Princes of the period of feudal fragmentation presentation. Presentation "feudal fragmentation". Consider the inheritance system

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    Feudal fragmentation is the disintegration of a relatively unified state into separate parts.

    • Feudal fragmentation is a natural process.
    • The collapse of Rus' began at the end of the 11th century.

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    Name the reasons for feudal fragmentation

    1) The struggle of princes for the best reign.

    2) Independence of patrimonial boyars in their lands.

    3) Strengthening the economic and political power of cities.

    4) The decline of the Kyiv land from the raids of the steppe inhabitants.

    5) Changes in trade routes. Loss of the meaning of “the path from the Varangians to the Greeks.”

    6) Subsistence farming.

    Slide 5

    Consider the inheritance system

    • Increasing the number of heirs. The system of outcasts, the struggle of outcast princes for their rights.
    • Princely strife.
    • Division of the state between heirs.

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    Business changes

    • Spread of arable farming.
    • Transformation of vigilantes into landowners.
    • The growth of large land ownership.
    • The interest of the landowners' warriors in stopping the princely transitions.

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    Development of the craft

    • Growth in population and development of cities as political and cultural centers.

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    Remember what subsistence farming is? What is his role in the fragmentation of Rus'

    1) An economy in which everything necessary was created for one’s own consumption, and not for sale on the market.

    2) Thanks to subsistence farming, there were no economic ties.

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    On the way to feudal fragmentation

    • 972 – 980 – strife among the children of Svyatoslav.
    • 1015 -1024 - strife among the children of St. Vladimir.
    • 1054 – death of Yaroslav the Wise.
    • 1097 – congress of princes in Lyubech: “Let everyone maintain his fatherland.” Legal registration of feudal fragmentation.
    • 1113 – 1125 – reign of Vladimir Monomakh.
    • 1125 – 1132 – reign of Mstislav the Great.
    • The last decades of the unity of Rus'.

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    Rus' after the death of Yaroslav

    • Izyaslav – Kyiv “in the father’s place” eldest in the family
    • Svyatoslav - Chernigov
    • Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl
    • Vyacheslav - Smolensk
    • Igor – Vladimir Volynsky

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    Yaroslav's instructions to children

    • Here I am leaving this world, my sons. Have love among yourself, because you are all brothers... If you live in hatred, in strife and quarrels, you will perish yourself and destroy the land of your fathers and grandfathers, who obtained it with their great labor..."

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    Triumvirate - joint rule of 3 Yaroslavich brothers

    • Izyaslav
    • Svyatoslav
    • Vsevolod

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    Board of Yaroslavichs

    • “Russian Truth” was supplemented (“Pravda Yaroslavichy” 1072).
    • A system of fines for any crime has been introduced. Abolition of blood feud.
    • Division of the population by property status.
    • The connection between punishment and property status. (for the murder of a princely fireman, tiun - vira - 80 hryvnia, village headman - 12 hryvnia, smerd or serf - 5 hryvnia.

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    • An Ognishchanin is a representative of the highest service class.
    • Tiun - a group of privileged princely and boyar servants who participated in the management of the feudal economy.

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    Defense of the southern borders

    • 1059 – Vsevolod’s campaign against the Torci.
    • 1060 – general campaign of the Yaroslavichs against the Torci. The defeat of the Torks.
    • The Torquis, nomadic Turkic-speaking tribes, ousted the Pechenegs and settled in the southern Russian steppes.

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    Rus' under Yaroslavich

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    1073 – collapse of the Yaroslavich triumvirate

    • 1068 – defeat from the Cumans.
    • The people of Kiev demanded that they be given weapons, and upon receiving a refusal, they rebelled against Izyaslav. Izyaslav fled as prince and a relative of the Yaroslavichs, Vseslav (Prince of Polotsk), was proclaimed.
    • Izyaslav, with the help of his father-in-law (the Polish king), returns Kyiv, but then was expelled by his brothers a second time.
    • 1073 – Grand Duke- Svyatoslav.
    • 1076 - Svyatoslav dies, Izyaslav occupies Kyiv 3 times.

