in 1623 as the village of Morsha, which belonged to the Ryazan bishops. The Mordovian population of Morsha converted to Christianity in the 17th century and was assimilated by Russian settlers. Morshansk received city status in 1779. Until the mid-1870s, Morshansk was considered the largest commercial and industrial center of the Tambov province.

2.Changes in the appearance of cities

Administrative reforms late XVIII V. led to the emergence of new cities: Morshansk, Kirsanov, which grew out of large palace villages. The development of plans for the regular development of cities, which began under Catherine II, made it possible to change architectural appearance Tambov cities. They acquire geometric clarity and completeness with smooth rectangular blocks. Although even in the provincial center wooden buildings predominated, stone architecture decisively made its way not only in religious, but also in civil architecture. Of the 1,541 private houses, 661 buildings were already built of stone.

It stood out with its appearance among other cities in Tambov. In the 20s - 30s of the 19th century. here were the administrative buildings of the provincial government, the treasury and criminal chambers, the district court, public charity, and the post office. There was a public school, a theological seminary, a battle school, and a guest house with shops.

Kozlov successfully competed with Tambov. It housed the administrative buildings of the district and zemstvo court, magistrate, orphan and verbal court, treasury, Gostiny Dvor, gardening board, district school, and city hospital. Of the 2,067 philistine houses, 71 buildings were built of stone.

The remaining cities of the province were much smaller in size and appearance. Thus, in Morshansk there were only 743 philistine houses, of which 112 were already made of stone.

estate E.A. Andreevskaya, from the middle of the 19th century - a boarding house for noble children, from 1870 - a provincial women's gymnasium.

3.Officials and nobles

Class composition of the urban population of the Tambov province in 1859 and 1897.

Sex ratio 1859-1897 Literacy and education rates in 1897 by class

Urban

Class composition

population by

estates

number

merchants

burghers

number

Literate

Other townspeople

in 1897 %

Nobles

Images

%men

above started.

% women

in 1897 %

%men

% women

The nobles played a decisive role in political life southern Russian city, retaining command positions in their hands local authorities management. IN economic life cities they participated to a lesser extent, preferring to invest money in acquiring new lands.

The number of officials in the province grew in connection with the development of cities. By the end In the 19th century there were more than a hundred of them in each city. They served in the governor's office, police, courts, prisons, and institutions in charge of collecting taxes and recruiting recruits. For their work they received a salary (i.e. salary). Most of them did not have land and lived on wages. But among the officials there were also rich people who built houses for themselves in cities (U.I. Arapov, Chicherin.)

4. Bourgeois and merchants

It was the traditional urban classes: merchants, townspeople, guilds and honorary citizens (the so-called “urban inhabitants” according to Catherine II’s 1785 Charter for Cities), and not peasants, who determined the social appearance of Tambov cities in the second half of the 19th century c., because they made up more than half the urban population until late XIX V.

Urban

Class composition

population by

estates

merchants

number

burghers

number

The bourgeoisie belonged to the lower classes. They paid the poll tax, supplied recruits to the army, performed stationary and travel duties, and participated in public works. Without paying All taxes the tradesman had no right to leave the city even by their own business.
Merchants had more permissions: to conduct trade, incl. and large, they did not pay the poll tax. But corporal punishment remained for them; they were subject to conscription.
By Occupation: burghers and merchants were Firstly traders , and secondly - industrialists and artisans

Homework: §21, retelling answer questions to §

By the beginning of the 19th century. Russia was a huge continental country that occupied a vast area of Eastern Europe, Northern Asia and part of North America (Alaska and the Aleutian Islands). During the first half of the 19th century. its territory increased from 16 to 18 million square meters. km due to the annexation of Finland, the Kingdom of Poland, Bessarabia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Kazakhstan. According to the 1st revision (1719), there were 15.6 million people of both sexes in Russia, according to the 5th (1795) - 37.4 million, and according to the 10th (1857) - 59.3 million. (without Finland and the Kingdom of Poland). Natural population growth in the first half of the 19th century. was about 1% per year, and the average life expectancy was 27.3 years, which was generally typical, as foreign demographic calculations show, for “the countries of pre-industrial Europe.” Low life expectancy rates were due to high infant mortality and periodic epidemics. The most important branch of agriculture was animal husbandry. It was predominantly “natural” in nature, that is, livestock was bred mainly “for home use” and not for sale. Commercial livestock farming took place in the Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Tver, Vologda and Novgorod provinces. In the first half of the 19th century. The plantings of industrial crops (flax, hemp, tobacco, etc.) are being expanded, and a fruit-shift system with grass sowing is being introduced, replacing the traditional three-field system. Technically more advanced agricultural implements and mechanisms are being introduced - threshers, winnowers, seeders, and reapers.

