ECE assignments on the subject of science. Social - study the world of society. Social Studies as a School Subject
Science is the main form of human knowledge.
Scientific knowledge differs from the ordinary:
- the desire for maximum objectivity in the description of the studied objects and phenomena;
- special (scientific) language used to describe the objects of study;
- specific ways to justify the truth of the knowledge;
- a desire to obtain knowledge that satisfies not only the immediate needs of society, but also those that are important for future generations.
Allocate two levels of scientific knowledge - empirical and theoretical. Main challenge empirical level scientific knowledge is a description of objects and phenomena, and the main form of knowledge gained is empirical (scientific) fact. At a theoretical level, an explanation of the phenomena under study occurs; the knowledge gained is recorded in the form of laws, principles, and scientific theories in which the essence of knowable objects is revealed.
Main methodsused in the process of empirical cognition are observation, empirical description, experiment, etc.
Observation is a focused study of individual objects and phenomena, during which the observer gains knowledge about the external properties and attributes of the object being studied. Observation is based on such forms of sensory cognition as sensation, perception, representation.
The result of the observation is empirical descriptionin the process of which the information received is recorded using language means or other iconic forms.
A special place among the above methods is experiment. An experiment is such a method of studying phenomena that is carried out under strictly defined conditions, and the latter can, if necessary, be recreated and controlled by the subject of knowledge (a scientist). A special kind of experiment is thought experimentunder which the given conditions are imaginary, but must comply with the laws of science and the rules of logic. When conducting a thought experiment, a scientist operates not with real objects of cognition, but with their images or theoretical models. On this basis, this type of experiment is referred not to empirical, but to theoretical methods of scientific knowledge. We can say that it is the connecting link between the two levels of scientific knowledge - theoretical and empirical.
Other methods used in the process of theoretical scientific knowledge include the method hypothesesas well as the formulation scientific theory and etc.
Essence hypothesis method is the nomination and justification of some assumptions, with the help of which they plan to explain those empirical facts that do not fit into the framework of previous teachings. The purpose of testing a hypothesis is to formulate laws, principles or theories that explain the phenomena of the world. Such hypotheses are called explanatory. Along with them there are so-called existential hypotheses, i.e., assumptions about the existence of phenomena that are not yet known to science, but which will probably be discovered soon (an example of such a hypothesis is the assumption that there are not yet open elements of the periodic table of D. I. Mendeleev).
The construction of scientific theories is based on hypothesis testing. Scientific theory called a logically consistent description of the phenomena of the world, which is expressed by a special system of concepts. Any scientific theory performs not only a descriptive, but also a prognostic function: it helps determine the direction of further development of society, as well as the phenomena and processes occurring in it. This is its main significance.
Social sciences, their classification
Society is such a complex object that science alone cannot study it. Only through the joint efforts of many sciences can we fully and consistently study and describe the most complex formation that exists in this world - human society. The totality of sciences studying society as a whole is called social studies. Among these sciences are philosophy, history, sociology, economics, political science, psychology and social psychology, anthropology and cultural science. These are fundamental sciences, consisting of many subdisciplines, sections, directions, scientific schools.
Having arisen later than many other sciences, social science absorbs their concepts and specific results - statistics, tabular data, graphs, conceptual schemes and theoretical categories.
In the aggregate of sciences related to social studies, there are two varieties - social and humanities.
If social sciencies is a science of human behavior, then humanities - This is the science of the spirit. We can say differently, the subject of social sciences is society, and the subject of humanities is culture. The main subject of social sciences is human behavior.
Sociology, psychology, social psychology, economics, political science, as well as anthropology and ethnography (the science of peoples) are social sciences. They have a lot in common, they are closely interconnected and constitute a kind of scientific union. A group of other related disciplines adjoins it - philosophy, history, art history, cultural studies, literary criticism. They are referred to humanitarian knowledge.