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    • 1078 – death of Izyaslav during the attack on Kyiv by Oleg Svyatoslavich’s nephew.
    • 1078-1093 – the last of the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, Vsevolod, was the Grand Duke.
    • 1093 – Vsevolod’s son, Vladimir Monomakh, without a fight, cedes Kyiv to his cousin Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, and he himself occupied Chernigov.

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    Izyaslav Yaroslavovich

    • Novgorod prince 1052-1054.
    • Prince of Kyiv 1054-1068, 1069-1073 and from 1077.

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    Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich

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    Vsevolod Yaroslavovich

    • Prince of Kiev in 1076-1077 and from 1078 to 1093, the first ruler of Kyiv to use the title “Prince of All Rus'” (reflected on his seals).

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    1097 – congress in Lyubech

    • Participants: Svyatopolk, Vladimir Monomakh, Davyd Igorevich Volynsky.
    • Meaning: recognized the disintegration of the united Kievan Rus into “fatherlands”.
    • After the congress, the strife continued: Davyd and Svyatopolk lured Vasilko Terebovalsky into a trap and blinded him.

  • Slide 23

    Vladimir Monomakh

    • Nicknamed Monomakh after the name of the family of his mother, who was presumably the daughter or niece of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomakh.
    • Initiator of the congress in Lyubech.
    • Leader of military campaigns against the Polovtsians (1103, 1107, 1111). The Polovtsians suffered a number of defeats and stopped raiding Russian lands for a long time.
    • Grand Duke in 1113 -1125.

  • Slide 24

    Mstislav the Great

    • Son of Prince Vladimir Monomakh.
    • Ruled in Kyiv 11125 – 1132.
    • He stopped the collapse of Rus' for some time.

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    12th century - Kievan Rus split into 15 principalities. Name them

    • 13th century - the number of principalities increases to 50.

    • “Russian lands and principalities” - Posadnik - head of government, was in charge of everyone Novgorod lands, headed the court, monitored the activities of the prince. Characteristics of Russian lands in the 12th-13th centuries. Galicia-Volyn principality. Russian lands and principalities at the beginning of the appanage period. Control system in Novgorod. Checking homework:

    “Russian lands in XII-XIII” - Our Lady of Vladimir. Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir. Literature. Culture of Russian lands of the early XII - first half of the XIII centuries. A chronicle is a historical work in which events were described year by year. Saint George. Features of the chronicle. Church of the Savior on Nereditsa.

    “The first Russian princes” - RURIK 862-879. Resistance from the ruling circles and Olga's son Svyatoslav. Svyatoslav 962-972 Taxation of the Drevlyans with tribute. Conclusion of peace with the Pechenegs. The obligation of Byzantium to annually pay tribute to Rus'. Military campaigns against Byzantium in 907-911. Conclusion beneficial for Rus' peace treaties with Byzantium.

    “Novgorod land” - Conclusion: Territory and population. Outpost - forward post. Developed economic sectors. Question: What were the features of Novgorod trade? Metal Wine Cloth Luxury items. Cities that traded with the Hansa. The main types of crafts of Novgorod residents. Task 1. Main directions of Novgorod foreign trade.

    “Murom Prince Peter” - Prince Peter was the second son of Murom Prince Yuri Vladimirovich. Arriving at Fevronya, Peter was surprised to see the piety, wisdom and kindness of the peasant girl. The Murom boyars were delighted at this development of events. In one of the villages of the Ryazan land, the princely envoy found a beekeeper, whose daughter, Fevronya, was famous for her ability to heal.

    “Yuri Dolgoruky Vladimirovich” - Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky (1090 - 1157). He was not loved by either the people or the princes; rather, on the contrary, he gained a reputation as a skilled warrior and an equally skilled ruler. Yuri is called the founder of Moscow. From 1117 he began to reign individually. Born in 1090. While still a child, he was sent with his brother Mstislav to reign in Rostov.

    There are a total of 15 presentations in the topic


    Causes of feudal fragmentation in Rus' Preservation of significant tribal disunity under the dominance of a subsistence economy. The development of feudal land ownership and the growth of specific land ownership. The struggle for power between princes and feudal strife. Constant raids of nomads and outflow of population to the northeast of Rus'. Decline of trade along the Dnieper due to the Polovtsian danger. The growth of cities as centers of appanage lands.




