For additional sources of geographic information. Introduction Geographical descriptions, discoveries

The main methods of geographical research.

Descriptive. The study and description of any territory is carried out according to a specific plan. The description can be both singleton (when only one component is considered, for example, a hydrological network, relief, landscapes), and complex (when the territorial complex is fully considered: nature - population - economy).

Comparative. When studying various territories and geographical objects, comparative analysis is often used. The objects of study can be located close to each other (for example, the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas) or be removed (for example, mountain systems of the Cenozoic folding regions of South America and Europe) and similar features are analyzed. As a result, elements of similarity and difference are highlighted and conclusions are drawn.

Cartographic. For the study area, special maps or series of thematic maps are created in order to cognize any phenomenon. With the help of predetermined certain conventional signs, certain elements of the territory in question (relief, climate elements, landscapes, etc.) are applied to the cartographic basis. The cartographic method is usually used with other research methods: decryption of aerial and satellite images, mathematical, etc.

Retrospective (historical approach). The study of a geographical object, territory: its landscapes, its individual components, natural and social phenomena is considered in time, which allows us to make a forecast for the future.

Typological. According to the selected criteria, reference areas (key) are identified in the study area in order to further disseminate the findings to other sites.

Sources of geographic information.

1. Maps, atlases, topographic plans.

2. Geographic descriptions of different territories.

3. Encyclopedias, reference books, statistical materials, etc.

4. Space and aerial photographs.

5. Geographic information systems (GIS).

Currently, all of these sources of information can be digitized and converted from paper to electronic form, an example of a GIS.

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The role of geographical science in solving important problems of the country's development

Ticket methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographical .. geographical differences in the economic activities of the population of Russia .. The large territory of Russia resulted in a rather diverse nature of our country which caused the differences ..

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The role of geographical science in solving important problems of the country's development. The need for a comprehensive geographical study of the country
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1 TOPIC 1. Geography as a science. Sources of geographic information Geography is a single set of sciences that study the geographic shell of the Earth and focus on identifying spatial and temporal patterns. The main objects of study of geographical sciences are the geosphere (biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and soil cover) and geosystems (landscapes, natural areas, biogeocenoses). Economic geography studies the distribution and development of productive forces in close connection with natural and environmental conditions (productive forces include two factors: labor force and means of production objects and tools). For homogeneous objects of study (industry structure) the following are distinguished: geography of natural resources and nature management; population geography; geography of the economy: geography of management and infrastructure; commercial geography; humanitarian geography: socio-political geography. Methods of economic geography: 1) general scientific methods are applied in sciences having a related object or subject: mathematical methods: constructive calculations; economic and mathematical models; optimization models; prognostic methods; statistical methods: technical and economic calculations; graph-analytical method; economic and statistical analysis; correlation method; 2) specific methods developed and applied directly in geography: economic zoning, energy production cycles, territorial production complexes. Geographic information is understood as a combination of spatially-coordinated data and (or) knowledge about geosystems or their elements, about existing relationships and interconnections between them. Types of information sources: textual presentation; various documents; statistical data; cartographic materials and other graphic images; aerial photographs and satellite images. Main sources of geographic information: Visual observations; Eyewitness accounts; Geographical maps and atlases; Reference books, textbooks; Popular science and encyclopedic literature; Special computer programs, Internet; Artworks, articles of magazines and newspapers; Television, radio and other sources. 1

2 TOPIC 2. The modern political map of the world. Classification and typology of countries The political map of the world (PCM) is a geographical map that shows countries of the world, territories of countries, borders and their capital. At RMB\u003e 230 countries. A sovereign state is a politically independent state with independence in internal and external affairs (textbook, p. 9). 1. Delimitation definition of borders on the map. 2. Demarcation definition and designation of borders on the territory with special border signs. A colony is a dependent territory, which is under the authority of a foreign state (metropolis), without independent political and economic power, governed by a special regime (island states in the Pacific Ocean). Disputed territories: Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Western Sahara, Kuril Islands, Nagorno-Karabakh. Unrecognized or partially recognized states of the territory that independently proclaimed their sovereignty without UN consent. Examples: Republic of Northern Cyprus, Kosovo, Taiwan. Stages of PCM formation 1. Ancient (up to the 5th century AD) the emergence and decay of the first states: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Carthage, Ancient Egypt. 2. The medieval (5-16 centuries) the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia: the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, Persia, China, England, Spain, Byzantium. Great geographical discoveries. The largest metropolises are Spain and Portugal. 3. The new (16th and 19th centuries) the birth and assertion of capitalism in the world: England, France, the Netherlands, Germany. Colonial seizures of territories in America, Asia, Africa. 4. The newest (1st half of the 20th century) changes associated with World War I and II. The collapse of the colonial system, the formation of socialist states. The collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, a division of the Ottoman Empire. 5. The modern (2nd half of the 20th century BC) the emergence of the world socialist system, the formation of independent states in Asia and Africa, the collapse of the socialist system, changes on the map of Europe and Asia. Unification of Germany (GDR + Germany). The collapse of the USSR (1991), Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 57 sovereign states, 2000 Classification of countries BY AREA: 1. Giant countries (S\u003e 3 million km²): Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India . 2. Middle countries: Belarus, Republic of Korea, Kenya. 3. Dwarf countries: Vatican, San Marino, Mauritius, Barbados. BY NUMBER OF POPULATION: 1. Giant countries (N\u003e 100 million people): China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russia, Japan, Mexico and the Philippines (textbook, p. 388, table 14). 2. Middle countries: Tunisia, Poland, Latvia, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Australia, New Zealand. 3. Small countries and microstates: Vatican, Andorra, Nauru. 2

3 BY THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION (INDICATE YOURSELF INDEPENDENTLY): 1. Inland (land, landlocked): 2. Seaside (landlocked). 3. Island: 4. Peninsular: 5. Archipelago countries: Typology of countries Criteria: GDP Gross Domestic Product (Write the definition from the textbook, p. 11). HDI / HDI human development index / human development index (Write out the definition from the textbook, p. 11). Subgroups of countries: From the textbook, write subgroups of countries of each type, from Socialist states: China, DPRK, Cuba, Vietnam. DZ: Textbook, p. 9 14, study of lecture notes, assignments in notebooks, SR 1, 20 countries and capitals of Europe. Watch video tutorial 3

4 TOPIC 3. The state system of the countries of the world. The impact of international relations on the political map. “Hot spots” of the planet Forms of government Write from the textbook, defining the concepts of “republic”, “monarchy”, “theocratic monarchy” Fill in the tables Forms of government of the Republic of Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Constitutional Absolute Forms of administrative-territorial structure Unitary Federated International politics 1. International terrorism ( Al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas and others). 2. Regional and local conflicts (NATO military operation in Yugoslavia in 1999, in Afghanistan in 2001, in Iraq in 2003, in Libya in 2011, problems in the Gaza Strip, in unrecognized Kurdistan). 3. The struggle for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Nuclear Powers: Russia, USA, China, France and Great Britain. “Semi-legal” or potentially nuclear weapons are possessed by India, Pakistan, Israel, and the DPRK. DZ: textbook, s, study of lecture notes, assignments in a notebook, SR 2. 4