Since related sciences constantly interact and enrich each other with new knowledge, the boundaries between social philosophy, social psychology, economics, sociology and anthropology can be considered rather arbitrary. At their intersection, interdisciplinary sciences constantly arise - for example, at the intersection of sociology and anthropology, social anthropology appeared, at the intersection of economics and psychology - economic psychology. In addition, there are integrative disciplines such as legal anthropology, sociology of law, economic sociology, cultural anthropology, psychological and economic anthropology, historical sociology.
The leading social sciences include:
Economy - a science that studies the principles of organizing the economic activities of people, the relations of production, exchange, distribution and consumption that are forming in every society, formulates the rational basis for the producer and consumer of goods. The economy also studies the behavior of large masses of people in a market situation. In small and large - in public and private life - people cannot even take a step without affecting economic relations. When agreeing to work, buying goods in the market, counting our income and expenses, demanding payment of salaries, and even going to visit, we somehow take into account the principles of economy.
Sociology - a science that studies the relationships that arise between groups and communities of people, the nature of the structure of society, problems of social inequality and principles for resolving social conflicts.
Political science - a science that studies the phenomenon of power, the specifics of social management, as well as the relations that arise in the process of carrying out state-power activities.
Psychology - The science of the laws, mechanisms and facts of the mental life of humans and animals. The main theme of the psychological thought of antiquity and the Middle Ages is the problem of the soul. Psychologists study persistent and repetitive individual behavior. The focus is on the problems of perception, memory, thinking, learning and development of the human personality. There are many branches of knowledge in modern psychology, including psychophysiology, zoopsychology and comparative psychology, social psychology, child psychology and pedagogical psychology, developmental psychology, labor psychology, the psychology of creativity, medical psychology, etc.
Anthropology- The science of the origin and evolution of man, the formation of human races and the normal variations of the physical structure of man. She studies the primitive tribes that have survived from primitive times in the lost corners of the planet: their customs, traditions, culture, and behaviors.
Social psychology studies small groups.The role of a small group can be a family, a group of friends, a sports team. Social psychology is a borderline discipline. It was formed at the intersection of sociology and psychology, taking on those tasks that these sciences could not solve. It turned out that a large society affects an individual not directly, but through an intermediary - small groups. This world of friends, acquaintances and relatives closest to a person plays an exceptional role in our life. In general, we do not live in large worlds, but in small ones - in a particular house, family, company, etc. The small world affects us sometimes even more than the big one. That is why science came into being, which came to grips with its study.
History - one of the most important sciences in the system of social and humanitarian knowledge. The object of its study is man, his activities throughout the existence of human civilization. The word "history" is of Greek origin and means "research", "search". Some scholars believed that the object of studying history is the past. The famous French historian M. Blok categorically objected to this: “The very idea that the past as such is capable of being an object of science is absurd.” Is it so?
The emergence of historical science dates back to ancient civilizations. The “father” of history is considered to be the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who composed a work devoted to the Greek-Persian wars. However, this is hardly fair: Herodotus used not so much historical data as legends, traditions and myths, therefore his work cannot be considered completely reliable. Significantly more reason to consider the "fathers" of the history of Thucydides, Polybius, Arrian, Tacitus, Marcellinus. These ancient historians used documents, personal observations, eyewitness accounts to describe events. All ancient peoples considered themselves historian peoples and revered history as a teacher of life. Polybius wrote: "The lessons learned from history lead most faithfully to enlightenment and prepare for engaging in public affairs, the story of the trials of other people is a sensible and only mentor who teaches us to bravely endure the vicissitudes of fate."
And although over time people began to doubt that history could teach future generations not to repeat the mistakes of previous ones, the importance of studying this science was not disputed. The famous Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky, in his reflections on history, wrote: “History does not teach anything, but only punishes for ignorance of the lessons.”
