Unified State Exam
Why are the positions of the planets not indicated on star maps? How to use the star map? Why is land not marked on the star map?

Why are the positions of the planets not indicated on star maps? How to use the star map? Why is land not marked on the star map?

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Level 2: 3 – 4 points

Why are the positions of the planets not indicated on star maps?

2. In what direction does the apparent annual motion of the Sun relative to the stars occur?

3. In what direction is the apparent motion of the Moon relative to the stars?

4. Which total eclipse (solar or lunar) lasts longer? Why?

6. As a result of what does the position of the sunrise and sunset points change throughout the year?

Level 3: 5 – 6 points.

1. a) What is the ecliptic? What constellations are there?

b) Draw what the Moon looks like in the last quarter. At what time of day is it visible in this phase?

2. a) What determines the annual apparent movement of the Sun along the ecliptic?

b) Draw what the Moon looks like between the new moon and the first quarter.

3. a) Find on the star map the constellation in which the Sun is located today.

b) Why are total lunar eclipses observed in the same place on Earth many times more often than total solar eclipses?

4. a) Is it possible to consider the annual movement of the Sun along the ecliptic as evidence of the Earth’s revolution around the Sun?

b) Draw what the Moon looks like in the first quarter. At what time of day is it visible in this phase?

5. a) What is the cause of visible light from the Moon?

b) Draw what the Moon looks like in the second quarter. What time of day does she appear in this phase?

6. a) What causes the midday altitude of the Sun to change throughout the year?

Draw what the Moon looks like between full and last quarter.

Level 4. 7 – 8 points

1. a) How many times during the year can you see all phases of the moon?

The midday altitude of the Sun is 30°, and its declination is 19°. Determine the geographic latitude of the observation site.

2. a) Why do we see only one side of the Moon from Earth?

b) At what altitude in Kyiv (j = 50o) does the upper culmination of the star Antares (d = –26o) occur? Make a corresponding drawing.

3. a) Yesterday there was a lunar eclipse. When can we expect the next solar eclipse?

b) The Star of the World with a declination of –3o12/ was observed in Vinnitsa at an altitude of 37o35/ in the southern sky. Determine the geographic latitude of Vinnitsa.

4. a) Why full phase does a lunar eclipse last much longer than the total phase of a solar eclipse?

b) What is the midday altitude of the Sun on March 21 at a point whose geographic altitude is 52o?

5. a) What is the minimum time interval between solar and lunar eclipses?

At what geographic latitude will the Sun culminate at noon at an altitude of 45° above the horizon, if on this day its declination is –10°?

6. a) The moon is visible in the last quarter. Could there be a lunar eclipse in a week? Explain your answer.

b) What is geographic latitude observation locations if on June 22 the Sun was observed at noon at an altitude of 61o?

10. Kepler's laws.

Key questions: 1) subject, tasks, methods and tools of celestial mechanics; 2) formulations of Kepler's laws.

The student must be able to: 1) solve problems using Kepler's Laws.

We have already learned about what it is, as well as about the principles of its composition. Now talk about how to use it to observe the starry sky.

First, let’s answer two questions: How can you find out from the map which stars are now visible in the sky and which are not? What stars are visible in the east and west?

Star map

Both problems can be solved at once, but first we need to agree on what counts as east and west. Usually we divide the visible vault of heaven and the visible part earth's surface into two halves: either northern and southern, or eastern and western. They say, for example: “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.” This is true, but too imprecise, since the Sun rises and sets in different places every day. It is better, instead of rather abstract sides - southern and northern, eastern, and western, to take four well-defined points. They can be outlined in this way.

In the evening, standing under the open sky, find the North Star and stand facing it - this way you will stand in the direction exactly north. Draw a long straight line on the ground straight ahead, and imagine that you have brought this line to the visible edge of the sky. The point at which your imaginary line meets the horizon line visible in the distance will be north point.