5 TOPIC 4. The size and reproduction of the population. Demographic policy. Reproduction of the population is a set of processes of birth rate, mortality, natural growth, as a result of which the natural movement of the population and generational change take place. The natural population movement changes in the ratio of births and deaths. Natural population growth is the ratio of fertility and mortality for a certain period (for a year). EP \u003d P - With World Average EP \u003d 1.2% per year Depopulation reduction in population due to narrowed reproduction, natural population decline. Leaders in terms of population of the p / p Countries of the world with the largest population mln. in 2008 1 China 1.338 2 India 1.148 3 USA Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria Russia Japan Mexico 110 Complete the following tasks 1. List countries with high EPs, over 2% per year (at least 7, atlas, p. 8) 2 Write down the countries with the lowest EP rates, less than 1% per year (at least 7, atlas, p. 8) 3. Fill in the table “Types of population reproduction” Compare features Birth rate Death rate Natural increase (EP) Proportion of children Proportion of elderly people Subgroups countries within the type (with examples) according to the EP Direction of demographic litiki I type reproduction DZ: a textbook, with the study of the lecture abstract, assignments in a notebook, SR 3. II type of reproduction 5

6 TOPIC 5. Composition and structure of the planet's population. Resettlement and migration Gender composition: ratio of men and women in the population In the world of men - 50.4%, women - 49.6% Using atlas maps, p. 10, complete the following tasks. 1. List 5 countries with a numerical predominance of the male population. 2. List 5 countries with a numerically dominant female population. 3. List 5 countries with an approximately equal ratio of men and women. Age structure: children (0-14 years old), adults (15-59 years old), elderly (over 60 years old) 4. List 5 countries with a high proportion of children. 5. List 5 countries with a high proportion of older people. Ethnolinguistic composition of the race population: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, Australoid. E + H \u003d mulattos E + M \u003d mestizos H + M \u003d sambo Using satin maps (p. 9-12), a textbook (68-69), fill in the tables Uninational Binational Multinational Largest language families Linguistic families Largest peoples Indo-European Americans Russian Brazilians Mexicans Punjabi Biharians State languages \u200b\u200bState language (s) Countries World Religious composition Religions Christianity 1) Orthodoxy 2) Catholicism 3) Protestantism Islam (Islam) Buddhism 1) 2) 3) Countries National 6

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Lesson number 1

Topic: Introduction Sources of geographic information.

Study Questions

1. Economic and social geography as a science.

2. Traditional and new methods of geographical research.

3. Types of geographical information, its role and use in people's lives.

5. A geographical map is a special source of information about reality. Statistical materials. Other methods and forms of obtaining geographical information: the use of satellite images, modeling.

1. Economic and social geography as a science, its place in the system of geographical sciences.

Geography is one of the oldest sciences on Earth and takes pride of place among your favorite school subjects. The course of economic and social geography of the world is the final stage in the study of geography as part of the school curriculum. The subject of study of economic and social geography is the study of economic development and population distribution in the world as a whole, in individual regions and countries. Economic geography combines the elements of geography, economics and sociology, it widely uses not only economic, but also sociological research methods. You know that sociology is the science of society and the behavior of people, and economic and social inequality are closely interrelated, therefore, you can not consider the economy without people - the main productive force, without the human factor. Thus, putting a person in the spotlight, economic geography intermarried with social geography. The main direction of the current stage of development is the strengthening of the social, political, environmental focus of research. The main direction is the rational use and transformation of the natural environment. The long development of geography has led to a deepening of its internal differentiation. In economic geography: the geography of the population, the agricultural industry, transport, the service sector and services. Today, geography has evolved from descriptive and cognitive science into a constructive science.

In modern geography, various methods of geographical research are known. The most popular are traditional geographical research methods:

I. Traditional methods -

a) descriptive -the study and description of any territory is carried out according to a certain plan. The description can be both singleton (when only one component is considered, for example, a hydrological network, relief, landscapes), and complex (when the territorial complex is fully considered: nature - population - economy).

b) comparative  - When studying various territories and geographical objects, comparative analysis is often used. The objects of study can be located close to each other (for example, the coasts of the Black and Azov seas) or be removed (for example, mountain systems of the Cenozoic folding regions of South America and Europe) and similar features are analyzed. As a result, elements of similarity and difference are highlighted and conclusions are drawn.

c) cartographic - special maps or series of thematic maps are created for the study area in order to cognize any phenomenon. With the help of predetermined certain conventional signs, certain elements of the territory in question (relief, climate elements, landscapes, etc.) are applied to the cartographic basis. The cartographic method is usually used with other research methods: decryption of aerial photographs, mathematical, etc.

d) retrospective (historical approach).  The study of a geographical object, territory: its landscapes, its individual components, natural and social phenomena is considered in time, which allows us to make a forecast for the future.

e) typological -  According to the selected criteria, reference areas (key) are identified in the study area in order to further disseminate the findings to other sites.

II.Modern methods of geographical research:

a) Geographic forecast  - prediction of the future state of geosystems. b) Geoinformatics.  We live in an era of “information explosion”, when the volume of scientific knowledge and the number of sources of information are growing very rapidly. Computer science allows the use of economic and mathematical modeling. The development of geoinformatics led to the creation of GeoInformation Systems (GIS).   GIS is an information system that provides for the collection, storage, processing, analysis and display of spatial data and related non-spatial data, as well as obtaining information and knowledge about geographical space based on them.

It is believed that geographic or spatial data make up more than half of all circulating information used by organizations involved in various types of activities, which require consideration of the spatial distribution of objects. GIS is focused on providing the possibility of making optimal management decisions based on spatial data analysis.

The introduction of GIS technology in geography has affected many industries, and especially pictography. (Example: global electronic maps have already been created, differing in character and language. National electronic atlases: USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden, China, etc.)

c) Space research methods  of our planet, these are climatic and space resources - the resources of the future.

Types of Geographic Information

Geographical information (GI) includes any information related to objects, phenomena and processes localized in geographic space. A significant proportion of geographic information is located in sources that are not maps. Examples are addresses in phone books, kilometer signs in incident reports, place names in a geographic directory, and Internet portals. The completeness of the information presented on cartographic works is determined by the combination of map sheets with relatively simple topics - thematic cartographic layers attached to a single base map. For the image of various objects there is a special system of geographical symbols. Consider the most used:
Linear signs  - borders, roads, rivers, etc. . Contours  - connection of points with the same parameters (isobars - atmospheric pressure, isotherms t 0 air) Areas  - areas of distribution of certain phenomena. Traffic signs  - these are traffic flows, sea currents, winds, etc. Quality background  - used to display national and religious composition (without quantitative indicators) Cartogram  - different intensity of phenomena within the territorial units. Chart diagram  - a map with a certain territorial division and diagram figures corresponding to these divisions. Chart map  - a schematic map that does not have an exact basis (map of travel routes, etc.) Data for compiling maps is currently being received via satellites. Thus, there is a real opportunity to present geographical information of any volume and complexity, and the role of GI is huge for people's lives. This is the most accurate and quick obtaining information about the weather forecast, the degree of development of various extreme events, as well as obtaining special information, for example, the thickness of the snow cover (this is important for agriculture), the degree of coverage of cereal crops with pests, the degree of aridity of the region, the degree of deforestation plantations, etc.

Sources of geographic information.