Cultural studies primarily interested in the world of art - painting, architecture, sculpture, dancing, entertainment and mass shows, educational institutions and science. The subjects of cultural creativity are individuals, small and large groups. In this sense, cultural studies covers all types of associations of people, but only to the extent that it concerns the creation of cultural values.
Demography studying the population - the whole multitude of people that make up human society. Demography is primarily interested in how people reproduce themselves, how long they live, why and how many die and where large masses move. She looks at a person partly as a natural, partly as a social being. All living things are born, die and multiply. These processes are governed primarily by biological laws. For example, science believes that for more than 110–150 years a person cannot live. This is its biological resource. However, most people live on average up to 60–70 years. But this is today, and two hundred years ago, the average life expectancy did not exceed 30-40 years. In poor and underdeveloped countries even today people live less than in rich and developed ones. A person's life span is determined by both biological and hereditary characteristics, as well as social conditions (life, work, rest, nutrition).
Social and Humanitarian Knowledge
Social cognition - this is the knowledge of society. The knowledge of society is a very complex process for several reasons.
- Society is the most complex of objects of knowledge. In public life, all events and phenomena are so complex and diverse, so different from each other and so intricately intertwined that it is very difficult to find certain patterns in it.
- In social cognition, not only material (as in natural science), but also ideal, spiritual relationships are investigated. They are much more complex, diverse and contradictory than the connections in nature.
- In social cognition, society acts both as an object and as a subject of cognition: people create their own history and they know it.
Speaking about the specifics of social cognition, extremes should be avoided. On the one hand, it is impossible to explain the reasons for Russia's historical backwardness using Einstein's theory of relativity. On the other hand, it is impossible to assert the unsuitability for social science of all those methods by which nature is studied.
The primary and elementary method of social cognition is observation. But it differs from the observation that is used in natural science. In social science, cognition concerns animate, endowed with consciousness objects. And if, for example, the stars, even after many years of observing them, remain completely calm in relation to the observer and his intentions, then in public life everything is different. As a rule, a reverse reaction is detected from the side of the studied object, which either makes observation impossible from the very beginning, either interrupts it somewhere in the middle, or introduces such interference into it that substantially distorts the research results. therefore unobserved observation in social science gives insufficiently reliable results. Need another method, which is called observation included. It is carried out not from outside, not from the outside in relation to the studied object (social group), but from within it.
For all its significance and necessity, observation in social science demonstrates the same fundamental shortcomings as in other sciences. Observing, we cannot change the object in the direction we are interested in, regulate the conditions and the course of the process under study, and reproduce it as many times as necessary for completeness of observation. Significant observation deficiencies are largely overcome in experiment.
The experiment is active, transformative in nature. In an experiment, we intervene in the natural course of events. According to V.A. Stoff, experiment can be defined as the type of activity undertaken for the purpose of scientific knowledge, the discovery of objective laws and consisting in influencing the studied object (process) using special tools and instruments. Thanks to the experiment, it is possible: 1) to isolate the object under study from the influence of side effects that are insignificant and obscure its essence and study it in its pure form; 2) repeatedly reproduce the course of the process in strictly fixed conditions that can be controlled and taken into account; 3) to systematically change, vary, combine various conditions in order to obtain the desired result.
Social experiment has a number of significant features.
- A social experiment has a concrete historical character. Experiments in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology can be repeated in different eras, in different countries, because the laws of the development of nature do not depend on the form and type of production relations, nor on national and historical features. And social experiments aimed at transforming the economy, the national-state system, the system of upbringing and education, etc., in different historical eras, in different countries can give not only different, but also directly opposite results.
- The object of a social experiment has a much lesser degree of isolation from similar objects remaining outside the experiment and all the influences of this society as a whole. Such reliable insulating devices as vacuum pumps, protective shields, etc., used in the process of a physical experiment are impossible here. And this means that a social experiment cannot be carried out with a sufficient degree of approximation to “pure conditions”.