    Consequences of feudal fragmentation in Rus' Positive consequences: 1. Flourishing of cities in appanage lands. 2. Formation of new trade routes Negative: 1. Princely strife. 2. Fragmentation of principalities between heirs. 3. Weakening of the country's defense capability and political unity. But at the same time, the unified religion, language and power of the Grand Duke of Kyiv was preserved.


    The Principality of Kyiv Kyiv has lost its significance as the political center of the Russian lands, BUT continues to be considered the first among other principalities. Kyiv remained the Orthodox center of Rus'. After the death of Mstislav the Great (1132), Kyiv loses control over Russian lands and becomes the arena of constant struggle for power.


    The Chernigov-Seversky principality of Chernigov, starting from the 11th century, repeatedly became the center of separatist movements directed against Kyiv. The princes in the Chernigov land relied on the powerful boyars and patrimonial landowners. Since the Chernigov region was a border land, its relations with the steppe were very intense and diversified. They repeatedly brought nomads to Rus' as part of their troops






    Galicia-Volyn lands Features of development during the specific period: These lands are located in the contact zone of several cultures. Highly developed urban culture. the local aristocracy sought to achieve a significant share of power, to limit the princes of the ruling dynasties - they overthrew and invited princes Political structure Veche – Prince – Boyars


    Yaroslav Osmomysl (gg.) United the Volyn principality. Successfully resisted the boyars and other contenders for the Volyn throne


    Roman Mstislavovich (gg.) 1199 - united the Galician and Volyn principalities - Captured Kyiv and subjugated the Kiev principality. Its power is evidenced by the fact that it was here that he asked for political asylum. Byzantine emperor Alexei III Angel, expelled from Constantinople in 1204 by the crusaders.


    Daniil Romanovich In 1205, the throne went to one of the most famous princes who ruled in the region, Daniil Romanovich of Galicia (1205, 1211). In 1221, Daniil regained Volyn, and in 1234 Galich, again uniting them under his rule.




    Features of development during the specific period: Leading sectors of the economy are trade and craft. Poor development of agriculture due to harsh climate. Wide development of industries (salt production, iron production, fishing, etc.). Special state-administrative structure Political structure Veche Boyars Prince






    Peculiarities of development during the specific period The main branch of the economy is agriculture (availability of fertile lands). A constant influx of population due to raids by nomads and the presence of normal farming conditions. The location of the principality at the intersection of trade routes. Rapid growth of cities. The unlimited nature of princely power and the advisory powers of the veche.




    Yuri Dolgoruky (gg.) Prince of Rostov, Suzdal, Pereyaslavl and Grand Duke of Kiev. Sixth son of Vladimir Monomakh


    Yuri Dolgoruky (gg.) During the life of Monomakh, he ruled in the Rostov-Suzdal land. Having become independent in 1125, he moved the capital from Rostov to Suzdal.


    Yuri Dolgoruky (years)


    He pursued an active urban planning policy. Founder of the cities of Yuryev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, etc. Considered the founder of Moscow (1147), because In connection with his name, Moscow was first mentioned in the chronicle. He fought for the Kiev throne and occupied it in the years, years. According to legend, he was poisoned by the Kyiv boyars.



    Andrei Bogolyubsky (gg.) Sought to create a metropolitanate separate from Kyiv, but Constantinople did not allow it. He contributed to the establishment of the cult of the Mother of God in Rus'. Initiator of new holidays: Savior and Intercession. From 1159 he fought for the subjugation of Novgorod and fought with the Volga Bulgarians. In temporarily subjugated Kyiv and Novgorod to his power.


    Andrei Bogolyubsky (gg.) The policies of Andrei Bogolyubsky, his desire to rule alone came into conflict with the veche and boyar traditions. As a result, a conspiracy was drawn up against him, and in 1174 he was killed by his inner circle.


    Vsevolod the Big Nest (gg.) Son of Yuri Dolgoruky. Under Vsevolod III North-Eastern Rus' was experiencing its time of greatest prosperity.
    Vsevolod the Big Nest (gg.) Continued the policy of Andrei Bogolyubsky, strengthening his power in the principality and authority in Rus'. He subjugated Chernigov, Kyiv, Ryazan, Novgorod. Successfully fought with Volga Bulgaria and the Polovtsians. Accepted the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir. Active urban planner.