2. Russian estates in the first halfXIX century. (Nobility, its main groups. Clergy (black and white). Merchants, Cossacks, commoners, artisans, philistines.) Economic and legal status of peasants. Feudal society is characterized by its division into classes - social groups with different rights and responsibilities, established by customs or laws and, as a rule, inherited. The class system of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. received its formalization, as mentioned earlier, at the beginning of the 18th century, when the division of the population into privileged and tax-paying classes was finally established. The highest privileged class was nobility. The nobility consisted of two categories - “hereditary nobility” and “personal nobility”. Hereditary nobility was inherited and acquired “by birth” (by origin), “by length of service” (starting from the 8th grade according to the Table of Ranks of Peter I), “by royal favor” (a royal award for any merits) and “ award of the Russian Order" (giving the right to receive noble dignity). Personal nobility acquired by length of service from rank 12 in civilian and rank 14 in military service. had the exclusive right to own serfs, the inviolability of noble dignity, exemption from compulsory service, from capitation taxes and other duties, exemption from corporal punishment, an advantage in rank promotion, in obtaining education, a monopoly on the most profitable industrial productions (for example, a monopoly on distilling) , free travel abroad. The privileged class was clergy, which was divided into black and white. Black clergy - monks and nuns (bishops were appointed from among them). White clergy - parish priests, deacons, psalm-readers. The autocracy sought to attract the most devoted churchmen to its social environment, which was dominated by the noble aristocracy. The clergy awarded with orders acquired rights of nobility. The white clergy received hereditary nobility, and the black clergy the opportunity to transfer property by inheritance along with the order. Rights: ownership of land and serfs, class self-government, exemption from taxes, conscription and corporal punishment. Under Peter I, the class status of the merchant class took shape, which initially consisted of two guilds, and since 1775 - three guilds. Merchants was exempt from the poll tax (instead, he paid a guild contribution to the treasury in the amount of 1% of the capital declared by him) and corporal punishment, and merchants of the 1st and 2nd guilds (3 in total) they were also exempt from recruitment. The class status of a merchant depended entirely on his property status: in the event of ruin and bankruptcy, he lost his status. According to the Ministry of Finance, the number of merchants for 1801 - 1851. increased from 125 to 180 thousand d.m.p. In 1832, a new privileged class category was formed - honorary citizens two degrees (hereditary and personal), which were granted privileges: exemption from conscription, corporal punishment, from poll tax and other state duties . In the category of honorary citizens, whose title was inherited, included merchants of the first guild, scientists, artists, children of personal nobles and clergy who had an educational qualification. To personal honorary citizens included officials up to the 12th rank and children of the clergy who did not have educational qualifications. The bulk of the non-privileged (tax-paying) classes were peasants Landowner peasants were the most numerous category. Another tax-paying class were burghers- personally free (former townspeople) population of cities, obliged to pay a capitation tax, serve conscription and other monetary and in-kind duties. A significant place in the social class structure of the population of Russia was occupied by the Cossacks and commoners. . Cossacks constituted a paramilitary category in which the entire male population between the ages of 18 and 50 was considered liable for military service, constituting the irregular cavalry. Carrying out military service freed the Cossacks from conscription, poll tax and other duties. Term"commoner" appeared in early XVIII