- A social experiment places higher demands on the observance of “safety precautions” in the process of its implementation compared with natural science experiments, where even experiments performed by trial and error are permissible. A social experiment constantly has a direct impact on the well-being, well-being, physical and mental health of people involved in the "experimental" group. The underestimation of any detail, the slightest failure during the experiment can have a detrimental effect on people, and no good intentions of its organizers can be justified.
- A social experiment should not be conducted in order to obtain directly theoretical knowledge. To put experiments (experiments) on people is inhumane in the name of any theory. A social experiment is an experiment stating, affirming, or denying.
One of the theoretical methods of cognition is historical method research, i.e., such a method that reveals significant historical facts and stages of development, which ultimately allows you to create a theory of the object, to reveal the logic and laws of its development.
Another method is modeling. Under modeling they understand such a method of scientific knowledge in which research is carried out not on the object of interest to us (the original), but on its substitute (analogue), similar to it in certain respects. As in other branches of scientific knowledge, modeling in social science is used when the subject itself is not available for direct study (say, it does not yet exist, as, for example, in prognostic research) or this direct study requires enormous costs, or is generally impossible due to ethical considerations.
In his goal-setting activities, which make up history, man has always sought to comprehend the future. Interest in the future has intensified in the modern era in connection with the formation of the information and computer society, as well as because of those global problems that cast doubt on the very existence of mankind. Foresight came out on top.
Scientific foresight represents such knowledge about the unknown, which is based on already known knowledge about the essence of the phenomena and processes that interest us and about the trends of their further development. Scientific foresight does not pretend to be absolutely accurate and complete knowledge of the future and mandatory reliability: even carefully verified and balanced forecasts are justified only with a certain degree of reliability.
| Signs of science | ||
| Subject of study | Systematic knowledge | Specific methods of cognition related to the nature of the subject of study |
The science - one of the forms of spiritual culture.
Historically, science has arisen from practice and is developing on its basis.
The main engine for the development of science is social needs, and above all the needs of material production.
The deepest discoveries in our time can be made either at the intersection of sciences, or at the intersection of their interweaving.
Modern science is the most important component of the scientific and technological revolution (STR), its driving force.
NTR - These are fundamental shifts in the system of scientific knowledge and in technology, inextricably linked with the historical process of human development.
Achievements NTR:
- The use of robots (automatically controlled machines);
- The use of fundamentally new materials with desired properties (plastics, artificial fibers);
- Introduction of ultrasonic and other processing methods into production;
- Use of new types of energy;
- The use of lasers in technology;
- Space exploration.
But: it is possible to deal with the harmful effects of STR only with the help of STR.
Greetings to all readers of the blog!
In this post we will reveal another topic - “Science”. In order not to miss other posts on social studies, I highly recommend subscribe to new articles and bookmark this site!
So what is science? Science is a form of human activity aimed at the production of knowledge about nature, society and knowledge itself, with the immediate goal of comprehending the truth.
The main task of science is to identify the objective laws of reality, and its immediate goal is objective truth.
Sciences are divided into:
1) Natural - study the world of nature;
2) Technical - study the world of technology;
3) Humanitarian - study the human world;
4) Social - study the world of society;
Science is understood as: a form of activity, a system of knowledge and a social institution. We will analyze each of these forms separately.
1. Science as a form of activity is aimed at actually verified and logically ordered knowledge of objects and processes of the surrounding reality.
2. Science as a system of knowledge acts as a set of knowledge that meets the criteria of objectivity, adequacy, truth.
3. And, science as a social institution is a certain system of relationships between scientific organizations, members of the scientific community, a system of norms and values.
Science as a social institution defines certain functions.
Functions of Science:
1) Cultural and worldview - because science creates certain values \u200b\u200band norms. It performs the function of transferring knowledge from generation to generation;
2) It acts as a productive force, because the knowledge gained by science is later applied in production;
3) The function of social power, for example, the scientific and technological revolution of the 20th century, has changed many aspects of social life;
Thus, we can see that science plays a huge role in the life of society and requires the use of such signs as objectivity, internal consistency, evidence and validity of conclusions.