    Feudal fragmentation. France and Germany

    History teacher, Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution "Secondary School of Vostok"

    Enotaevsky district

    Astrakhan region

    Travnikova M.N.


    • What were the names of the plots of land distributed to soldiers by Charles Martell?

    A) benefices B) estate C) allotment?

    2. Land received for carrying military service and passed on from father to son, was called

    A) beneficiary B) fief C) allotment


    • What is the name of the social order that finally emerged in Western Europe in the 9th – 11th centuries?

    A) capitalism B) slave C) feudalism?

    • The king's own land was called

    A) royal domain

    B) royal fief

    B) royal castle


    5. What was the name of the “senior” feudal lord?

    A) lord B) vassal C) king

    6. What was the name of a feudal lord who depended on a larger landowner and received from him land holdings and protection for performing military service and performing other duties?

    A) lord B) vassal C) king


    7. Feudal duty, which consisted of forced performance of duties for the feudal lord, is

    8. Product or cash payments paid by dependent peasants to feudal lords are

    A) corvee B) quitrent C) tithe


    9. Large groups of people with certain rights and responsibilities that are inherited are called

    A) estates B) classes C) groups

    10. Name the large groups of feudal society:

    A) “those who pray”

    B) “those who fight”

    B) “those who work”


    Examination

    1a, 2b, 3c, 4a, 5a, 6b, 7a, 8b, 9a, 10 a) clergy, b) knighthood, c) peasants

    Answer criteria:

    0 errors – “5”

    1-2 errors – “4”

    3 – 4 errors “3”

    5 errors – “2”



    843 -

    Treaty of Verdun on the division of Charlemagne's empire

    Between the grandchildren of Charlemagne


    Karl Baldy

    Louis the German



    After the death of Charlemagne in Western Europe, a period began feudal fragmentation

    • Under feudal fragmentation most often understand the political and economic decentralization of the state, the creation on the territory of one state of practically independent, independent state entities, formally having a common supreme ruler

    West Frankish Kingdom. France

    • Page 55 Map of France at the beginning of the 11th century
    • The power of kings was very weak.
    • Many feudal lords were richer and more influential than the king and considered him “first among equals.”
    • The last Carolingians were given humiliating nicknames.

    Weakness royal power in France:

    Louis

    Stutterer

    Karl Tolstoy

    Charles

    Rustic

    Louis

    Lazy

    The power of the last kings of the Carolingian dynasty during

    France has weakened significantly. Contemporaries gave

    Kings have derogatory nicknames.


    987 - election of a new king by the French feudal lords Capetian dynasty Hugo Capet (987 - 996).


    East Frankish Kingdom. Germany

    • After the death of the last Carolingian king, the dukes began to elect kings from among themselves. In 911 Conrad I was elected king.

    • In the 10th century, the last nomadic tribes invaded Germany. Hungarians, which sowed horror and destruction. King Henry I managed to organize an effective defense against the Hungarians.

    IN 955 year, German and Czech troops led by the German king Otto I defeated the Hungarians in a battle in southern Germany. Soon the Hungarian invasion ceased, and they switched to a sedentary lifestyle.

    Otto I


    Formation of the Holy Roman Empire.

    IN 962 In the year Otto I marched on Rome, and the pope proclaimed him emperor. In addition to Germany, part of Italy also came under his rule. So the Roman Empire was restored once again and became known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

    10th century


    The policy of Otto I was continued by his grandson - Otto III (983 -1002)


    • The successors of Otto III sought to restore the power of royal power in Germany.
    • Their successes were great.
    • Emperors sent their troops to Rome to appoint and remove popes.
    • However, the strength and durability of imperial power depended on the loyalty of the largest German dukes.

    • § 8, questions 1-2, 4-5

    Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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    The end of the era of fragmentation History teacher Sapina A.Yu, MBOU Irkutsk Secondary School No. 26

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    Task 1 Map on page 200. Describe the borders of the Moscow Principality by 1505? What territories were annexed to Moscow from 1462 to 1505?