1. Maps, atlases, topographic plans.

2. Geographic descriptions of different territories.

3. Encyclopedias, reference books, statistical materials, etc.

4. Space and aerial photographs.

5. Geoinformation systems (GIS). Currently, all of these sources of information can be digitized and converted from paper to electronic form, an example of a GIS.

A geographic map is a special source of information about reality.

General geographicmaps display various elements of the earth's surface - relief, vegetation, rivers, settlements, transport network, etc.

Thematicmaps characterize geographical objects and phenomena on a specific topic: vegetation, relief, industry.

For example, a political map will first of all give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe location of countries, their borders, etc.

Homework:

1. Show on the contour map parts of the world and continents.

2. Indicate the role of economic and social geography as a science, its place in the system of geographical sciences.

3. Identify the types of geographical information, its role and use in people's lives.

4. Geoinformation systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting spatially-coordinated geographical data.

5. Examine the geographical map as a special source of information about reality and statistical materials. Explore the features of the legend (legend) on the political map of the world. Indicate other ways and forms of obtaining geographical information: the use of satellite images, modeling.

Independent work

Lesson number 2 A political map of the World

Study Questions

1. Countries on the modern political map of the world. Their grouping by the area of \u200b\u200bthe territory, by population, elements of the political map of the world.

2. Quantitative and qualitative changes on the world map.

3. The main periods of formation of the political map of the world.

4. Typology of the countries of the world. Political system. Forms of government.

A political map of the world is a geographical map reflecting countriesof the world , andform of government   andgovernment structure .   The political map of the world reflects the main political and geographical changes: the formation of new independent states, the change in their status, the merger and separation of states, the loss or acquisition of sovereignty, the change in the area of \u200b\u200bstates, the replacement of their capitals, the change in the name of states and capitals, the change in the form of government and state devices. The political map of the world has characteristic elements by which it can be determined, it is

· State borders

· State territories

· Territories with an international regime

· Mixed territories

· Sovereign states

· Non-Self-Governing Territories

· Forms of government

What is customary to denote in economic geography of the world by the terms: State, Country, Territory? The concept of the state primarily means the political system of power established in a certain territory, while the concept of a country is more likely to refer to cultural, general geographical (community of territory) and other factors. The concept of a country is less formal than the concept of a state. Territory or trust Territories  - Dependent territories included as a result of World War II in the UN International Guardianship System. These are mainly colonies of Germany and its allies, in Africa (Cameroon, Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia, Tanzania, South-West Africa) and islands in the Pacific Ocean (Western Samoa, Nauru, New Guinea, Mariana, Marshalls and Caroline) with a population about 20 million people. Management of them, by agreement with the UN and under the control of its Trusteeship Council, was given to the former colonial powers - Great Britain, Belgium, France. By 1997, almost all territories had become independent states. Before modern states formed on the planet, there was a long period of formation of the political map of the world.

The main periods of the formation of the political map of the world

1. The ancient period (before the V century A.D.)

2. The medieval period (V-XV centuries)

3. The new period (the turn of the XV-XVI centuries - 1914)

4. The latest period (from 1914 to the present)

· The first stage (from 1914 to 1945)

The second stage (1945-1990)

· The third stage (from 1990 to the present)

According to various sources (November 2015), there are 230 territories in the world, including:

193 independent states (recognized by the UN)

14 unrecognized states

3 territories with undefined status

1 quasi-state entity the Order of Malta - has observer status at the UN.)

62 dependent territories

The process of the birth and disappearance of states is endless; this process is called change on the political map of the world. There are changes on the political map quantitative  (accession of newly discovered lands to the state, territorial gains and losses after wars, the unification or collapse of states, the exchange of land by states, etc.) and quality(the acquisition of sovereignty, a change in the form of government and state structure, the formation of interstate unions, etc.). Currently, quantitative changes are declining and mainly qualitative changes are taking place on the political map of the world.

Currently, taking into account the level and nature of socio-economic and political development, there are the following groups of countries:
The countries of the world are grouped according to different signs. . For example, sovereign, independent countries and dependent countries and territories are distinguished. Dependent countries and territories may have different names: possessions - the term "colonies" has not been used since 1971 (there are very few of them left), overseas departments and territories, self-governing territories. So, Gibraltar is a possession of the UK; Guiana in South America - Department of France; the island country of Puerto Rico has been declared a "free state to join the United States."

Grouping of countries by size of territory:

VERY BIG COUNTRIES:   (territory of more than 3 million square kilometers): Russia (17.1 million square kilometers), Canada (10 million square kilometers), China (9.6 million square kilometers), USA (9.4 million square kilometers), Brazil (8.5 million square kilometers), Australia (7.7 million square kilometers), India (3.3 million square kilometers)

MICRO-STATES:   Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican. These include Singapore and the island states of the Caribbean and Oceania.

COUNTRIES BY POPULATION:

According to the population, 10 major countries of the world are distinguished: China (1318 million people), India (1132 million people), USA (302 million people), Indonesia (232 million people), Brazil (189 million people). people), Pakistan (169 million people), Bangladesh (149 million people), Russia (146 million people from the Crimea river Nigeria (144 million people), Japan (128 million people) (data for 2014-2015)

SMALLEST BY NUMBER OF POPULATION   - microstates. In the Vatican, for example, 1 thousand people live.

ECONOMICALLY HIGHLY DEVELOPED STATESA  differ in a mature level of development of market relations. Their role in world politics and economics is great; they have powerful scientific and technical potential. They differ from each other in the scale and level of economic development, and in population size. USA, UK, Japan, etc.

POOR COUNTRIES   - Basically, former colonies, which, having received political independence, fell into economic dependence on their former metropolises. This is the majority of sub-Saharan Africa, countries such as Angola, Ghana, Zambia, as well as Asian countries Afghanistan, Bangladesh and others. They are very far behind the developed world in all major socio-economic indicators. (see the list at the end of the topic)

State forms of government.

The form of government characterizes the organization of state power, the system of higher state bodies. There are two forms of government: republican and monarchical republic –   a form of government, in which the highest legislative power belongs to the elected representative body of the parliament, and the executive to the government. Republics are divided into parliamentary and presidential. IN presidential   In the republics, the president is vested with very great rights, he himself leads the government. (USA, Iran, Argentina, etc.) IN parliamentary   the main figure is the head of government. (Germany, Italy, Israel, etc.) Monarchical form of government   - power under which the head of state is the monarch. This supreme power is inherited. Monarchies are divided into absolute, constitutional, theocratic .

Absolute monarchy - the power of the monarch is practically unlimited (Bhutan, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, etc.)

Theocratic monarchy   - the monarch simultaneously represents secular and spiritual authority. (Vatican, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain).

A constitutional monarchy - The power of the monarch is limited to parliament. On a modern political map, 30 countries of the world have a monarchical form of government.

Forms of the administrative-territorial structure

Countries are subdivided on unitary   (in which there is a single legislative and executive branch in the country ). Federated   - in which, along with uniform laws, there are separate self-governing territorial units having their own legislative, executive and judicial authorities.

Homework:

1. Give a brief description of the state (of your choice in any form).

2. Using reference materials, maps, fill out the table, noting the country

world with a federal administrative-territorial structure. Explain what

the distinction is made between unitary and federal forms of administrative

territorial structure.

Lesson number 3

Topic: Typology of the countries of the world. Political system. Forms of government.