This is such a small and extremely informative post. I recommend to study it with some textbook on social studies and a thematic test of the exam on the topic "Science". By the way, soon on my site will be launched online consultations on history and society, a page in the VK group with practical testing tests and much more, so subscribe to new articles and bookmark this site!See you in the next posts!
© Ivan Nekrasov 2014
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SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
Science is a historically established form of human activity aimed at cognition and transformation of objective reality. This is both a system of knowledge, and their spiritual production, and practical activities based on them.
Science is considered from three points of view:
As a special system, the totality of knowledge about nature, society, man;
As a special type of activity, a system of scientific research aimed at obtaining new knowledge;
As a system of specific organizations and institutions.
For all scientific knowledge, it is important what is studied, and how it is studied. The question of what is being investigated reveals the nature of the subject of science, and the answer to the question of how it is investigated and by what methods is the research method. In their subject of science are divided:
Natural-technical, studying the laws of nature and methods of its development and transformation;
Public, studying various social phenomena and the laws of their development, including socio-economic, as well as the man himself as a social being (humanities).
The subject of science affects its methods, i.e. receptions, methods of object research. So, in the natural sciences one of the main methods is experiment, and in the social sciences - abstract generalization, statistics.
In each science, the empirical level is different, i.e. accumulated factual material - the results of observations and experiments; and theoretical level, i.e. generalization of empirical material expressed in relevant theories, laws and principles.
The specifics of scientific knowledge:
This is a focused knowledge that solves very specific tasks;
It is characterized by certain forms and methods of cognition, it corresponds to accuracy, strict certainty;
The purpose of scientific knowledge is to obtain new, deeper knowledge.
The development of science is the most important factor in updating all spheres of human activity: material production, social and economic relations, and spiritual life.
Functions of science: -cultural and ideological; -Direct productive power of society; -catalyst for the process of continuous improvement of production;
Social power is directly included in the processes of social development and their management.
In its focus, research is divided into fundamental, applied and development. Basic sciences know the laws that govern the interaction of nature, society, and thinking. The purpose of applied sciences is to apply the results of basic research to solve not only cognitive, but also practical problems. At the junction of applied, fundamental sciences and practice, there is a special area of \u200b\u200bresearch - research and development (R&D). Scientific activity involves the freedom of creativity of a scientist. The system of ethical values \u200b\u200bof science: -human requirements and prohibitions;
Ethical standards, implying an unselfish search and upholding of truth; - freedom of scientific research and social responsibility of the scientist.
Throughout a person’s life there is a process of his socialization. This process is carried out in two ways: -in the course of the spontaneous impact on the person of the surrounding reality;
As a result of deliberate impact on him by society, in the process of personality formation through the education and upbringing system that has developed in society and meets its needs. Since society is heterogeneous, each class, social group, nation has its own idea of \u200b\u200bthe content of education. Therefore, the state assumes the function of regulating the education system that meets the level of civilization. In the age of scientific and technological research, computerization, society needs highly educated, self-confident specialists who are able to make responsible decisions, familiar with the basics of modern engineering and technology, economics, psychology, and sociology. In a number of developed countries, in order to form such people, they prefer an individual approach to the student, taking into account the personal qualities of each child, adolescent. Such a system of education and training requires a sufficient number of teachers.
A certain level of education is an indispensable property of every person. Education requires high costs, the lack of funds leads to a decrease in the quality of education.
In the history of society, the place and role of education has changed. From an element of everyday life, it has turned into the sphere of independent scientific and educational activities of society. There is an internal contradiction between the content of education (what to teach) and methods and forms (how to teach). The lag of the school from modern requirements has confronted many countries with the need for school reform.