After walking a few steps along your line, turn back and look straight along the line. So you will outline south point on the horizon line.

Draw another line across your line so that you get a regular cross with perfectly even, right angles. Stand in the middle of the cross, at the point of intersection of the two lines you drew, and imagine that the ends of the transverse line of the cross are also brought to the horizon line. Those points where they meet the horizon line will be east point And west point.

Remember once and for all the points of south, north, east and west in your area so as not to mark them every time. To do this, notice some tree, bush, building at these points, but just choose these targets as far away from yourself as possible: otherwise, if you choose close targets, then as soon as you move a little, they will no longer coincide with the north points , south, east and west.

Remember the fifth point of the sky - zenith: if you place a high, straight, plumb pillar in the middle of your cross of two lines and imagine that the top of this pillar rests on the sky, then the point at which it will rest will be the zenith. Finally, if you imagine that your pillar has grown down through the ground, passed through the center of the globe, came out on the other side and there rested against the sky, then you will get another fifth point of the sky, opposite the zenith, in astronomy it is called nadir.

Determining the position of stars using a star map

Let's return to our task. What stars are visible to us, for example, at 11 pm in mid-July, and in what part of the sky should we look for each of them?

The northern circumpolar stars, up to the 30th northern parallel, depicted on the round map, are all visible, as at any time. Place the map in the position of June 22 (Ursa Minor - up) and turn it counterclockwise by two hour divisions: you get the position of the stars on July 22 at 9 pm. Rotate by two more hour divisions: you get the position of the stars at 11 o'clock. At the bottom of the map, at the north point, there will be the 7th hour, and at the top, at the zenith, the 19th hour. Between the 60th and 45th parallels, that is, at the zeniths of various places from St. Petersburg to the Crimea, there will be small stars of the constellation Draco, and directly south of the zenith there will be Lyra.

Of the stars depicted on the quadrangular map, exactly half will be visible. At the zenith, as you remember, is the 19th hour. Place the quadrangular card in front of you so that the 19th hour (the constellation Sagittarius) is opposite you. This is where the south point will be - at the bottom edge of the map and at the 19th hour division. In the south, and only in the south, above the south point, you will see the entire map in the sky, from top to bottom.

Count from the point south six hours to the left and six hours to the right: there will be points east (1st hour) and west (13th hour). But these points will have to be placed not on the lower edge of the map, but in the middle, on the equator: in the east and west, only constellations north of the equator are visible, that is, from the top to the middle of the map.

Count another six hours to the left of the east point and to the right of the west point: both counts will converge at 7 o'clock - there will be a north point. It will have to be placed on the top edge of the map: above the north point, none of the stars depicted on the long map at 7 o'clock are visible - they will all be below the horizon, and above the horizon in the north there will be only the stars depicted on the round map of the northern constellations.

Here's an even shorter and more direct way. Having established the south point and marked it on the lower edge of the map, count 12 hour divisions to the right from it: there will be a north point, on the upper edge of the map. Draw a straight line on the map from the point south to the point north. This line will represent the horizon line. What is above this line is visible on the western side of the sky; what is lower is hidden under the horizon.

The eastern half of the horizon line is drawn in the same way, only you need to count 12 hours to the left from the south point. All this is clearer in the drawing, especially if you compare this drawing with a drawing depicting a complete globe, not laid out on maps, and inside its circle is the horizon. Using this method, it is not difficult to calculate which stars are visible, in which direction and at what height above the horizon.

Features of orientation using a star map

Another problem: where do the different stars rise, where do they set, how do they move across the visible sky, and how long is it from their rising to their setting?

It must be remembered that the equator line intersects with the horizon line at the points of east and west, so, for example, a star located on the Equator of the globe (at least beta Orion), rises at the point of the east, and sets at the point of the west and describes an arc inclined above the point south. This arc is the line of the equator. In Crimea, the equator line runs in the middle of the apparent distance between the zenith and the point of the south, and in St. Petersburg it is much lower - at an altitude of one third of the distance between the zenith and the point of the south. A star located on the equator moves across the sky we see for exactly 12 hours - both in St. Petersburg, and in Crimea, and wherever else.