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    Ivan III Vasilyevich the Great 1440 – 1505 Son of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II the Dark. WITH early childhood helped my father. At the age of 22, he ascended the Moscow throne (1462-1505). He gained the reputation of a prudent and successful, far-sighted politician. Since 1485, the Prince of Moscow began to be called the Sovereign of All Rus'. The second marriage with the last Byzantine princess Zoya (Sophia) Paleologus allowed the establishment of diplomatic relations. And trade relations with countries Western Europe

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    “... In all his actions one can see gradualness, even slowness; he was not distinguished by either courage or bravery, but he knew how to make excellent use of circumstances; he never got carried away, but acted decisively when he saw that the matter had matured to the point where success was undoubted. The taking of lands and their possible permanent annexation to the Moscow state was cherished goal his political activity; following his forefathers in this matter, he surpassed them all and left an example of imitation for descendants for many times.” Kostomarov N.I. Russian history in the biographies of its main figures. M., 1991. pp. 136-137

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    Completion of the unification of Russian lands (complete the table ) Year Contents 1462 Beginning of the reign of Ivan III 1463 (8) Yaroslavl principality (princes switched to the position of service princes) 1471, 1472, 1474 Battle of the Sheloni River; Perm principality (military campaign); Rostov principality (“fatherland sold to the Grand Duke") 1478 Novgorod (second military campaign of Ivan 3 against Novgorod) 1480.1485 1489 1494 1497 1500 1503

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    Elimination of Rus''s dependence on the Horde In 1476, Moscow refused to pay tribute to the Horde, which provoked the Khan of the Great Horde, Akhmat, to go on a military campaign against Moscow. June 8 – November 11, 1480 It went down in history as “Standing on the Ugra River” (Tribute of the Oka): Akhmat’s attempt to cross the Ugra River was rebuffed by Russian troops. The impossibility of further advancement into Rus' was marked by the overthrow of the Horde yoke - the Moscow principality became independent. The Great Horde arose in the early 30s of the 15th century during the collapse of the Golden Horde in the Northern Black Sea region and the Lower Volga region.

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    Legal registration of a unified state Code of Laws of 1497 - a collection of laws of the Moscow state: Prohibited the right of peasants to transfer from one landowner to another a week before and after St. George's Day (November 26) with the payment of an elderly - monetary fee from peasants when leaving the landowner; Extended the norms of procedural, civil and, partially, administrative law; Unified legal regulations, streamlined the legal process and the functions of courts in the center and locally; Defined the rights and responsibilities of officials, the norms of punishment.

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    The beginning of the establishment of Autocracy Autocrat, i.e. power is not given by the khan; “Sovereign of All Rus'”, 1485 Coat of Arms of Rus' - A magnificent Byzantine ceremony reigns at the court - the officially accepted routine for receptions, processions, celebrations, etc.

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    Law code 1497 “... And the Christians (peasants) refused (to leave) the volost, and went to the village, one term a year, a week before Yuryev, autumn days (November 26) and a week after Yuryev, autumn days. Elderly households pay a ruble per yard in poleh (fields), and half a ruble in leseh. And whichever Christian lives for a year and goes away, he pays a quarter of the yard, but if he lives for two years... he pays half the yard; and he lives for three years... pays three-quarters of the yard; and he lives for four years, and he pays the entire yard.”

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    The most important events in the history of the church hierarchy. Date Event Under which metropolitan 988 1051 1299 1325 1440s 1589

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    Metropolitan Peter Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus', Orthodox saint. Originally from Volyn. At the age of 12 he entered a monastery, and many years later he retired to a deserted place and built himself a monastery on the Rata River. In 1308, Peter led to the rise of the Moscow princes and was appointed metropolitan. He tirelessly taught the people and clergy about the strict maintenance of Christian piety. He called on the warring princes to be peaceful and unity. In 1325, Peter moved his residence to Moscow. On his initiative, the stone Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God was founded in the Kremlin. In 1339 he was canonized. Memorial Day: December 21 (January 4). Metropolitan Peter (15th century icon