Reform is currently taking place in the Russian system of secondary and higher education. Among the many problems, the following can be singled out: humanization, humanization and the internationalization of education.
Humanization involves a great deal of public attention to the personality, its psychology, interests, needs, needs, rights and obligations. Humanization implies the priority of human values, the main of which is man himself. In the field of education, humanization is manifested in the individual's ability to choose an educational path in accordance with the needs and capabilities of the individual.
Humanitarianization means increased attention across the entire spectrum of social sciences, the humanities, which are of paramount importance in the life of a modern person: economic theory, history, sociology, political science, literature, law, art.
In Russia, education is currently undergoing reforms in the direction of introducing a multi-level structure, the purpose of which is to expand the capabilities of higher education in satisfying the diverse cultural and educational needs of the individual and society, in improving the general cultural, scientific and professional training of specialists, taking into account the modern needs of the economy and the labor market.
The introduction of a multi-level education system in Russia will allow for its internationalization - the creation of a unified education system for different countries.
In the modern world, education is considered as one of the core values, without which the further development of mankind is impossible.
Tasks to the text
1. Science is:
1). The collection of knowledge about the world.
2). Research system to gain new knowledge.
3). Specific organizations and institutions.
4). All of the above.
2. Are the judgments correct? Under science understand: A. The system of knowledge.
B. The production of knowledge.Answer Options:
Only A. is true. 3) A and B. are true.
Only B. is true. 4) Both are false.
3. Sciences studying the laws of nature are called:
Physical. 3) Mathematical.
Humanitarian. 4) Natural-technical.
4. The laws of the development of society are studied by science:
Philosophical. 3) Humanitarian.
Economic. 4) Historical.
5. The main method of natural sciences is:
Experiment. 3) The statistical method.
Abstraction. 4) Descriptive method.
6. Education involves:
1). Obtaining knowledge about the world, society, people.
2). Creation of new knowledge.
3). Mastering ethical standards and values.
4). Learning from someone else’s experience.
7. A person receives education as a result of:
Adaptations. 3) Growing up.
Socialization. 4) Aging.
8. The education system is regulated by:
By the state. 3) Social group.
Society. 4) By individuals.
9. An individual approach to the child involves: 1). The study of a large number of subjects.
2). Reducing the volume of subjects studied. 3). The presence of a large number of teachers. 4). Strengthening the influence of the church on the school.
10. Humanization of education is:
1). Refusal to set low marks.
2). Free attendance at school.
3). Greater attention to individual personality traits.
4). Reducing the workload.
What problems do science and education face in modern Russia (in addition to the text or the development of those already mentioned)?
Do you agree with the following points:
1). Science only proves that society today is on a dead end.
2). The forms of school reform in modern Russia have proven that our state needs obedient performers more than highly qualified specialists who are able to make responsible decisions (general testing fever, USE, etc.).
Social science is a science that studies society and the processes taking place in it. In its arsenal, social science has many tools related to different branches of knowledge. Everything related to interaction in society, development trends of the human collective, is the object of study of this academic discipline.
The place of social science in the system of sciences
“Social science is a science that studies society” - just such a definition was formed in the philistine consciousness, and in part it is true, but still does not fully reflect the essence of this scientific discipline. To understand what constitutes this branch of knowledge, for a start let's talk about the sciences in general. So, science as a term denotes a system of studying the world.
The branches of knowledge from the point of view of the studied object can be divided into several groups:
- Fundamental. The sciences, which are an aid and tool, are the basis for everyone else. This group includes not only the sciences themselves, such as mathematics, but also their branches, which are the basis - for example, nuclear chemistry.
- Technical Disciplines studying the technosphere, as well as auxiliary to this. This group includes architecture, cybernetics, computer science, systems engineering, mechanics, and so on.
- Humanities. Sciences that study human activities in various fields. Literary criticism, art criticism, psychology.
- Applied. Those from the disciplines that can have direct practical application in human life.