Study Questions

1. The differences between the countries of the modern world in terms of the size of the territory, population, features of the population, and features of the geographical location.

2.Types of countries. Economically developed and developing countries (major; highly developed countries of Western Europe; countries of resettlement type; key countries; countries of external oriented development; new industrial countries and other groups).

3. The UN and its main structural units

The political map of the world is represented by individual countries and regions. For a complete study of the country, it is customary to consider it from different points of view: by the size of the territory, geographical location, the nature of the social system, the level of socio-economic development, historical and geographical areas, etc. To rank countries for socio-economic development, GDP is used.  Gross domestic product - one of the great inventions of the twentieth century., Almost equal in value to the car. GDP is the sum of all goods produced in the territory of a given country for the year, and GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP) is the volume of goods produced according to the national principle: GDP minus the profits of foreign companies transferred abroad and the wages of foreign workers, plus similar income from abroad. Different countries use different methods of calculating GDP and GNP, so the data provided by national statistics and international are almost always different.To enable cross-country comparisons, international statistics on GDP is given in a single monetary dimension - US dollars.  They are calculated by UN experts using special techniques - at official exchange rates or at purchasing power parity currencies. Therefore, these data, depending on the calculation method, are significantly different from each other.

There is a classification adopted by the UN - the division of the countries of the world into "industrialized", "developing" and countries with a "centrally planned economy."But at the same time, this division unites extremely different countries into one group. Obviously, such countries as, for example, the United States and Switzerland, classified as economically developed countries, or Kuwait and Papua New Guinea (falling into the group of developing countries) have, of course, similarities, but even more differences between them. The group of industrialized countries includes about 30 states. They are distinguished by a high level of economic development, the predominance of manufacturing industries and services in GDP, high quality and living standards of the population. In these countries, the bulk of global industrial production is being created. They account for more than 70% of the global foreign trade turnover, including about 90% of the export of machinery and equipment.

Economically developed countries include approximately 60 countries in Europe, Asia, North America, Australia and Oceania. All of them are characterized by a higher level of economic and social development and, accordingly, GDP per capita. However, this group of countries is characterized by rather significant internal heterogeneity and four subgroups can be distinguished in its composition.

G7 countries "Big Seven" (GDP per capita of 20-30 thousand dollars) - Japan, USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada.

Privileged highly developed countries of Western Europe: Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, Norway, etc.
The countries of "resettlement" capitalism: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.

Nafta Countries  USA, Canada, Mexico.

The "IMF" in the number of developed countries includes Western Europe, including the EU. EU unification causes a lot of controversy, the second and third wave of countries joining the EU gives rise to many doubts. Simply put, all countries that are members of the European Union, although they are independent, are subject to the same rules: they have the same rules for training, medical care, the pension system, the judicial system, etc. In a word, the laws of the European Union are valid in all countries of the European Union.

For 2013: there are 28 countries in the European Union.

• Austria (1995)
• Belgium (1957)
• Bulgaria (2007)
• Great Britain (1973)
• Hungary (2004)
• Germany (1957)
• Greece (1981)
• Denmark (1973)
• Ireland (1973)
• Spain (1986)
• Italy (1957)
• Cyprus (2004)
• Latvia (2004)
• Lithuania (2004)
• Luxembourg (1957)
• Malta (2004)
• Netherlands (1957)
• Poland (2004)
• Slovakia (2004)
• Slovenia (2004)
• Portugal (1986)
• Romania (2007)
• Finland (1995)
• France (1957)
• Croatia (2013)
• Czech Republic (2004)
• Sweden (1995)
• Estonia (2004)

Candidates Iceland

• Macedonia
• Serbia
• Turkey
• Montenegro

All of them are members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The group of developing countries includes  the largest number of states in the world (about 150). These countries are extremely different - this group includes Brazil and Tuvalu, India and South Korea, Somalia and Burkina Faso, etc. However, all of them share such common features of socio-economic development as the colonial past, which predetermined the territorial structure and mainly agrarian commodity specialization of the economy.

Features of participation in the international division of labor; unequal position in the world economy, dependence on foreign capital; huge external debt; the presence of acute problems - demographic, environmental and food, as well as low living standards of most of the population and others. Nevertheless, among the developing countries there are countries and territories, in terms of socio-economic development, already close to the level of industrialized ones. Consider in detail large economic associations:

1. Countries in Transition (Post-Socialist)  and socialist countries. This group includes the countries of the Center, and East. Europe (including all republics of the former USSR) and Mongolia are “countries with economies in transition”; as well as socialist countries - Cuba, China,

2. Key countries: Mexico, Argentina, India, China, Brazil
  3. " Newly Industrialized Countries or Yellow Tigers: Singapore, Taiwan and the Republic of Korea, as well as the NIS “second wave” - Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Taiwan. Their economic indicators mainly correspond to those of industrialized countries, but there are also features inherent in all developing countries.
  4. " Oil Exporting Countries» or OPEC (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE Algeria, Venezuela, Gabon, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Libya, Nigeria, Ecuador)

5. BRICS countries Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.

6. SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization

SCO member countries

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Uzbekistan

Poor countries  - Basically, former colonies, which, having received political independence, fell into economic dependence on their former metropolises. This is the majority of sub-Saharan Africa, countries such as Angola, Ghana, Zambia. As well as Asian countries, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and others. They are very far behind the developed world in all major socio-economic indicators.

Poor country per capita GDP (2015 data)

1 Malawi $ 226.50

2 Burundi $ 267.10

3 Central African Republic $ 333.20

4 niger $ 415.40

5 Liberia $ 454.30

6 Madagascar $ 463.00

7 Congo $ 484.20

8 Gambia $ 488.60

9 Ethiopia $ 505.00

10 Guinea $ 523.10

UN structure.

For independent study:

Typology of the countries of the world:

“Typology of countries - the allocation of groups of countries of the world similar in level, nature and type of socio-economic and historical development.

The first step in any typology is classification of countries according to a set of demographic, economic, social and other development indicators.

Second phase  identification of typological features of countries with a similar level of development and their grouping. Typologies of developing countries are widely known: B. M. Bolotin, V. L. Sheinis, V. V. Velsky, Y. G. Mashbits and other geographers and economists http: //rgo.ru/geography/econom_geography/slovar/tipols1.

Country, state - the main object of the political map of the world.  The total number of countries on this map during the 20th century. noticeably increased. At first, as a result of changes related to the outcome of the First World War. Secondly,  as a result of the changes that followed the Second World War, expressed in the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism, when during 1945-1993. 102 countries achieved political independence. Thirdly, at the beginning of the 90s. as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. On a modern political map, there are about 230 countries. This quantitative growth is followed by important qualitative shifts. This is manifested in the fact that out of 230 states, 193 are sovereign states. The rest falls on the so-called non-self-governing territories.