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    Metropolitan Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus', miracle worker, was born in the city of Galich into a pious Christian family. At the age of twelve, the young man took monastic vows. The young monk humbly and diligently performed various obediences, strictly observing the precepts of the first abbots of the monastery. Saint Photius, Metropolitan of Kiev, once visited the Simonov Monastery... Seeing Jonah, he blessed the monk and prophetically predicted to those present that he would be a great saint of the Russian Church and would convert many to his path of salvation. For his labors for the good of the Church of Christ, Saint Jonah was awarded from God the grace-filled gift of miracles and clairvoyance. In December 1448, a Church Council was convened in Moscow to elect the Primate of the Russian Church. Saint Jonah was elected Metropolitan of All Russia with the title of “Kievan and All Rus'”. In 1472, the relics of Saint Metropolitan Jonah were found incorrupt and placed in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. The Council of the Russian Church in 1547 established the celebration of St. Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with a special memory.

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    Union of Florence At the Council of Florence, the Russian Metropolitan ISIDOR OF KIEV, a Greek by origin, signed a church union on the unification of the Orthodox and catholic churches under the authority of the Pope. The Council of Russian Bishops condemned Isidore as an accomplice of the “Latins.” He was brought before the church court and in 1441 he was imprisoned, but three years later he escaped.

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    The most important events in the history of the church hierarchy. The most important events in the history of the church hierarchy. Date Event Under which metropolitan 988 Baptism of Rus'. The first metropolitans were appointed from Byzantium. Michael (988-992) 1051 The first metropolitan of the Russians. Hilarion (1051-c.1053) 1299 Transfer of the metropolitan see from Kievavo to Vladimir. Maxim (1283-1305) 1325 Transfer of the metropolitan see from Vladimir to Moscow. Peter (1308-1325 in Vladimir, 1325-1326 in Moscow. 1440s. Beginning of the construction of the metropolitan throne without the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople. Starting with Metropolitan Jonah (1448-1461) 1589 Beginning of the patriarchate in Russia. Job (in 1586 -1589 – Metropolitan, from 1589 to 1605 – Patriarch).

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    Questions: What was the position of the Russian Church during the period of the Mongol-Tatar yoke? - In what ways did the metropolitans support the Moscow princes? Why? When did the Russian Church become independent? - What did this mean for the Russian Orthodox Church, for the Russian state?

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    Among the Orthodox righteous and ascetics, the most revered was the founder of the Trinity Monastery near Moscow, Sergius of Radonezh. Having retired from the world, he gained respect for the sinless simplicity of his life and gained many students and followers. Before becoming a monk, he was called Bartholomew. His father and mother were Rostov boyars, owned estates, but it so happened that they went bankrupt and were forced to live out their lives in the town of Radonezh, which is 54 versts from Moscow. After their death, Bartholomew left his parents' home and decided to devote himself to God, settling in a deserted, secluded place. Having heard about the great righteous man, people flocked to him. And soon a monastery grew up next to Sergius’s house - the future famous Holy Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Only to the chosen ones Kulesha V. “Reverend Sergius of Radonezh the Wonderworker.”

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    Equality reigned in the forest monastery founded by Sergius. The abbot and the monks ate the same food, prayed together and worked together. Sergius softened even the most hardened hearts with quiet and meek words. He reconciled those at war and consoled the unfortunate, encouraged the weak and tamed the obstinate, instructed the lost and admonished the weak-minded. He instilled hope in those who were desperate, and saved those who had excessive self-importance from pride. His kindness and patience were enough for everyone. Not in words, but in deeds. B. Chorikov “Holy Hermit, Founder of the Trinity Lavra”

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    Defender of the Russian Land. The name of St. Sergius is associated with the rise of Russian culture at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries. This great righteous man illuminated the genius of Andrei Rublev and inspired many other isographers to paint icons. The life and exploits of Sergius of Radonezh are sung by Epiphanius the Wise and Pachomius Logofet, German Tulupov and Dmitry of Rostov... After his canonization in 1452, a great many icons appeared depicting the saint beloved by the Russian people. He possessed the most attractive quality for the Russian heart - humble meekness. He was rightly seen as the intercessor of the Russian land before God. His blessing was valued as a sign of God by both the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich and Metropolitan Cyprian... And he, despising worldly temptations, lived in great modesty, endless labors and did not seek “first place” or any reward in anything. A. Novoskoltsev “Reverend Sergius blesses Dmitry for the fight against Mamai”

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