- Public. The layer of sciences that are engaged in the study of social processes. This group includes sciences that study a person - social studies, sociology, as well as disciplines that study the activities of a community of people: history, political science, economics, jurisprudence.
Related sciences
So, having studied the classification of sciences in general, we come to the question of which sciences study social studies. To begin with, it should be noted that humanitarian disciplines, which are often identified with social disciplines, are not necessarily such. So, they explore the creativity or activity of individuals without their direct connection with society.
The group of social sciences is focused specifically on human activity in the context of its interaction with other people. The following are the sciences that study social studies. The table contains a list of disciplines and a description of the objects of study.
Discipline name | Object of study |
Economy | The economic activity of the company, the laws of production, distribution, consumption, exchange |
Sociology | Patterns of functioning of society, relations and community of people, social institutions |
Cultural science | Human Achievements in Art and Spiritual Life |
Political science | Political organization and society |
The life and work of society in the past |
Thus, having studied the table, we can understand what sciences study social studies. In addition to the above, some experts also include psychology, anthropology, philosophy and pedagogy in this group.
By dwelling on every aspect of human activity and analyzing the overall picture, we can conclude that this scientific discipline is fundamental and necessary.
Economics as a science adjacent to social studies
Describing the sciences that help to study social studies, the first thing is to focus on discipline, which is of great applied value, and in the modern world is one of the fundamental. This is the economy. How does it collaborate with other social sciences, we will consider further.
As already mentioned, social science is a science that studies society. The fundamental component of society is economic activity, without which it would not have been necessary to think about other types of activities. Production, distribution, exchange - all these stages imply both a component of the direct economic and human factors. And it is at the junction of these two interconnected components of the relationship in society that the need arises for their comprehensive study. In such cases, we are talking about the emergence of the economy in the arsenal of social sciences, and discipline acts as a research tool.
Sociology is the central element of social science.
Sociology occupies almost a central place in the totality of the sciences of the human collective. Discipline examines in detail the structure of society, especially the relationship between people, the trends of society.
Combining the qualities of fundamental and applied science, sociology, on the one hand, studies social phenomena, and on the other hand, can predict them and thus influence them.
Scientific discipline has several complex dilemmas associated with the heterogeneity of approaches of scientists to certain issues. So, for example, the attitude of scientists from different schools of sociology towards the question of the initial environment of society is not the same: whether it is initially conflictual or favorable. It is in solving this issue that other social disciplines help. Social science is a science that studies the possibility of applying applied knowledge from some branches of knowledge to others.
Cultural science
From the time when the first people began to unite in tribes and live as a community, they began to engage in their first creativity. Surprisingly, cave art, found today in some places on the planet, can say a lot about the people of that time. Visual art, folklore, vocals - all this was developed even thousands of years ago.
What it is - the spiritual heritage of mankind, what it carries in itself and what it can give to the generations that will come after - this is what culturology studies.
Social science is a science that studies society with all its facets, and in Western systematics, culturology is not an independent discipline, but only a section of social science. In the domestic classification, it is customary to distinguish this science as independent, with its own subject and method of study.
Political science in the system of social sciences
Political science is a science of the relationship between power and man, the functioning of a state institution, and the place of man in this structure. Since the formation of the first management apparatus, the need for this discipline has become clear. Its connection with social science is obvious: the state is only where society exists, and at the same time, there is now no civilized society in which there would be no state.
History
The most important role in the system of sciences studying society is assigned to such a discipline as history. Spanning thousands of years, leading a biography of all previous generations, it is able to give answers to many questions of our time. How individual civilizations developed, what was the climax of their evolution and why they fell - all this gives modern man the opportunity to avoid the same mistakes in the future.
History shows how at one time or another, people and the state, the state and the state interacted with each other.
Social studies as a discipline uses various tools and methods to study society. Being combined with other social sciences, this branch of knowledge allows a person to become one step closer to knowing the secrets of society.