A star placed on the globe south of the equator obviously rises not in the east, but somewhere in the southeast, between the point of the east and the point of the south. It describes an arc along the southern side of the visible sky below the equator line and sets in the southeast. Such stars are visible in the sky for less than 12 hours. The further south a star is, the closer to the point of south it rises and sets, and the lower, shorter and shorter its apparent path.

Stars located north of the equator rise in the interval between the point of the east and the point of the north, in a word, in the northeastern quarter of the horizon. From there they move upward and at the same time to the south, move to the southern side of the sky, describe an arc inclined above the equator line and set in the northwest. They describe an arc of more than half a circle in the visible vault of heaven, and remain in the sky for longer than twelve hours.

Finally, the stars that are even closer to the pole describe complete circles in the firmament around the North Star and do not set at all, so they can be seen in the sky at all times of the year, night and day, if you have a telescope.

In Crimea, the North Star is visible in the middle of the distance between the zenith and the north point, so that there a circle, passing its lower edge through the north point, passes through the zenith with its upper edge. This circle is described by the stars Capella and Deneb: they are placed on the globe at the 45th parallel, therefore, in the middle of the distance between the equator and the pole, and Crimea itself is located in the middle of the distance between the equator and the pole, approximately 5000 kilometers from both.

St. Petersburg is closer to the pole, it stands under the 60th parallel. Here the North Star is visible at a height of two-thirds of the distance from the point of north to the zenith. That is why in St. Petersburg the circle of non-setting circumpolar stars is one and a half times wider than in Crimea.

The circles described by the non-setting stars in the local sky are placed inside the 30th northern parallel. They move with their upper edge to the southern side of the sky, south of the zenith, and appear on it in the form of arcs passing above the equator. Only one Ursa Minor here never crosses the southern side of the sky and, even stretching upward, does not reach the zenith.

So, on the southern side of the sky, all the stars describe arcs inclined in the middle above the point of the south. On the northern side of the sky, few stars close to Polaris describe complete circles, more distant stars also complete circles, but some of these circles arc across the top of the southern side of the sky.

The stars farthest from Polaris and closest to the equator draw inclined lines - the beginnings and ends of large arcs, the middle of which runs along the southern side of the sky above the equator. This is how the paths of the stars are depicted on paper. And in the real sky, as we see it, the paths of the stars appear in the form of circles and arcs, rising obliquely from north to south and parallel to each other.

Astronomy solution book for grade 11 for lesson No. 2 ( workbook) - Celestial sphere

1. Complete the sentence.

An area is called a constellation starry sky with a characteristic observed group of stars.

2. Using a star chart, enter diagrams of constellations with bright stars in the appropriate columns of the table. In each constellation, highlight the brightest star and indicate its name.

3. Complete the sentence.

Star maps do not indicate the positions of planets, since maps are intended to describe stars and constellations.

4. Arrange the following stars in descending order of their brightness:

1) Betelgeuse; 2) Spica; 3) Aldebaran; 4) Sirius; 5) Arcturus; 6) Chapel; 7) Procyon; 8) Vega; 9) Altair; 10) Pollux.

5. Complete the sentence.

1st magnitude stars brighter than the stars 6th magnitude 100 times.

The ecliptic is the apparent annual path of the Sun among the stars.

6. What is called the celestial sphere?

An imaginary sphere of arbitrary radius.

7. Specify the names of points and lines celestial sphere, indicated by numbers 1-14 in Figure 2.1.

North celestial pole
zenith; zenith point
vertical line
celestial equator
west; west point
center of the celestial sphere
noon line
south; south point
skyline
East; east point
south celestial pole
nadir; current nadir
north point
celestial meridian lines

8. Using Figure 2.1, answer the questions.

How is the axis of the world located relative to the earth's axis?