With such a large number of countries, there is a need for their grouping, which is carried out primarily on the basis of different quantitative criteria. The most common grouping of countries is the size of their territory and population. Often a grouping of countries according to the peculiarities of their geographical location is used. The grouping of countries by the size of the territory is the largest countries (territory of more than 3 million km 2). These include states of different regions. Half of the participants were dozens, delegated by the New World, four countries are located in Eurasia, one in Africa. Moreover, only Russia can be considered a European country. 2. Grouping by the prevalence of means of communication. The most widely spoken language in the largest countries of the world is English. It is spoken in the USA, Canada, Australia and a little in India. In Russia and Kazakhstan, the Russian language is widely used. The ten are dominated by multinational countries. The country with the most diverse ethnic composition is India. Over 500 peoples, nationalities and tribes live here. Many ethnic groups live in Sudan, Russia, Canada, Kazakhstan, China, the USA. But the population of Argentina, Brazil and Australia mainly belongs to the same ethnic group. 2. Grouping by state system, form of government and administrative-territorial structure of the countries of the world. The countries of the world also differ in forms of government and in the forms of territorial-state structure. Allocate two main forms Board: a republic where legislative power is usually vested in parliament and executive in government. Another form is the monarchy, where power belongs to the monarch and is inherited. Most countries of the world have a republican form of government. In the republics, the highest state power belongs to an elected representative body; the head of state is elected by the population of the country. Presidential republics are distinguished, where the president leads the government and has great powers (USA, Guinea, Argentina, etc.) and parliamentary republics, where the role of the president is less and the prime minister appointed by the president is the head of the executive branch. There are currently 30 monarchies. Among the monarchies, constitutional and absolute are distinguished. Under a constitutional monarchy, the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution and activities of parliament: the real legislative power usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive to the government. The monarch thus “reigns, but does not rule”, although his political influence is quite large. Such monarchies include Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, etc. With an absolute monarchy, the power of the ruler is unlimited. There are only six states with such a form of government in the world: Brunei, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Vatican. The so-called theocratic monarchies, that is, the countries where the head of state is at the same time his religious head (Vatican and Saudi Arabia), are especially distinguished. There are countries that have a specific form of government. These include states that are members of the so-called Commonwealth (until 1947 it was called the "British Commonwealth of Nations"). The Commonwealth is a union of countries, which includes the United Kingdom and many of its former colonies, dominions and dependent territories (50 states in total). It was originally created by Great Britain to preserve its economic and military-political positions in previously owned territories and countries. In the 16 countries of the Commonwealth, the British Queen is formally considered the head of state. "The largest of them are Canada, Australia, New Zealand. The head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor General, and the legislature is Parliament. 3. According to the form of government distinguish between unitary and federal countries.In a unitary state there is a single constitution, a single executive and legislative power, and administrative-territorial units are endowed with insignificant gender dip and report directly to the central government (France, Hungary). In a federal state, along with uniform laws and authorities, there are other state formations - republics, states, provinces, etc., which adopt their own laws, have their own authorities, that is, members of the federation have a certain political and economic independence. But their activities should not contradict federal laws (India, Russia, USA). Most countries of the world are unitary, there are just over 20 federal states in the world. The federal form of the state is characteristic of both multinational (Pakistan, Russia) countries and countries with a relatively uniform national composition of the population (Germany). 4. By world population by population, China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, and Pakistan Russia.

4. By geographic location.

Seaside countries;

Peninsular

Island;

Archipelagic countries;

Countries occupying an intracontinental position. In other words, when grouping countries by geographic location, they usually distinguish landlocked countries (Chad, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Slovakia, etc. - only 42 countries in the world) and coastal (India, Colombia). Among the coastal distinctions are distinguished island (Sri Lanka), peninsular (Spain) and archipelagic countries (Japan, Indonesia) ”about the grouping of countries into subgroups and by role with the global economy.

Until the early 90's. All countries of the world were divided into three types: socialist, developed capitalist and developing. After the actual collapse of the world socialist system, others have replaced this typology. One of them, also three-membered, subdivides all countries of the world into economically developed, developing and countries with economies in transition, i.e. carrying out the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy. A two-member typology is widely used with the division of all countries into economically developed and developing ones. The main criterion for this typology is the level of socio-economic development of the state, expressed in terms of gross domestic product per capita.

Lesson number 4

Test

Questions for preparation:

1. What is customary to denote in economic geography of the world by the terms: State, Country, Territory?

2. Countries on the modern political map of the world.

3. To navigate and know the main periods of the formation of the political map of the world

4. Know the number of countries on the political map of the world.

5.Quantitative and qualitative changes on the world map.

6. Grouping of countries according to various characteristics and characteristics.

7. Typology of the countries of the world. Political system. Forms of government.

8. Forms of the administrative-territorial structure

9. Historical and geographical regions of the world

10. Understand the acronym GDP and NVP

11. Ability to find economically developed countries on the map.

12. Know the member states of the European Union

13. To know the member states of the Political Club G7, the privileged highly developed countries of Western Europe, the countries of "resettlement" capitalism,

Key concepts and terms on the topic:economic and social geography of the world, geographical information system, geographical map, cartographic generalization, statistics, GPS (Global Positional System).

Topic Plan (list of questions required to study):

1. Geography as a science.

2. Traditional and new methods of geographical research.

3. A geographical map is a special source of geographical information.

4. Statistical materials as a source of geographic information.

5. Other methods and forms of obtaining geographic information.

Geographic Information Systems

Summary of theoretical issues:

1. Geography is a spatial discipline. This means that geographers are interested not only in the objects themselves, but also in how, where, and why these objects are placed in space. Economic and social geography of the world - This is a social geographic science that studies the territorial organization of human society.

2. Obtaining geographic information is of real practical importance. The world around us today is permeated by a huge number of information, transport, social and economic ties, ignorance of which inevitably leads to your own isolation. Modern young professionals, getting into the global political or economic environment, should have a set of knowledge about the countries of the world, their culture and lifestyle. Geography uses different research methods: traditional  - cartographic, sociological, statistical, mathematical historical, comparative, modern  - aerospace, geoinformation, geographic forecast, etc.

3. Maps are the main toolkit of a geographer. Maps exist for each type of information relating to our planet (and not only). Geographic map (first city was created in Ancient Greece about 2500 years ago by the scientist Anaximander) -a reduced mathematically defined, generalized, figurative and iconic image of the Earth's surface on a plane, showing the location, condition and interconnections of natural and social phenomena. With a decrease in scale, a generalization of the objects mapped onto the map, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics occurs.

It helps here cartographic generalization  - selection and generalization of objects and phenomena displayed on the map according to the purpose and scale of the map. For the image of various objects on the map, a variety of cartographic image methods are used: methods of high-quality background, ranges, motion signs, contours, localized diagrams, icons, dot. According to the content of the card are divided into: general geographic  and thematic.

The first includes topographic maps (M 1: 200,000 and larger), survey and topographic maps (M from 1: 200,000 to 1: 1,000,000), and survey (M smaller than 1: 1,000,000). Geographic maps show all elements of topographic content ( settlements, separate buildings, roads, industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural objects, hydrography, relief, vegetation, etc..), i.e. all that "lies" on the ground and can serve as a guide.

Unlike general geographic maps, thematic maps usually reveal one plot (soil, geological structure, population, vegetation, etc.). All thematic maps are divided into two sections - maps of nature (physical-geographical, geological, climatic, etc.) and maps of social phenomena (political, population, historical, economic, etc.).

4. Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information. Statistics- This is a science that studies various phenomena and processes in order to take into account and identify patterns of their development using statistical indicators. In the course of geographical research, statistics solves the following scientific problems: collection of statistical data, processing of collected information, analysis and interpretation of data, presentation of statistical information in text, tabular, graphical or cartographic form. Statistical information includes absolute and relative values, as well as various coefficients.