Lecture:
The concept, types and functions of science
One of the social institutions of the spiritual sphere of society is science. Science received state and public recognition in Russia only at the beginning of the 18th century. On January 28 (February 8), 1724, by decree of Peter I, the first scientific institution, the Academy of Sciences and Arts in St. Petersburg, was founded. Science plays a significant role in the life of an individual and society as a whole. So, professional success of a person directly depends on the degree of possession of scientific knowledge. And the progressive development of society cannot be imagined without the achievements of science. What is science? The first word associated with science is knowledge - the basis of science, without which it loses its meaning. Knowledge is created as a result of the research activities of scientists and social institutions (scientific institutions). Therefore, we formulate and remember the following definition:
The science - This is a special system of knowledge about a person, society, nature, technology, obtained as a result of research activities of scientists and scientific institutions.
The features of scientific knowledge were discussed in the lesson (see Scientific Knowledge). If necessary, you can repeat or study this topic. In this lesson, we focus on the types and functions of scientific knowledge.
The variety of phenomena of the real world led to the emergence of many types of sciences. There are about 15 thousand of them. All of them are divided into:
- natural - nature sciences, including astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, etc .;
- social and humanitarian - sciences about society and man, including history, sociology, political science, economics, law, and others;
- technical types - science of technology, which include computer science, agronomy, architecture, mechanics, robotics and other science of technology.
The social purpose of science lies in the functions that it performs. Each science is characterized by specific functions, but there are common to all sciences:
Cognitive
Cultural and philosophical
: science affects the formation of the human personality, determines its relationship to nature and society. A person who does not have scientific knowledge, based in his reasoning and actions only on personal everyday experience, can hardly be called cultural. Examples: a group of scientists put forward a new hypothesis of the origin of life on our planet; philosophical studies prove that the universe has an unlimited number of galaxies; N. checks and critically comprehends scientific information.Production
: science is a special "workshop" designed to supply production with new equipment and technologies. Examples: pharmacists have created a new medicine to fight viruses; genetic engineering experts have developed a new method of weed control.Social : science affects the living conditions of people, the nature of labor, the system of social relations. Examples: studies have shown that a 1% increase in spending on education in the coming years will lead to an increase in the pace of economic development; hearings were held in the State Duma at which scientific forecasts of the prospects for the development of the space industry in the Russian Federation were discussed.
Predictive : science not only equips people with new knowledge about the world, but also gives predictions of the further development of the world, indicating the consequences of changes. Examples: Soviet theoretical physicist, academician A.D. Sakharov made an article entitled "The Danger of Thermonuclear War"; environmental scientists have warned about the danger of pollution of the Volga River for living organisms.
Scientists and Social Responsibility
Science includes not only a knowledge system, but also scientific institutions and scientists. Recognized Center fundamental research of science in our country isRussian Academy of Sciences (RAS) - Heiress of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Peter the Great, who in 1934 moved to Moscow. The RAS has the largest scientists conducting research in medicine, agriculture, education, energy and many other fields.Scientists, researchers, experts, laboratory assistants are a special category of people. They have a scientific worldview and enjoy the scientific creative activity. Their works contribute to the development of a particular branch of science. The main task of scientists is to obtain, justify and systematize new true knowledge about the real world.
The reality surrounding us in scientific knowledge is reflected in the form of concepts and terms. This is the fundamental difference between science and art or religion, reflecting knowledge of the world figuratively. Features of scientific thinking and activities of scientists are:
- selection of objective, reliable and accurate scientific facts;
- formulation of the problem and the construction of a hypothesis that can solve it;
- use of special research methods and data collection;
- theoretical justification of concepts, principles, laws;
- testing knowledge with evidence.
- the principle of "do no harm";
- in science there is no place for subjectivity;
- truth is dearest;
- honestly acknowledge the merits of your predecessors and many others.
The task: Illustrate any function of science🎓