V. Then these included “various ranks” of people who made up a special service group of the population, personally free, but not belonging to either the tax-paying or privileged classes. In the first half of the 19th century. a raznochinets is, first of all, an educated intellectual, a native of the philistinism, the clergy, a figure in science, literature and art. Let us note that not all raznochintsy are “figures of the advanced social movement.” The overwhelming majority of them served the throne faithfully. Russia in the first half of the 19th century. remained a feudal country, but the economic system based on serfdom and forced labor entered a stage of crisis. There was economic growth, and a lot of new things appeared in both the city and the countryside. However, new economic realities developed not thanks to, but in spite of the dominant system, encountering at every step the resistance it offered them. This was the essence of the crisis of the feudal economic system. The further, the more the feudal economic system hindered the economic development of the country. The question of the abolition of serfdom became increasingly acute. He demanded an immediate decision. Cities and citizens in the first half of the 19th century. LESSON PLAN

Trinity Cathedral (1836-1857) ? almost an exact copy of the Transfiguration Cathedral

The architectural monuments of Morshansk include the Trinity Cathedral (1836-1857)? an almost exact copy of the Transfiguration Cathedral, built in St. Petersburg according to the design of the architect V.P. Stasov. Near Morshansk, in the village of Novotomnikovo, the Vorontsov-Dashkov estate (18-19 centuries) has been preserved; the oldest stud farm in Russia, Novotomnikovsky, famous for breeding Oryol trotters, also operates here.

The Morshansk Local History Museum is interesting for its collection of Russian antiquities of the 16th-17th centuries, a collection of Russian and Western European paintings, unique exhibits on the history and ethnography of the Mordovians, materials on the history of the city and the life of its natives, the sculptor E. A. Lanceray, the astronomer A. A. Mikhailov. Hockey player and football player Vsevolod Bobrov was born in Morshansk.

2.Changes in the appearance of cities

Administrative reforms of the late 18th century. led to the emergence of new cities: Morshansk, Kirsanov, which grew out of large palace villages. The development of plans for regular urban development, which began under Catherine II, made it possible to change the architectural appearance of Tambov cities. They acquire geometric clarity and completeness with smooth rectangular blocks. Although even in the provincial center wooden buildings predominated, stone architecture decisively made its way not only in religious, but also in civil architecture. Of the 1,541 private houses, 661 buildings were already built of stone.

The remaining cities of the province were much smaller in size and appearance. Thus, in Morshansk there were only 743 philistine houses, of which 112 were already made of stone.

3.Officials and nobles

estate E.A. Andreevskaya, from the middle of the 19th century - a boarding house for noble children, from 1870 - a provincial women's gymnasium.

Class composition of the urban population of the Tambov province in 1859 and 1897.

Sex ratio 1859-1897 Literacy and education rates in 1897 by class Urban population by	estates		Class composition	Literate

	above started.	above started.


number

Other townspeople

The nobles played a decisive role in the political life of the southern Russian city, retaining command positions in local government bodies. They participated to a lesser extent in the economic life of cities, preferring to invest money in the acquisition of new lands. It was the traditional urban classes: merchants, townspeople, guilds and honorary citizens (the so-called “urban inhabitants” according to Catherine II’s 1785 Charter for Cities), and not peasants, who determined the social appearance of Tambov cities in the second half of the 19th century, i.e. .To. they made up more than half of the urban population until the end of the 19th century.

It was the traditional urban classes: merchants, townspeople, guilds and honorary citizens (the so-called “urban inhabitants” according to Catherine II’s 1785 Charter for Cities), and not peasants, who determined the social appearance of Tambov cities in the second half of the 19th century, i.e. .To. they made up more than half of the urban population until the end of the 19th century.

The bourgeoisie belonged to the lower classes. They paid the poll tax, supplied recruits to the army, performed stationary and travel duties, and participated in public works. Without paying all the taxes, the tradesman had no right to leave the city, even on his own business.

The bourgeoisie belonged to the lower classes. They paid the poll tax, supplied recruits to the army, performed stationary and travel duties, and participated in public works. Without paying all the taxes, the tradesman had no right to leave the city, even on his own business.
Merchants had more permissions: to conduct trade, incl. and large, they did not pay the poll tax. But corporal punishment remained for them; they were subject to conscription.
By occupation, townspeople and merchants were primarily traders, and secondarily industrialists and artisans

Homework: §21, retelling answer questions for §