5. Modern sources of geographic information also include aerospace and geoinformation sources: aerial photography, satellite imagery, remote sensing, satellite monitoring. A modern satellite system for high-precision determination of the coordinates of static and moving objects is called GPS   (Global Positional System).

It is developed by the US Department of Defense. The project was launched in 1978, and the final commissioning of GPS took place in 1995. A fundamentally new approach to working with spatial data is associated with the emergence Geographic Information Systems10 (GIS)  - a hardware system for collecting, storing and processing spatial data. We can say that GIS is a complex computer program. GIS features: a quick search for the necessary information, the cartographic ability of GIS, the ability to model phenomena on the earth's surface.

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Text content of presentation slides: © Balass, 2012 Our Earth 1st geography lesson in 5th grade Section I Sources of geographical information www.school2100.ru  What do we learn from the pages of the textbook “Our Earth”? There is one garden planet in this cosmos cold. Only here the forests are noisy, the birds clicking on the migratory birds, only lilies of the valley bloom on it, the lilies of the valley are green in the grass, and the dragonflies are only surprised to look at the river. Akim www.school2100.ru A source of information is a system whose components ensure the placement, accessibility and integrity of information in accordance with its purpose. A geographical map, a printed publication, a television or radio broadcast, a written or oral message from a specific person, a computer file, an Internet address, etc. www.school2100.ru Remember what they depict on: a) a plan; b) a map. 2. What do the colors on the hemisphere map mean? PLAN (from lat. Planum - plane) - a drawing depicting in conventional signs on a plane part of the earth's surface. MAP - the image of the earth's surface with conventional signs on the plane in a reduced form. Blue color on the map indicates water (seas, rivers, lakes), yellow and brown - land. Green and yellow are plains, brown are mountains. www.school2100.ru It is believed that there are no more “white spots” on the map of the globe - unknown seas and lands.  Who was involved in the discovery of new lands? Do you agree with this statement? What question do you have? Why is geography necessary? www.school2100.ru Why is geography necessary?  What does the word “geography” mean in Russian?  When did this science come about?  What great geographers do you know?  What is their merit to science? www.school2100.ru Why study geography?  State the topic of the lesson.  What are your hypotheses? Why is geography necessary? www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Read the text and answer the question: Who can be considered geographers? Use the algorithm on page 5 to answer. Leif Ericsson. Happy Scandinavian navigator and ruler of Greenland. Viking son of Eric the Red, the discoverer of Greenland. Before his trip to America, Leif made a trade expedition to Norway. Upon his return, Leif met in Greenland a Norwegian named Bjarni Herülfsson, who said that he saw the outlines of the earth far into the sea in the west. Leif became interested in this story and decided to explore new lands. Around the year 1000, Leif Ericsson with a team of 35 people sailed west on a ship. They discovered three regions of the American coast. Several settlements were also founded there. According to the stories of Leif and his people, the first maps of Vinland were compiled. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Sir Francis Drake English navigator, corsair, vice admiral. The first Englishman to circumnavigate the world (1577-1580). Active participant in the defeat of the Spanish fleet. At 12, he became a young on a merchant ship (barge). He was so fond of the owner of the ship, his distant relative, that after his death he bequeathed the ship to Drake, and at 18 he became a full captain. In 1567, he set sail for Guinea and the West Indies, commanding a ship on the slave labor expedition of his relative. In 1577, Drake was sent by Queen Elizabeth on an expedition to the Pacific coast of America. The official purpose of the trip was the discovery of new lands. In fact, Drake was supposed to plunder as much Spanish gold as possible and with this load return to England. Having passed the Strait of Magellan, Drake was driven back by a storm south of Tierra del Fuego, thereby finding out that it is not part of the Southern continent. The strait south of Tierra del Fuego was later named after him. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Afanasy Nikitin Russian traveler, writer, merchant, author of famous travel notes known as “Walking the Three Seas”. Born in the family of a peasant Nikita. He traveled to Persia, India and Turkey; made a description of this journey in the book “Walking the Three Seas” This was the first description in Russian literature not of pilgrimage, but of a commercial trip, full of observations about the political structure, economy and culture of other countries. In his book, Nikitin describes the beauty of southern nature, and the wealth of landowners and nobles, and the splendor of their palaces, and the poverty of the rural population, and mores, and the appearance of the inhabitants of India. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev An outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, the Cossack chieftain, as well as a fur merchant, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648 - 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering - the Bering Strait passed, separating Alaska from Chukotka. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Continue: geography is the science of ... What is characteristic of science? Formulate the tasks of the science of geography. purpose, subject of study, methods "Geography" - in the literal translation "land" description of the territory; explanation of the processes occurring on it; geographic forecast www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Using the figure, determine the structure of geography.  What does modern geography study?  Why is she increasingly studying various areas of human activity? www.school2100.ru Why study geography?  Define the object of study of the science of geography. the earth's surface with all its natural and social content www.school2100.ru Why do we need to study geography? What methods can it be studied?  Choose one of the methods and evaluate its role in the development of modern geography. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? What can be considered a source of geographic information? What does this information mean to humans?  How do you answer the lesson question? www.school2100.ru  Who first discovered America? Is it right to call him a geographer?  Why are physical and social geography so called? Can a person armed with geographical knowledge and skills have a beneficial effect on the future of the planet? www.school2100.ru §1, task 4, p. 12 Homework:

Sources of Geographical Knowledge

Sources of information are textbooks, geographic directories and encyclopedias, maps and atlases.

Information-rich geographic magazines and newspapers.

Many new, useful and interesting things can be learned from radio and television programs: weather forecasts, reports of natural phenomena, natural wonders, the culture of the population of different countries, etc.

Now, to obtain the necessary geographical knowledge, they use the services of the Internet - a worldwide computer network. With its help, you can exchange geographical information in a matter of minutes - cartographic, textual, video, audio.

To obtain geographical information and knowledge, various research methods are used.

The oldest is a descriptive research method. It consists in describing the object (where it is located, how it has changed over time, how it affects other objects, etc.). The description is based on observations of phenomena and processes.

This method is now one of the main ones. The expeditionary method is also ancient. The word "Expedition" means "trek." An expedition is a business trip of a group of people to research certain objects or phenomena. The material collected in the expeditions forms the basis of geography.

Based on it, science is developing.

The historical method allows us to find out how objects and phenomena arose and developed over time. The literary method is to study literature - everything that has already been written on this topic. The cartographic method of research consists in determining the location of objects and putting them on a map.

Skillfully reading geographical maps, a researcher can get a lot of necessary information. New methods include aerospace - Studying the Earth's surface from images from airplanes and spacecraft. Using the modeling method, using computer technology, provide for changes in the environment.

The globe.

Primary sources of knowledge

The primary sources of socio-geographical knowledge are associated with socio-geographical field studies, when objects are studied directly on the ground due to direct acquaintance with them, thanks to observations, instrumental measurements, as well as questioning, questionnaires like that.

This is usually the study of individual farms and enterprises (agricultural, industrial, construction, recreational, etc.), as well as settlements and places of concentration of production and infrastructure (a set of structures and services that ensure the functioning of industries and the conditions of society).