Parallel.

How is the axis of the world located relative to the plane of the celestial meridian?

Lies on a plane.

At what points does the celestial equator intersect with the horizon?

At the points of the east and west.

At what points does the celestial meridian intersect with the horizon line?

At points north and south.

9. What observations convince us of the daily rotation of the celestial sphere?

If you observe the stars for a long time, the stars will seem like a single sphere.

10. Using a moving star chart, enter into the table two or three constellations visible at latitude 55° in the Northern Hemisphere.

The solution to task 10 corresponds to the reality of the events of 2015, however, not all teachers check the solution of each student’s task on a star map to ensure it corresponds to reality.

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5. CHECK QUESTIONS FOR TOPICS AND SECTIONS

SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Astronomy

What does Astronomy study?
How do we study the Universe?
What objects does the Universe consist of?
What modern telescopes have you seen?
Tell us about the purpose of telescopes.

SECTION 2. PRACTICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF ASTRONOMY

Stars and constellations. Celestial coordinates and star maps

What is a constellation called?
How are the stars in the constellations designated?
What does stellar magnitude depend on?
What is the celestial sphere?
How to determine the axis of the world and the poles of the world?
What coordinates of the luminary are called equatorial?
What is the ecliptic?
At what points do the ecliptic and the celestial equator intersect?
What are the upper and lower culminations of the luminary?
Why does the star map show only stars, but no Sun, Moon, Earth, or planets?

Apparent motion of the planets and the Sun.

Moon movement and eclipses

Why are planets called wandering stars?
Describe the path of the Sun among the stars during the year.
What is a sidereal month?
Describe the phases of the moon.
Within what limits does the angular distance of the Moon from the Sun change?
Why don't lunar and solar eclipses occur every month?

Is it possible with reverse side Moons see a total solar eclipse?
Predict a solar eclipse. Full eclipse The solar eclipse occurred on March 29, 2006. When is the next such eclipse sure to occur?

Time and calendar

What are solar and sidereal days?
What explains the introduction waist system keeping track of time?
Why is the atomic second used as a unit of time?
What are the difficulties in creating an accurate calendar?
How is the account different? leap years old and new style?

SECTION 3. STRUCTURE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Development of ideas about the structure of the world. Planetary configuration.

What is the difference between the geocentric and heliocentric systems of the world?
What is the configuration of a planet?
Which planets are considered external and which are internal?
What planets can be in opposition? Which ones can't?
Name the planets that can be observed near the Moon during its full moon.

Laws of planetary motion solar system. Determination of distances and sizes of bodies in the Solar System.

How are the laws of planetary motion derived by Kepler from observations formulated?
How does the speed of a planet change as it moves from aphelion to perihelion?
At what point in the orbit does the planet have maximum kinetic energy; maximum potential energy?
What measurements made on the Earth indicate its compression?
Does the horizontal parallax of the Sun change throughout the year and for what reason?
What method is used to determine the distance to the nearest planets at present?

Movement celestial bodies under the influence of gravity.

Why do planets not move exactly according to Kepler's laws?
How did Newton change Kepler's third law?
How was the location of the planet Neptune determined?
Which planet causes the greatest disturbance in the motion of other bodies in the Solar System and why?
What trajectories do they follow? spacecraft to the Moon; to the planets?

SECTION 4. NATURE OF BODIES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Modern representationsabout the structure, composition and origin of the solar system.

How did the formation of the Sun occur according to modern ideas?
Name the objects of the Solar system.
How did the planets form?
What is the composition of the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud?
What is the age of the solar system?
What is precession of the earth's axis?
What causes precession of the earth's axis?
What's it like internal structure Earth?
What is the nature of the Moon? Name the main relief forms of the Moon.
How does the Moon cause tides on Earth?
When can maximum tides be observed on Earth? Give reasons for your answer.