The primary source of socio-geographical knowledge can also be field special (thematic) mapping of the study area - the actual use of land, population distribution, levels of anthropogenic pressure on the territory, its environmental status, etc.

e. For the needs of such mapping, topographic maps are usually used as the basis, or land use plans or the land and economic structure of administrative-territorial units, individual farms, cities.

Primary sources usually provide socio-geographical knowledge about their own state, because it is not often that researchers are given the opportunity to carry out the necessary field research abroad.

Therefore, the main sources of socio-geographical knowledge of the world are secondary sources. Secondary sources of socio-geographical knowledge are those obtained and ordered in a certain way by other researchers. A classic example is various literary sources - historical, geographical, environmental literature.

Now, thanks to the Internet, there is an opportunity to "visit" the largest libraries in the world without leaving your home.

Among such institutions are the Library of Congress CELA, the German National Economic Library, the Russian National Library, the National Library of Ukraine named after IN AND.

Vernadsky like that.

For the acquisition of knowledge in the field of social and economic geography, various sources containing ordered statistical information are very important. In Ukraine, such sources are government bodies - regional and district state administrations, as well as government bodies - environmental safety and natural resources, sanitary-epidemiological service, water management, forestry, railway and water transport, electricity and gas supply, etc. .

Important geographic data is often also provided by local authorities. Also useful are often individual enterprises, farms, institutions with their operational accounting and reporting and statistical information.

Are research and design institutions and organizations that accumulate stock information and scientific also useful?

design developments according to your profile. Public organizations and movements - ethnocultural, religious, political (party), professional, etc. can also have interesting socio-geographical information.

Regarding information about different states, regions or the world in general, it is available on the websites of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Tourism Organization and other well-known international organizations.

The cartographic method is a traditional research method, and the creation of maps is one of their final results.

Geographical maps contain information about various phenomena and processes, the boundaries of their distribution. A huge number of thematic maps (navigation, soil, climate, synoptic, geological, hydrological, etc.) contain information that is necessary not only for people of different professions: geologists and navigators, military and agronomists, builders and architects. Without a good detailed map, trekking through unfamiliar (and especially sparsely populated) places is impossible. Maps are used in planning and conducting field studies.

They are also the basis for compiling new maps with different information content.

However, not all geographic data can be displayed on a map.

The most important source of information about the nature and natural resources of various territories are geographical descriptions in the form of scientific and popular science publications, journal articles, scientific reports on expeditionary and other studies, encyclopedias, dictionaries, statistical collections, etc.

But who said that we get knowledge about the world only from scientific publications?

The richest source of information, including geographical information, are photo albums, documentaries and feature films, weather forecasts, as well as periodical materials on earthquakes, droughts, floods, discoveries, travels, and political and economic events.

Even postage stamps can tell a lot about the nature and economy of various countries.

And of course, modern research is impossible without the widespread use of information technology. Computer systems designed to collect, store, process and disseminate data associated with a geographic coordinate system are called geographic information systems (GIS).

This is an extensive database that digitally accumulates a variety of information relating to any territory, and can be quickly supplemented, updated, processed and be in any form, most often in the form of maps.

GIS structure can be represented as a system of information layers. The first layer is the cartographic basis: coordinate grid, terrain contours.

The subsequent layers reflect the administrative division of the territory, the structure of the road network, the nature of the relief, hydrography, settlements, type of soil, vegetation, agricultural land, age composition of the population, etc.

In essence, GIS is an electronic atlas. But not only. Layers in the GIS can be displayed and viewed separately, like the pages of a regular atlas, but can also be combined in a variety of combinations, juxtaposed, and data analysis allows you to create derived layers. That is, based on the amount of information available, new information arises.

Russia -a state located on two continents, in eastern Europe and northern Asia. The largest state in the world is 17 125 422 sq / km or 1/9 of the total land area of \u200b\u200bthe Earth, which is twice as much as Canada's second place.

Russia borders 19 countries  (the largest indicator in the world), of which by land with the following states: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania - in the north-west, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine - in the west, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan - in the south, China, Mongolia, North Korea - in the southeast; and by sea with Turkey - in the south-west, with Japan and the USA - in the east.

In addition, the Kaliningrad region, an enclave of Russia on the Baltic Sea coast, borders Poland and Lithuania on the eastern side.
Belong to Russiaalso the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, Vaigach, the Franz Josef Land archipelago, Novosibirsk Islands, Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Kuril Islands (some of which is still disputed by Japan) and Sakhalin Island in the Pacific Ocean in the east.

In the east, Russia is washed  The Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan, the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and the Bering Strait and the Bering Strait; in the north - by the Laptev Sea and the White, Barents, Kara, Chukchi and East Siberian Seas; in the west - the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland; in the south - the Black, Azov and Caspian seas.

After the collapse of the USSR  At the end of 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized by the international community as a republic of a federal structure and was admitted to the UN Security Council and several other international organizations.

The independence of the Russian Federation was declared on August 24, 1991. The head of state is the President (elected once every 6 years), executive power is vested in the government, headed by the Prime Minister (appointed by the Parliament upon proposal by the President).
The State Duma and the Federation Council form a bicameral Parliament.
The Lower House of the State Duma - 450 deputies, elections are held 1 time in 5 years.
Upper House Federation Council - 170 senators are appointed by regional parliaments.
Part  The Russian Federation includes 22 republics, one autonomous region (Jewish), 4 autonomous districts, 9 territories and 46 regions.

Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol have direct federal subordination and are cities of federal significance. In total for 2015 in the Russian Federation there are 85 entities.

In terms of demographic situation  in the Russian Federation, the most significant event in March 2014 was the actual reunification of the Crimean Peninsula with the territory of the Russian state.

Capital of Russia  - Moscow.

The largest city in Russia with a population of 12 197 596 people.
Heart of Russia  - Moscow Kremlin.
In total, there are 15 million-plus cities in Russia, the largest cities with a population of over 1 million people. These are Moscow, St. Petersburg (more than 5 million

human); Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg (more than 1.5 million people); Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh.

Total Russia covers11 time zones with a difference of +2 to +12 hours in relation to Greenwich.

Population  - 146,293,111 people (for 2014).

Most of the inhabitants of Russia (about 80%) live in the European part (Central, Southern, North Caucasian, North-Western, Volga, Ural federal districts). The remaining 20% \u200b\u200bis in the Asian part of Russia (Siberian, Far Eastern districts). Most of the population lives in cities - 75%.
Live in Russia  representatives of more than 200 nationalities. The largest ethnic group - Russians - makes up 80% of the country's population.

Tatars - 4%, Ukrainians - 3%, Chuvash, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians, Chechens, Armenians, Avars and other nationalities - 1% or less.
The peoples of Russia  speak more than 100 languages \u200b\u200band dialects. Russian is the native language for approximately 130 million citizens (92% of the Russian population). It is also the state language of the Russian Federation. Also, Ukrainian, Tatar, Armenian and other languages \u200b\u200bare common.
Christians live in Russia (mainly Orthodox), Muslims, Buddhists (mainly in Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva - Siberia), Jews, pagans and representatives of other religious faiths.

The proportion of Russian citizens who are Orthodox Christians is 70% of all residents of the country. The number of Muslims is 15% of the population.

Convinced atheists make up 6% of the population.
State currency  - Russian ruble (~ 60 RUB \u003d 1 USD).