Planets terrestrial group.

What do the terrestrial planets have in common? What is the reason for this similarity?
What are the differences between the terrestrial planets? What causes these differences?
What explains the lack of an atmosphere on the planet Mercury?
What is the reason for the differences in the chemical composition of the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets?
What forms of surface relief have been discovered on the surface of terrestrial planets using spacecraft?
What information about the presence of life on Mars was obtained by automatic stations?

Giant planets. Satellites and rings of the giant planets.

What are physical properties Jupiter? Saturn? Uranus? Neptune?
What is the nature of the rings of the giant planets?
What explains the presence of dense and extended atmospheres on Jupiter and Saturn?
Why do the atmospheres of giant planets differ in chemical composition from the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets?
What are the features of the internal structure of giant planets?
What are the landforms for the surface of most planetary satellites?
What is the structure of the rings of the giant planets?
Which unique phenomenon discovered on Jupiter's moon Io?
Which physical processes underlie the formation of clouds on various planets?
Why are giant planets many times larger in mass than terrestrial planets?

Small bodies of the Solar system. Dwarf planets.

What are dwarf planets and where are they located?
How can one distinguish an asteroid from a star during observations?
What is the shape of most asteroids?
What are their approximate sizes?
What causes the formation of comet tails?
In what state is the material of the comet's nucleus? her tail?
Can a comet that periodically returns to the Sun remain unchanged?
What phenomena are observed when bodies fly in the atmosphere at cosmic speed?
What types of meteorites are distinguished by their chemical composition?
How do meteor showers occur?

SECTION 5. THE SUN AND STARS

The sun is the nearest star

From which chemical elements What is the composition of the Sun and what is their ratio?
What is the source of solar radiation energy?
What changes occur in its substance?
Which layer of the Sun is the main source of visible radiation?
What is the internal structure of the Sun? Name the main layers of its atmosphere.
Within what limits does the temperature on the Sun vary from its center to the photosphere?
In what ways is energy transferred from the interior of the Sun to the outside?
What explains the granulation observed on the Sun?
What are the manifestations solar activity observed in various layers of the Sun's atmosphere? What is the main reason for these phenomena?
What explains the decrease in temperature in the sunspot region?
What phenomena on Earth are associated with solar activity?

Distance to the stars. Characteristics of stellar radiation

How are distances to stars determined?
What determines the color of a star?
What main reason differences in the spectra of stars?
What determines the luminosity of a star?

Masses and sizes of stars. Variable and non-stationary stars

What explains the change in brightness of some double stars?
How many times do the sizes and densities of supergiant stars and dwarfs differ?
What are the sizes of the smallest stars?
List the types of variable stars known to you.
List the possible final stages of stellar evolution.
What is the reason for the change in the brightness of Cepheids?
Why are Cepheids called “beacons of the Universe”?
What are pulsars?
Can the Sun explode as a nova or supernova? Why?

SECTION 6. STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE

Our Galaxy

What is the structure and size of our Galaxy?
What objects are part of the Galaxy?
How does the interstellar medium manifest itself? What is its composition?
What sources of radio emission are known in our Galaxy?
What is the difference between open and globular star clusters?

Other star systems-galaxies.

How are distances to galaxies determined?
What main types can galaxies be divided into based on their appearance and shape?
How do spiral and elliptical galaxies differ in composition and structure?
What explains the “red shift” in the spectra of galaxies?
What extragalactic sources of radio emission are currently known?
What is the source of radio emission in radio galaxies?

Fundamentals of modern cosmology. Life and Mind in the Universe

What facts indicate that evolution is taking place in the Universe?
What is the mass ratio of “ordinary” matter, dark matter and dark energy in the Universe?

Astronomy solution book for grade 11 for lesson No. 2 (workbook) - Celestial sphere