Russiapossesses the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, large reserves of various minerals, the most important of which are oil, gas, coal, gold and other strategic minerals. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of forest area, which occupy 45% of the country's territory, and has about 1/5 of the world's timber reserves.

Also, Russia has the largest number of lakes containing about a quarter of the world's reserves of unfrozen fresh water.
Despite the vast territory, in agriculture, a relatively small part of the land is used - arable land occupies only 8% of the country's territory. A significant part of the territory is in the permafrost zone.

About 3/4 of the territory  countries make up the plains.

In the west stretches the East European Plain - one of the largest plains in the world, on which almost the entire European part of Russia is located. In the south of the country are the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains, where the highest point of the country and Europe is Mount Elbrus (5.642 meters). In the east, the plain is bounded by the low old Ural mountains up to 2,000 meters high.

And to the east of the Urals lies the West Siberian Plain with vast swampy areas, bordered from the southeast by the Altai Mountains up to 4,500 meters high. Closer to the Pacific coast in the east is the region of mountain ranges and plateaus of Northeast Asia. So, the eastern part of the country, with the exception of the valleys of large rivers, is a mountainous area.

There are 120 volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula, 23 of which are active. The highest of them is Kluchevskaya Sopka 4.750 meters high. The largest rivers of the country are the Volga, Northern Dvina, Don, Irtysh, Ob, Angara, Yenisei, Lena, Amur. The largest lakes: Baikal (in the southeast) - the deepest and largest in the world in volume, Ladoga, Onega lakes (in the northeast).

Most of the countrylocated within the temperate climate zone.

The extreme regions of the north and northern islands belong to the Arctic zone, and some southern regions are close to the subtropics. The climate throughout the country is continental, which is especially manifested in the large amplitude of seasonal temperatures and low rainfall.

Winter is long throughout most of the territory. Particularly severe frosts are observed in Eastern Yakutia (-45 ..- 50 degrees). In the European part of Russia, the temperature in winter reaches from 0 to -10 degrees. In summer, average temperatures are +15 .. + 25 degrees. In the warm half of the year - from May to October - most of the precipitation falls.
Difference of climatic zones  characterizes the diversity of natural areas.

Mosses, polar poppies, buttercups grow in the Arctic deserts of the Far North; in the tundra, dwarf birch, willow, alder are added to these species. Typical for taiga are spruce, fir, cedar, larch. To the south and west begins the zone of deciduous forests of oak, maple, linden, hornbeam.

Also, in the country you can find many rare species: Mongolian oak, Manchu maple, elm, walnut. In the forest-steppe and steppe parts of the country there are oak forests, forbs, grasses.

In the Black Sea subtropics, forests of fluffy oak, junipers, boxwood, black alder prevail. On the coast - eucalyptus, palm tree.
Rich and diverse faunacountries. In the Arctic and tundra zones: arctic fox, reindeer, polar hare, seals, walruses, polar bear. In the taiga live a bear, lynx, wapiti, wolverine, elk, sable, ermine, chipmunk, squirrel; Capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, woodpecker, cedar nest. In addition, taiga is characterized by the presence of a huge number of mosquitoes.

Wild boar, deer, mink, numerous birds, lizards are found in deciduous forests. In the forests of the Far East - rare Ussuri tigers, bears, deer. Among the animals of the steppe zone small rodents predominate, many saigas, badgers, foxes, large steppe birds (bustard, crane, strep).

In the desert there are gazelles, jackals, a sand dune, numerous rodents. Lots of reptiles, turtles. In the Caucasus region live mountain goat, Caucasian deer, porcupine, leopard, hyena, bear, as well as a large number of reptiles.

Summary: Introduction. Sources of Geographic Information

Student should know :

Ø the main milestones of the formation of economic geography in Russia;

Ø subject of study and main issues of economic and social geography;

Ø main sources of geographical knowledge and methods of geographical research;

Ø analyze Internet resources and other mass media in order to obtain relevant information about the population and economy of countries and regions of the world;

have an idea:

Ø on the role and place of geography in the tree of Earth sciences;

Ø about the structure of the subject;

Ø about geographic information systems.

The concept of economic and social geography of the world.

Geography as a science. The subject of study of the discipline. The main issues of geography. Major scientists are economic geographers. The place of geography in the system of earth sciences. Course structure. Traditional and new methods of geographical research. The main sources of geographic information. Use of geographic information in people's lives. Geoinformation systems.

Theme 1.

World Political Map (RMB)

Student should know :

Ø The main historical stages of the formation of the political map of the world;

Ø typology of countries according to the level of socio-economic development, by area, by population;

Ø forms of government and administrative-territorial structure of the states of the world;

be able to:

Ø give examples of integration blocks of various kinds (economic, military, geopolitical, etc.);

Ø determine the economic-geographical and political-geographical situation of the countries of the world (see

Appendix I);

have an idea:

Ø On areas of regional conflict;

Ø on the main directions of international economic relations;

Ø on the economic and political-geographical position of Russia on the modern political map of the world;

Ø About sovereign states and non-self-governing territories.

Stages of PCM formation.

Changes on RMB in the newest period. The main methods for classifying the states of the world (by population, area, level of socio-economic development, etc.).

The main blocks of international integration of the countries of the world (EU, OPEC, the Big Seven, APEC, CIS, EurasEC, LAAI, etc.).

Forms of government and administrative-territorial structure. Sovereign states and non-self-governing territories.

Political and geographical position of countries. Geopolitical interests. Regional conflicts.

Responses to GIA tickets by geography

Methods of geographical research - methods of obtaining geographical information. The main methods of geographical research are:

1) Cartographic Method. The map, in the figurative expression of one of the founders of domestic economic geography - Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky - is the second language of geography. Map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe relative position of objects, their size, the degree of spread of a particular phenomenon, and much more.

2) Historical method.

Everything on Earth is developing historically. Nothing arises from scratch, so knowledge of modern geography requires a knowledge of history: the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind.

3)  Statistical method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of \u200b\u200bthe territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc.

4) Economic and mathematical.

If there are numbers, then there are calculations: calculations of population density, birth rate, mortality and natural population growth, balance of migrations, resource supply, GDP per capita, etc.

5) Geographic Zoning Method.

The identification of physical-geographical (natural) and economic regions is one of the methods of studying geographical science.

6) Comparative geographic. Everything is subject to comparison:
  more or less, profitable or disadvantageous, faster or slower.

Only comparison allows us to more fully describe and evaluate the similarities and differences of various objects, as well as explain the reasons for these differences.

7)  Field Research and Observation Method. Geography cannot be studied only while sitting in classrooms and classrooms. Seen with your own eyes - the most valuable geographical information. Description of geographical objects, collection of samples, observation of phenomena - all this is the factual material, which is the subject of study.

8) Remote Observation Method.

Modern aerial and space surveys are great helpers in the study of geography, in the creation of geographical maps, in the development of the national economy and nature conservation, in the solution of many problems of mankind.

9) Geographic Modeling Method. The creation of geographical models is an important method for the study of geography. The simplest geographic model is the globe.

10) Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science should not only describe the studied objects and phenomena, but also predict the consequences that humanity can come in the course of its development.

A geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and solve global problems.

Geographic research methods and main sources of geographic information Wikipedia
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